Last reviewed 2026-04-22 · How we verify

Commercial ibuprofen

Ibuprofen inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby decreasing inflammation, pain, and fever.

Ibuprofen inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby decreasing inflammation, pain, and fever. Used for Mild to moderate pain, Fever reduction, Inflammation associated with headache, muscular aches, backache, minor arthritis pain, menstrual cramps, and common cold.

At a glance

Mechanism of action

Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that non-selectively blocks COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which catalyze prostaglandin synthesis. By reducing prostaglandin levels in tissues, it suppresses inflammatory responses, alleviates pain signaling, and lowers body temperature set point. This mechanism makes it effective for mild to moderate pain and inflammatory conditions.

Approved indications

• Mild to moderate pain
• Fever reduction
• Inflammation associated with headache, muscular aches, backache, minor arthritis pain, menstrual cramps, and common cold

Common side effects

• Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain)
• Heartburn
• Dizziness
• Rash
• Gastrointestinal bleeding (with chronic use)
• Cardiovascular events (with chronic use)

Key clinical trials

• Study of Acetaminophen (ACM) in Post-operative Dental Pain (PHASE3)
• Study of Acetaminophen (ACE) in Post-operative Dental Pain (PHASE2)
• Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose, Efficacy and Safety Study of Test Acetaminophen Tablet in Postoperative Dental Pain (PHASE3)

Primary sources

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