Last reviewed 2026-04-22 · How we verify

Metformin cloridrate

Metformin hydrochloride reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity, thereby lowering blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Metformin hydrochloride reduces hepatic glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity, lowering blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Used for Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Prediabetes (off-label or in some guidelines).

At a glance

Mechanism of action

Metformin is a biguanide that primarily works by decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver and enhancing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. It does not stimulate insulin secretion, making it weight-neutral and useful across a broad range of glycemic control. The drug may also improve insulin sensitivity at the cellular level through effects on mitochondrial function and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation.

Approved indications

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Prediabetes (off-label or prevention studies)
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with insulin resistance

Common side effects

• Gastrointestinal disturbance (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort)
• Metallic taste
• Vitamin B12 deficiency (with long-term use)
• Lactic acidosis (rare, in renal impairment)

Key clinical trials

• Metformin Suspension and Insulin Sensitivity (PHASE4)

Primary sources

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