Adults 18 to 26, any sex, with Youth or Homelessness. Patients with the condition only — healthy volunteers not accepted.
Results — posted to ClinicalTrials.gov
Per-arm endpoint measurements with 95% confidence intervals where reported. Source: trial results section.
Mean Change From Baseline in Hopelessness as Measured by the Beck Hopelessness ScalePrimary· Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
Assessed using Beck's Hopelessness Scale, a 20-item scale which measures motivation, expectations, and feelings about the future (internal consistency α = .93). The total scoring range is 0-20, with 0-3 = no or minimal hopelessness, 4-8 = mild hopelessness, 9-14 = moderate hopelessness- requires monitoring, and 15+ = severe hopelessness- suicide risk.
Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in levels of hopelessness. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of hopelessness.
6-weeks pre-baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
NA
± NA
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
6.70
± 4.08
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
NA
± NA
Baseline (pre-intervention)
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
4.27
± 3.28
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
6.55
± 3.80
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
5.59
± 3.68
Immediately post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
2.63
± 3.46
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
5.21
± 4.01
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
4.12
± 3.92
3 Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
2.75
± 2.71
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
5.55
± 3.80
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
4.36
± 3.59
6 Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
1.75
± 1.98
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
5.01
± 3.57
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
3.64
± 3.37
9 Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
1.71
± 1.70
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
5.00
± 4.20
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
3.72
± 3.75
Mean Change From Baseline in Community Integration (Psychological and Physical) Scores as Measured by the Community Integration Scale (CIS)Primary· Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
Assessed using the Community Integration Scale, an 11-item scale which measures behavioural (e.g., participation in activities) and psychological (e.g., sense of belonging) aspects of community integration. The CIS includes a physical subscale (with scores ranging from 0-7) and a psychological subscale (with scores ranging from 4-20). Higher scores indicate greater community integration. This scale was used extensively in the Chez Soi/At Home study, but psychometric properties have yet to be reported.
Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to det
Physical sub-scale: 6-weeks pre-baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
NA
± NA
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
4.42
± 2.12
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
NA
± NA
Physical sub-scale: Baseline (pre-intervention)
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
2.50
± 1.20
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
3.09
± 2.30
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2.84
± 1.89
Physical sub-scale: Immediately post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
3.89
± 1.11
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
3.45
± 1.86
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
3.64
± 1.57
Physical sub-scale: 3 Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
3.98
± 2.37
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
3.55
± 2.07
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
3.73
± 2.14
Physical sub-scale: 6 Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
3.75
± 1.91
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
3.64
± 1.50
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
3.68
± 1.63
Physical sub-scale: 9 Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
3.29
± 2.36
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
3.45
± 1.57
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
3.39
± 1.85
Psychological sub-scale: 6-weeks pre-baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
NA
± NA
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
12.9
± 3.98
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
NA
± NA
Psychological sub-scale: Baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
11.63
± 4.27
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
12.60
± 3.91
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
12.16
± 3.98
Mean Change From Baseline in Social Connectedness Scores as Measured by the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS)Primary· Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
Measured using the Social Connected Scale, a 20-item scale which measures belongingness - the degree to which people feel connected to others (internal consistency α = .92). Scores range from 20-120, with higher scores indicating greater social connectedness.
Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in social connectedness. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of social connectedness.
6-weeks pre-baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
NA
± NA
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
70.00
± 10.10
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
NA
± NA
Baseline (pre-intervention)
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
74.00
± 13.37
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
71.00
± 15.60
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
72.26
± 14.39
Immediately post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
75.75
± 25.41
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
75.20
± 14.60
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
75.42
± 19.23
3-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
82.88
± 20.79
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
75.27
± 8.46
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
78.47
± 14.92
6-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
84.38
± 18.95
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
72.18
± 12.36
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
77.32
± 16.21
9-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
84.14
± 14.81
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
73.26
± 14.49
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
77.49
± 15.19
Mean Change From Baseline in Self-esteem Scores as Measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSS)Primary· Assessed at 6 weeks pre-baseline (for the delayed intervention group only), at baseline (immediately pre-intervention), immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
Assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a 10-item scale which measures of global self-worth (internal consistency α = .77 - .88). Scores range from 0-30. A score of \<15 is categorized as low self-esteem, and 15-30 is categorized as normal self-esteem.
Participants' scores at baseline will be compared with their scores post-intervention to detect changes in self-esteem. The change in scores over time will describe the general trajectory of self-esteem.
6-Weeks pre-baseline
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
NA
± NA
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
17.70
± 4.91
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
NA
± NA
Baseline (pre-intervention)
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
16.66
± 2.92
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
18.50
± 6.09
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
17.70
± 4.97
Immediately post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
22.00
± 4.87
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
19.20
± 7.31
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
20.37
± 6.40
3-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
21.00
± 6.39
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
18.09
± 5.11
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
19.32
± 5.71
6-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
24.75
± 5.23
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
19.18
± 6.88
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
21.53
± 6.70
9-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Immediate dk Leadership Intervention
21.86
± 4.98
Delayed dk Leadership Intervention
19.00
± 4.24
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
20.11
± 4.63
Change in Vocational Participation/Employment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-MonthsSecondary· Assessed at baseline (immediately pre-intervention) and 9 months post-intervention
Acquirement of meaningful employment will be assessed. Participants will be prompted to answer questions about their current employment status, intensity of employment, and type of employment in the questionnaire. The change in the number of participants engaging in employment over time at the aggregate level will be assessed.
Baseline (pre-intervention)
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
3
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
6
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
10
9-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
5
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
11
Change in Academic Participation/Educational Attainment as Assessed by a Questionnaire From Baseline to 9-MonthsSecondary· Assessed at baseline (immediately pre-intervention) and 9 months post-intervention
Participants will be prompted to answer questions about their current educational pursuit, and type of schooling or training program in a questionnaire. The change in the number of participants engaging in education over time on the aggregate will be assessed.
Baseline (pre-intervention)
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
4
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
4
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
11
9-Months post-intervention
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
1
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
7
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
10
Number of Themes Related to Change in Career Awareness Informed by Focus Groups With ParticipantsSecondary· 60 - 90 minute focus groups at each of the following timepoints: immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
This outcome will describe the general trajectory of career awareness. Self-awareness, confidence, ability to articulate career goals, and understanding of how to achieve career goals will be assessed in focus groups. The questions posed during the focus groups will be guided by the evaluation objectives, but will be conversational and exploratory in nature with particular attention to identity capital, life-trajectories, and social inclusion. All will be conducted by the co-investigator at locations most convenient for the study participants, and will be audio recorded and transcribed verbati
Themes
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2
Subthemes
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2
Number of Themes Related to Change in Knowledge and Use of Soft Skills Informed by Focus Groups With ParticipantsSecondary· 60 - 90 minute focus groups at each of the following timepoints: immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
Acquirement of soft skills such as motivation, goal setting, self-discipline, and organization will be assessed in focus groups. The questions posed during the focus groups will be guided by the evaluation objectives, but will be conversational and exploratory in nature with particular attention to identity capital, life-trajectories, and social inclusion. All will be conducted by the co-investigator at locations most convenient for the study participants, and will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. All focus groups will be analyzed together; the themes identified from the analysis wi
Themes
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2
Subthemes
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2
Number of Themes Related to Participant Perspectives of Intervention Barriers and Facilitators, as Informed by Focus Groups With ParticipantsSecondary· 60 - 90 minute focus groups at each of the following timepoints: immediately post-intervention, 3 months post-intervention, 6 months post-intervention, and 9 months post-intervention
In focus groups, youth will be prompted to discuss the strengths and drawbacks of conventional programs for youth transitioning out of homelessness. These evaluations will be compared to this intervention to determine what aspects of programs youth find most helpful, and which could be improved upon. The questions posed during the focus groups will be guided by the evaluation objectives, but will be conversational and exploratory in nature with particular attention to identity capital, life-trajectories, and social inclusion.All will be conducted by the co-investigator at locations most conven
Themes
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2
Subthemes
Group
Value
95% CI
Pooled Analysis of Immediate and Delayed Intervention Groups
2
Sponsor's own description
Understanding how to create successful pathways out of homelessness is crucial. Thirty young people (aged 18 - 26 years) who have transitioned out of homelessness within the past three years will be offered scholarships to participate in a six week intervention that focuses on building identity capital (sense of purpose and control, self-efficacy and self-esteem) and providing career direction. The intervention will be designed and carried out by dk Leadership - an established, highly successful leadership and counseling centre in Toronto with a track record of significantly improving the life trajectories of teens and adults. Importantly, study participants will be incorporated into the centre's current programming, meaning the intervention will be held at a location not associated with homelessness. Study participants will be collaboratively recruited by dk Leadership and Covenant House Toronto - Canada's largest agency for street-involved and homeless youth.
This impact and process evaluation aims to address critical gaps in knowledge about transition-related supports by asking whether and how an identity capital intervention delivered outside the social service sector impacts the life-trajectories of formerly homeless young people. Particular attention will be paid to whether this intervention shows promise as an unconventional way to tackle poverty and improve social inclusion.
It is hypothesize that, for the primary quantitative outcome measures of hope, community integration, social connectedness, and self-esteem:
1. Significant improvements in the mean scores of the intervention group compared to the delayed intervention comparison group immediately post-intervention will be observed.
2. Significant improvements in the mean scores of both groups (intervention and delayed intervention) immediately post-intervention will be observed.
3. These significant improvements will be sustained in both groups for at least three months post-intervention.
Publications & conference data
1 peer-reviewed publication reference this trial (live from Europe PMC):
Publications: Europe PMC API search by NCT ID, retrieved 10 June 2026
Drug + disease cross-links: matched in real time against Drug Landscape's normalised drug + company + condition tables
Sponsor: as reported to ClinicalTrials.gov by Unity Health Toronto
Last refreshed: 22 June 2023
Drug Landscape aggregates and links these public records for informational use only. Always verify against the primary source before clinical or regulatory decisions. Canonical URL: https://druglandscape.com/trial/NCT03772522.