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NCT02404441

Phase I/II Study of PDR001 in Patients With Advanced Malignancies

Completed Phase 1, PHASE2 Results posted Last updated 3 August 2022
What this trial tests

Phase 1, PHASE2 trial testing PDR001 in Melanoma in 319 participants. Completed in 21 July 2020.

Timeline
27 April 2015
Primary endpoint
21 July 2020
21 July 2020

Quick facts

Lead sponsorNovartis Pharmaceuticals
PhasePhase 1, PHASE2
StatusCompleted
Study typeINTERVENTIONAL
Allocationnon randomized
Designsingle group
Maskingnone
Primary purposetreatment
Enrollment319
Start date27 April 2015
Primary completion21 July 2020
Estimated completion21 July 2020
Sites41 locations across France, Italy, Netherlands, Taiwan, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland

Drugs / interventions tested

Conditions studied

Sponsor

Novartis Pharmaceuticals — full company profile →

Who can join

18 and older, any sex, with Melanoma or Non-small Sell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Patients with the condition only — healthy volunteers not accepted.

Results — posted to ClinicalTrials.gov

Per-arm endpoint measurements with 95% confidence intervals where reported. Source: trial results section.

Phase l: The Exposure (AUC(0-336h)) After First Dose of Treatment at Cycle 3 (Each Cycle = 28 Days) Primary · Predose, 1hour (h), 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h, 240h, 336h post dose (cycle 3)

Estimated the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and/or the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for PDR001. AUC0-336h is the AUC from time zero to 336 hour post dose of a measurable concentration sampling time.

GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w270± 52.5
3mg/kg q2w1150± 51.1
10mg/kg q2w3110± 33.1
3mg/kg q4w575± 21.8
5mg/kg q4w1490± 34.2
Phase l: Incidence of Dose Limiting Toxicities (DLTs) Primary · 8 months

DLT is defined as an adverse event (AE) or abnormal laboratory value of common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) grade ≥ 3 assessed as unrelated to disease, disease progression, inter-current illness or concomitant medications, which occurs within the first cycle of treatment with PDR001 during the dose escalation part of the study for which relationship to study treatment cannot be ruled out, with some exceptions.

GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w0
3mg/kg q2w0
10mg/kg q2w0
3mg/kg q4w0
5mg/kg q4w0
Phase ll: Overall Response Rate (ORR) Per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST v1.1) Primary · 61 months

ORR is the percentage of participants with a best overall response of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 CR = at least 2 determinations of CR at least 4 weeks apart before progression where confirmation required or 1 determination of CR prior to progression where confirmation not required. PR = at least 2 determinations of PR or better at least 4 weeks apart before progression (and not qualifying for a CR) where confirmation required or 1 determination of PR prior to progression where confirmation not required. RE

GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w15.38.2 – 25.1
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w27.918.6 – 38.8
TNBC 400 mg/q4w0.00.0 – 7.2
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w6.82.3 – 14.8
ATC 400 mg/q4w19.09.8 – 31.8
All Phase II Patients14.611.1 – 18.6
Phase I: Serum Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter AUCs (AUC0-336h (Cycle 1 Only), AUCinf, AUClast AUCtau) Secondary · Predose, 1hour (h), 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h, 240h, 336h post dose (cycle 1 & 3)

AUC0-336h is the AUC from time zero to 336 hour post dose of a measurable concentration sampling time. AUClast: The AUC from time zero to the last measurable concentration sampling time (tlast) (mass x time x volume-1). AUCinf: The AUC from time zero to infinity (mass x time x volume-1). AUCtau: The AUC calculated to the end of a dosing interval (tau) at steady-state (amount x time x volume-1).

Cycle (C) 1: AUC0-336h (n=16, 13, 10, 6, 10)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w126± 29.5
3mg/kg q2w324± 24.4
10mg/kg q2w1270± 20.3
3mg/kg q4w350± 35.0
5mg/kg q4w638± 35.3
C1: AUCinf (n = 1, 0,0,2,3)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w123± 0
3mg/kg q4w384± 9.8
5mg/kg q4w726± 16.0
C1: AUClast
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w125± 29.9
3mg/kg q2w353± 31.4
10mg/kg q2w1240± 21.6
3mg/kg q4w522± 39.1
5mg/kg q4w943± 37.4
C1: AUCtau (n = 16, 13, 10, 6, 10)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w126± 29.5
3mg/kg q2w324± 24.4
10mg/kg q2w1270± 20.3
3mg/kg q4w524± 39.6
5mg/kg q4w984± 41.9
C3: AUClast
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w260± 44.8
3mg/kg q2w995± 60.5
10mg/kg q2w2520± 58.4
3mg/kg q4w933± 21.3
5mg/kg q4w2560± 37.2
C3: AUCtau (n = 8, 4, 4, 2, 2)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w270± 52.5
3mg/kg q2w1150± 51.1
10mg/kg q2w3110± 33.1
3mg/kg q4w1040± 19.1
5mg/kg q4w2770± 26.6
Phase I: Serum Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter Cmax Secondary · Predose, 1hour (h), 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h, 240h, 336h post dose (Cycle 1 & 3)

The maximum (peak) observed plasma, blood, serum, or other body fluid drug concentration after single dose administration (mass x volume-1)

C1 (n = 15, 15, 10, 6, 9)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w18.2± 26.5
3mg/kg q2w53.8± 23.6
10mg/kg q2w185± 18.3
3mg/kg q4w53.8± 29.4
5mg/kg q4w106± 34.2
C3 (n = 10, 7, 3, 3, 2)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w29.7± 41.0
3mg/kg q2w112± 27.3
10mg/kg q2w312± 30.0
3mg/kg q4w69.7± 9.4
5mg/kg q4w179± 45.2
Phase I: Serum Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter Tmax Secondary · Predose, 1hour (h), 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h, 240h, 336h post dose (cycle 1 & 3)

The time to reach maximum (peak) plasma, blood, serum, or other body fluid drug concentration after single dose administration (time)

C1 (n = 15, 15, 10, 6, 9)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w1.581.38 – 2.12
3mg/kg q2w1.571.25 – 1.7
10mg/kg q2w1.551.13 – 1.68
3mg/kg q4w1.551.5 – 1.83
5mg/kg q4w1.581.08 – 1.67
C3 (n = 10, 7, 3, 3, 2)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w1.551.45 – 1.75
3mg/kg q2w1.550.75 – 1.58
10mg/kg q2w1.581.52 – 1.62
3mg/kg q4w1.51.5 – 1.57
5mg/kg q4w1.30.783 – 1.82
Phase ll: Serum Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter AUCs (AUC336h, AUCinf, AUClast, AUCtau) Secondary · Predose, 1hour (h), 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h, 240h, 336h post dose (cycle 1 & 3)

AUC0-336h is the AUC from time zero to 336 hour post dose of a measurable concentration sampling time. AUClast: The AUC from time zero to the last measurable concentration sampling time (tlast) (mass x time x volume-1). AUCinf: The AUC from time zero to infinity (mass x time x volume-1). AUCtau: The AUC calculated to the end of a dosing interval (tau) at steady-state (amount x time x volume-1).

C1: AUC0-336h (n =58, 58, 37, 54, 37)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w681± 39.4
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w775± 31.7
TNBC 400 mg/q4w752± 29.3
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w535± 38.3
ATC 400 mg/q4w704± 28.2
C1: AUCinf (n = 13, 8, 7, 5, 2)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1090± 29.6
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1080± 45.4
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1240± 25.2
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w491± 22.7
ATC 400 mg/q4w1160± 7.1
C1: AUClast
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w980± 42.5
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1020± 109.9
TNBC 400 mg/q4w923± 76.1
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w602± 62.2
ATC 400 mg/q4w865± 69.8
C1: AUCtau (n= 54, 55, 32, 48, 36)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1010± 39.8
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1190± 35.0
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1130± 34.9
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w689± 40.4
ATC 400 mg/q4w1070± 31.3
C3: AUC0-336h (n = 36, 49, 12, 40, 16)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1210± 36.3
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1140± 43.8
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1360± 45.7
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w850± 50.6
ATC 400 mg/q4w1290± 30.0
C3: AUCinf (n = 1, 1, 1, 1, 0)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1050± NA
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1070± NA
TNBC 400 mg/q4w2340± NA
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w135± NA
C3: AUClast (n = 37, 51, 16, 44, 19)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1860± 39.9
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1650± 59.7
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1630± 73.4
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w984± 78.0
ATC 400 mg/q4w1600± 88.0
C3: AUCtau (n= 31, 44, 7, 38, 14)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1940± 35.5
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1790± 53.4
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1920± 44.4
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w1100± 54.5
ATC 400 mg/q4w2120± 32.7
Phase ll: Serum Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter Cmax Secondary · Predose, 1hour (h), 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h, 240h, 336h post dose (Cycle 1 & 3)

The maximum (peak) observed plasma, blood, serum, or other body fluid drug concentration after single dose administration (mass x volume-1)

C1 (n = 52, 58, 32, 55, 35)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w103± 37.0
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w111± 26.6
TNBC 400 mg/q4w114± 23.6
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w79.9± 31.8
ATC 400 mg/q4w100± 27.3
C3 (n = 33, 45, 11, 39, 18)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w151± 32.0
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w141± 33.4
TNBC 400 mg/q4w163± 34.7
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w103± 36.6
ATC 400 mg/q4w146± 22.6
Phase ll: Serum Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter Tmax Secondary · Predose, 1hour (h), 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h, 240h, 336h post dose (Cycle 1 & 3)

The time to reach maximum (peak) plasma, blood, serum, or other body fluid drug concentration after single dose administration (time)

C1 (n= 52, 58, 32, 55, 35)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1.580.55 – 2.52
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1.581.07 – 2.9
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1.581.18 – 2.15
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w1.651.00 – 3.08
ATC 400 mg/q4w1.550.5 – 2.75
C3 (n = 33, 45, 11, 39, 18)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w1.60.983 – 2.08
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w1.551.07 – 2.22
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1.531.42 – 1.62
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w1.581.33 – 2.92
ATC 400 mg/q4w1.570 – 4.63
Phase I: Presence and/or Concentration of Anti-PDR001 Secondary · 42 months

Assessed PDR001 anti-drug anti-body (ADA) incidence in Phase I patients - the emergence of anti-PDR001 antibodies following one or more intravenous (i.v.) infusions of PDR001. Each cycle = 28 days; End of treatment was expected to be on average 1 year after the start of study treatment.

Patients with ADA-negative sample at baseline
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w11
3mg/kg q2w9
10mg/kg q2w1
All Phase I q2w21
3mg/kg q4w5
5mg/kg q4w9
All Phase I q4w14
All Phase I Patients35
Patients with ADA-positive sample at baseline
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w5
3mg/kg q2w2
10mg/kg q2w2
All Phase I q2w9
3mg/kg q4w1
5mg/kg q4w1
All Phase I q4w2
All Phase I Patients11
ADA-negative
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w10
3mg/kg q2w8
10mg/kg q2w1
All Phase I q2w19
3mg/kg q4w4
5mg/kg q4w8
All Phase I q4w12
All Phase I Patients31
ADA-positive (i.e., ADA incidence)
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w4
3mg/kg q2w2
10mg/kg q2w2
All Phase I q2w8
3mg/kg q4w1
5mg/kg q4w1
All Phase I q4w2
All Phase I Patients10
Treatment-induced ADA-positive
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w1
3mg/kg q2w1
10mg/kg q2w0
All Phase I q2w2
3mg/kg q4w1
5mg/kg q4w1
All Phase I q4w2
All Phase I Patients4
Treatment-boosted ADA-positive
GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w3
3mg/kg q2w1
10mg/kg q2w2
All Phase I q2w6
3mg/kg q4w0
5mg/kg q4w0
All Phase I q4w0
All Phase I Patients6
Phase II: Presence and/or Concentration of Anti-PDR001 Secondary · 42 months

Assessed PDR001 anti-drug anti-body (ADA) incidence in Phase I patients - the emergence of anti-PDR001 antibodies following one or more intravenous (i.v.) infusions of PDR001. Each cycle = 28 days; End of treatment was expected to be on average 1 year after the start of study treatment. For Treatment -induced ADA-positive, Percentage was based on subjects ADA-negative at baseline. For Treatment-boosted ADA-positive, Percentage was based on subjects ADA-positive at baseline.

Patients with ADA-negative sample at baseline
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w43
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w48
TNBC 400 mg/q4w29
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w41
ATC 400 mg/q4w29
All Phase II Patients190
Patients with ADA-positive sample at baseline
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w9
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w6
TNBC 400 mg/q4w4
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w5
ATC 400 mg/q4w2
All Phase II Patients26
ADA-negative
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w34
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w46
TNBC 400 mg/q4w23
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w31
ATC 400 mg/q4w24
All Phase II Patients158
ADA-positive (i.e., ADA incidence)
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w11
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w4
TNBC 400 mg/q4w7
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w12
ATC 400 mg/q4w6
All Phase II Patients40
Treatment-induced ADA-positive
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w9
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w2
TNBC 400 mg/q4w6
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w10
ATC 400 mg/q4w5
All Phase II Patients32
Treatment-boosted ADA-positive
GroupValue95% CI
NSCLC 400 mg/q4w2
Melanoma 400 mg/q4w2
TNBC 400 mg/q4w1
NSCLC 300 mg/q3w2
ATC 400 mg/q4w1
All Phase II Patients8
Phase l: Overall Response Rate (ORR) as Per Investigator Based on RECIST v1.1 Secondary · 27 months

ORR is the percentage of participants with a best overall response of complete response CR or partial response PR as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1 CR = at least two determinations of CR at least 4 weeks apart before progression where confirmation required or one determination of CR prior to progression where confirmation not required. PR = at least two determinations of PR or better at least 4 weeks apart before progression (and not qualifying for a CR) where confirmation required or one determination of PR prior to progression where confirmation not required.

GroupValue95% CI
1mg/kg q2w0.000.0 – 17.1
3mg/kg q2w6.70.3 – 27.9
10mg/kg q2w9.10.5 – 36.4
All Phase I q2w4.80.9 – 14.2
3mg/kg q4w0.00.0 – 39.3
5mg/kg q4w0.00.0 – 25.9
All Phase I q4w0.00.0 – 17.1
All Phase I Patients3.40.6 – 10.5

Adverse events — posted to ClinicalTrials.gov

Time frame: On treatment deaths were collected from the start of study treatment up to 30 days after last study treatment exposure, for a maximum duration of 114.3 weeks for the Part I phase (treatment duration ranged from 2 to 110.3 weeks) and for a maximum duration of 194.9 weeks for the Phase II part (treatment duration ranged from 0.6 to 190.9 weeks).. Reporting threshold: 5%. Adverse-event reports describe events observed during the trial — not all are caused by the drug.

1mg/kg q2w
Serious: 9/16 (56%)
Deaths: 2/16
3mg/kg q2w
Serious: 7/15 (47%)
Deaths: 2/15
10mg/kg q2w
Serious: 4/11 (36%)
Deaths: 1/11
All Phase I q2w
Serious: 20/42 (48%)
Deaths: 5/42
3mg/kg q4w
Serious: 2/6 (33%)
Deaths: 1/6
5mg/kg q4w
Serious: 2/10 (20%)
Deaths: 2/10
All Phase I q4w
Serious: 4/16 (25%)
Deaths: 3/16
All Phase I Patients
Serious: 24/58 (41%)
Deaths: 8/58
NSCLC 400mg/q4w
Serious: 27/59 (46%)
Deaths: 4/59
Melanoma 400mg/q4w
Serious: 22/61 (36%)
Deaths: 4/61
TNBC 400mg/q4w
Serious: 18/40 (45%)
Deaths: 4/40
NSCLC 300mg/q3w
Serious: 37/59 (63%)
Deaths: 12/59
ATC 400 mg/q4w
Serious: 22/42 (52%)
Deaths: 11/42
All Phase II Patients
Serious: 126/261 (48%)
Deaths: 35/261

Serious adverse events (128 terms)

ReactionSystem1mg/kg q2w3mg/kg q2w10mg/kg q2wAll Phase I q2w3mg/kg q4w5mg/kg q4wAll Phase I q4wAll Phase I PatientsNSCLC 400mg/q4wMelanoma 400mg/q4wTNBC 400mg/q4wNSCLC 300mg/q3wATC 400 mg/q4wAll Phase II Patients
DyspnoeaRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
PneumoniaInfections and infestations
Pleural effusionRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Back painMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Atrial fibrillationCardiac disorders
PyrexiaGeneral disorders
CellulitisInfections and infestations
PneumonitisRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Cardiac arrestCardiac disorders
Pericardial effusionCardiac disorders
Abdominal painGastrointestinal disorders
DysphagiaGastrointestinal disorders
SepsisInfections and infestations
DehydrationMetabolism and nutrition disorders
HypercalcaemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders
Tumour painNeoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)
Spinal cord compressionNervous system disorders
Respiratory failureRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
EmbolismVascular disorders
AnaemiaBlood and lymphatic system disorders
TachycardiaCardiac disorders
DiarrhoeaGastrointestinal disorders
Gastrointestinal haemorrhageGastrointestinal disorders
NauseaGastrointestinal disorders
VomitingGastrointestinal disorders
Other adverse events (204 terms — click to expand)

ReactionSystem1mg/kg q2w3mg/kg q2w10mg/kg q2wAll Phase I q2w3mg/kg q4w5mg/kg q4wAll Phase I q4wAll Phase I PatientsNSCLC 400mg/q4wMelanoma 400mg/q4wTNBC 400mg/q4wNSCLC 300mg/q3wATC 400 mg/q4wAll Phase II Patients
Decreased appetiteMetabolism and nutrition disorders
CoughRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
DyspnoeaRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
AnaemiaBlood and lymphatic system disorders
FatigueGeneral disorders
NauseaGastrointestinal disorders
AstheniaGeneral disorders
PyrexiaGeneral disorders
ConstipationGastrointestinal disorders
DiarrhoeaGastrointestinal disorders
VomitingGastrointestinal disorders
ArthralgiaMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Back painMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
PruritusSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Aspartate aminotransferase increasedInvestigations
Oedema peripheralGeneral disorders
Weight decreasedInvestigations
DizzinessNervous system disorders
Alanine aminotransferase increasedInvestigations
HeadacheNervous system disorders
RashSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Musculoskeletal painMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
InsomniaPsychiatric disorders
Abdominal painGastrointestinal disorders
HypothyroidismEndocrine disorders
HypokalaemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders
Non-cardiac chest painGeneral disorders
Productive coughRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Blood alkaline phosphatase increasedInvestigations
HypoalbuminaemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders
HyponatraemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders
HyperthyroidismEndocrine disorders
Upper respiratory tract infectionInfections and infestations
MyalgiaMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Pain in extremityMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Pleural effusionRespiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
HyperglycaemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders
HypophosphataemiaMetabolism and nutrition disorders
VitiligoSkin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Dry mouthGastrointestinal disorders

Most-reported serious reactions: Dyspnoea, Pneumonia, Pleural effusion, Back pain, Atrial fibrillation, Pyrexia, Cellulitis, Pneumonitis.

Data from ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02404441 adverse events section.

Sponsor's own description

The purpose of this "first-in-human" study of PDR001 was to characterize the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and antitumor activity of PDR001 administered i.v. as a single agent to adult patients with solid tumors. By blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, PDR001 inhibits the PD-1 immune checkpoint, resulting in activation of an antitumor immune response by activating effector T-cells and inhibiting regulatory T-cells.

Publications & conference data

8 peer-reviewed publications reference this trial (live from Europe PMC):

  1. PD-1 and PD-L1 Checkpoint Signaling Inhibition for Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Combinations, and Clinical Outcome.
    Alsaab HO, Sau S, Alzhrani R, Tatiparti K, et al · · 2017 · cited 1206× · PMID 28878676 · DOI 10.3389/fphar.2017.00561
  2. The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC).
    Cohen EEW, Bell RB, Bifulco CB, Burtness B, et al · · 2019 · cited 528× · PMID 31307547 · DOI 10.1186/s40425-019-0662-5
  3. 2021 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Management of Patients with Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer.
    Bible KC, Kebebew E, Brierley J, Brito JP, et al · · 2021 · cited 464× · PMID 33728999 · DOI 10.1089/thy.2020.0944
  4. Melanoma treatment in review.
    Domingues B, Lopes JM, Soares P, Pópulo H. · · 2018 · cited 432× · PMID 29922629 · DOI 10.2147/itt.s134842
  5. PD-1 Blockade in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma.
    Capdevila J, Wirth LJ, Ernst T, Ponce Aix S, et al · · 2020 · cited 246× · PMID 32364844 · DOI 10.1200/jco.19.02727
  6. Triple-negative breast cancer: treatment challenges and solutions.
    Collignon J, Lousberg L, Schroeder H, Jerusalem G. · · 2016 · cited 246× · PMID 27284266 · DOI 10.2147/bctt.s69488
  7. Advances in the systemic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.
    Lebert JM, Lester R, Powell E, Seal M, et al · · 2018 · cited 212× · PMID 29910657 · DOI 10.3747/co.25.3954
  8. Mechanisms of immune evasion in breast cancer.
    Bates JP, Derakhshandeh R, Jones L, Webb TJ. · · 2018 · cited 206× · PMID 29751789 · DOI 10.1186/s12885-018-4441-3

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