11 and older, any sex, with Independent Child Migration. Patients with the condition only — healthy volunteers not accepted.
Results — posted to ClinicalTrials.gov
Per-arm endpoint measurements with 95% confidence intervals where reported. Source: trial results section.
Intention to MigratePrimary· Baseline, post-test (9 months), 6-months follow-up
Change in intention to migrate will be measured by one question: How likely do you (the adolescent girl) see yourself migrating? The question uses a likert scale ranging from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely).
6-months follow-up
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
1.72
± 1.21
Anzansi Family Program
1.15
± 0.751
post-test (9 months)
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
1.42
± 0.84
Anzansi Family Program
1.28
± 0.72
Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
1.6
± 1.05
Anzansi Family Program
1.64
± 1.21
Attitudes Towards SchoolSecondary· baseline, post-test (9 month), 6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
Change in attitudes towards school were measured by School attitude assessment survey (SAAS; McCoach, 2002). The survey consists of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 2 = a little bit, 3 = pretty well, 4 = well, and 5 = very well; range 20 to 100). The scale measures aspects of students' lives that predict their academic achievement, including peer attitudes, attitudes toward school, self-motivation, and self-regulation. The items were coded and summed, with the higher values representing higher positive attitudes toward school (Cronbach's alpha = 0.92).
6 month follow-up
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
90.23
± 6.83
Control Arm
85.12
± 9.64
post-test (9 month
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
80.28
± 10.46
Control Arm
75.9
± 10.85
Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
87.47
± 10.61
Control Arm
84.76
± 9.46
School AttendanceSecondary· baseline, post-test (9 month), 6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
Change in school attendance will be measured by school attendance reports. Number of missed days will be collected
Change in self-concept was measured by the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale Short Form (TSCS). The 20-item short version of the original 100-item TSCS scale assesses adolescents' perception of self-identity and self-satisfaction. The items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = always false to 5 = always true. The theoretical range for the TSCS is 20-100, with higher scores representing a more positive self-concept.
6-months follow-up
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
73.09
± 9.17
Control Arm
72.74
± 9.78
post-test (9 months)
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
76.5
± 10.92
Control Arm
74.94
± 12.58
Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
80.36
± 9.94
Control Arm
81.02
± 7.83
Multidimensional Student Life SatisfactionSecondary· baseline, post-test (9 months), 6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
change in life satisfaction was measured by Multidimensional Student Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS) (Wilson, 2015). The scale includes 40 items assessing life satisfaction on 5 specific aspects while maintaining an overall life satisfaction score (Huebner et al., 1998). Responses are rated on a 6-point Likert scale with 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = moderately disagree, 3 = slightly disagree, 4 = slightly agree, 5 = moderately agree, and 6 = strongly agree (theoretical range 40-240). To avoid the potential for type I error, the total score was summed up and used in the analysis, with the higher
6 month follow-up
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
189.83
± 19.48
Control Arm
183.24
± 21.15
post-test (9 months)
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
191.74
± 23.42
Control Arm
182.92
± 23.82
Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
189.49
± 15.20
Control Arm
186.98
± 15.75
The Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ)Secondary· baseline, post-test (9 months), 6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
Change in stress levels was measured by the Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (ASQ) (Byrne et al., 2007). The ASQ consists of 48 items, each measuring different stressors on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all stressful) to 5 (very stressful). The questionnaire includes eight subscales: stress of home, stress of school performance, stress of school attendance, stress of peer pressure, stress of teacher interaction, stress about future uncertainty, stress of school or leisure conflict, and stress of financial pressure. We calculated a composite score by summing the responses, with h
6 month follow-up
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
174.34
± 38.37
Control Arm
163.84
± 42.70
post-test (9 months)
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
148.52
± 49.30
Control Arm
164.48
± 37.56
Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Treatment Arm
113.40
± 46.97
Control Arm
117.38
± 56.15
Family CohesionSecondary· baseline, post-test (9 months), 6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
We assessed family cohesion using seven items (theoretical range: 7-35, Cronbach alpha = 0.84) adapted from both the Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1994) and the Family Assessment Measure (Skinner et al., 1983). The items measured the degree of commitment, help and support family members provide for one another. Participants were asked to rate how often each item occurred in their family using a 5-point scale (with 1 = 'never' and 5 = 'always'). Items included 'Do your family members ask each other for help before asking nonfamily members for help?', and 'Do you listen to what other family me
The perceived child-caregiver relationship scale was adapted from the Family Assessment measure and assessed relationships on two dimensions: (1) acceptance and warmth - the extent to which the caregiver perceives as involved in their child's life; and (2) psychological autonomy - the extent to which the caregiver employs a non-coercive, democratic discipline and encourages the child to express individuality within the family. Participants were asked to rate the adults they live with, on each of the 16 items (range: 16-80), on a 5-point scale (1 = 'never' and 5 = 'always'). Sample items includ
Baseline data
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
61.92
± 8.82
Anzansi Family Program
61.40
± 10.01
post-test (9 months)
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
60.44
± 6.14
Anzansi Family Program
62.98
± 6.74
6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
60.56
± 6.38
Anzansi Family Program
61.45
± 4.27
Social SupportSecondary· baseline, post-test (9 months), 6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
Change in social support was measured by the Social Support Behavior Scale. The SS-B measure consists of 45 items designed to tap five modes of support: emotional support, socializing, practical assistance, financial assistance, and advice/guidance. The Likert scale is from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. The theoretical range is 45-225, with higher scores indicating higher social support.
Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
163.26
± 26.53
Anzansi Family Program
149.83
± 30.0
post-test (9 months)
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
171.43
± 21.99
Anzansi Family Program
183.5
± 17.74
6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
164.44
± 23.30
Anzansi Family Program
183.28
± 22.95
Perceived Social SupportSecondary· baseline, post-test (9 months), 6 month follow-up (6-month post intervention completion)
Change in perceived social support was measured by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The MSPSS is a self-report measure to assess participants' social support. The 12-item scale had statements such as, "there is a special person who is around when I am in need," rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, with 5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neutral, 2=disagree, 1=strongly disagree.
Responses were coded and added up. The theoretical range was 12-60, with higher scores indicating greater social support.
We assessed gender norms among caregivers using a 10-item scale adapted from the Gender Norm Attitudes Scale (Waszak et al., 2001), which measures participants' understanding of the appropriateness of behaviors as they relate to being female and male. The items in the scale encompass aspects related to educational performance, future expectations for both genders, family support, encouragement, decision-making, and involvement in intimate relationships and behaviors. The scale items featured binary responses (Agree = 1 and Disagree = 0). To create a summation score, items in the reverse direct
6 month follow-up
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
2.7
± 2.18
Anzansi Family Program
3.04
± 1.77
post-test (9 months)
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
2.84
± 2.72
Anzansi Family Program
3.39
± 2.91
Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Control: Bolstered Care
2.06
± 2.19
Anzansi Family Program
2.44
± 2.17
SavingsSecondary· post-test (9 months)
the average bank savings as measured by Bank statements
Group
Value
95% CI
Anzansi Family Program
401
± 175
Sponsor's own description
The primary goal of this pilot study (R21) is to address the urgent need for theoretically and empirically informed interventions that prevent poor female youth's rural-to-urban migration for child labor in low and middle-income countries. The study will address the following specific aims: Aim 1: Pilot test the (i) feasibility and acceptability of ANZANSI; and (ii) preliminary impact of ANZANSI by comparing the control arm to the treatment arm on specific child development outcomes; Aim 2: Explore multi- level factors (individual, family, and programmatic) impacting participation in and experiences with the ANZANSI.
Publications & conference data
2 peer-reviewed publications reference this trial (live from Europe PMC):
Publications: Europe PMC API search by NCT ID, retrieved 10 June 2026
Drug + disease cross-links: matched in real time against Drug Landscape's normalised drug + company + condition tables
Sponsor: as reported to ClinicalTrials.gov by Washington University School of Medicine
Last refreshed: 13 February 2026
Drug Landscape aggregates and links these public records for informational use only. Always verify against the primary source before clinical or regulatory decisions. Canonical URL: https://druglandscape.com/trial/NCT04231669.