NCT01075048 is a Phase 1, PHASE2 clinical trial of Tivantinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer, sponsored by Daiichi Sankyo.

Who is sponsoring NCT01075048?

NCT01075048 is sponsored by Daiichi Sankyo.

What drugs are being tested in NCT01075048?

Interventions in NCT01075048: Tivantinib, Placebo, Cetuximab, Irinotecan.

What condition does NCT01075048 study?

NCT01075048 studies Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

Is NCT01075048 still recruiting?

NCT01075048 is currently completed. Last updated 8 April 2021.

Are results published for NCT01075048?

Yes — primary outcome results have been posted to ClinicalTrials.gov. See the outcomes section above for details.

Last reviewed 2021-04-08 · How we verify

NCT01075048

Name: Drug Landscape Pharmaceutical Database
Creator: Drug Landscape
Published: 2026-01-01
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ARQ 197 in Combination With Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Completed Phase 1, PHASE2 Results posted Last updated 8 April 2021

What this trial tests

Phase 1, PHASE2 trial testing Tivantinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in 131 participants. Completed in 20 February 2015.

Timeline

26 January 2010

Primary endpoint
12 October 2012

20 February 2015

Quick facts

Lead sponsor	Daiichi Sankyo
Phase	Phase 1, PHASE2
Status	Completed
Study type	INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation	randomized
Design	parallel
Masking	double
Primary purpose	treatment
Enrollment	131
Start date	26 January 2010
Primary completion	12 October 2012
Estimated completion	20 February 2015
Sites	40 locations across France, Italy, Russia, Germany, United States

Drugs / interventions tested

Tivantinib — full drug profile →
Placebo
Cetuximab (cetuximab) — full drug profile →
Irinotecan (irinotecan) — full drug profile →

Conditions studied

Metastatic Colorectal Cancer — all drugs for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer →

Sponsor

Daiichi Sankyo — full company profile →

Who can join

18 and older, any sex, with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Patients with the condition only — healthy volunteers not accepted.

Results — posted to ClinicalTrials.gov

Per-arm endpoint measurements with 95% confidence intervals where reported. Source: trial results section.

Progression-Free Survival (PFS) Following Treatment With Tivantinib (ARQ 197) in Combination With Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer With Wild-Type K-ras Oncogene (KRAS) Who Have Received Front-Line Systemic Therapy Primary · Baseline up to 80 weeks postdose

Progression-free survival is defined as the time from randomization to the date of disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause (as of data cutoff 12 Oct 2012).

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	7.3	5.3 – 9.0
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	8.3	5.6 – 10.8

Progression-Free Survival (PFS) Using Computed Best Response Following Treatment With Tivantinib (ARQ 197) in Combination With Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Who Have Received Front-Line Systemic Therapy Primary · Baseline up to 80 weeks postdose

Progression-free survival is defined as the time from randomization to the date of disease progression (PD) or death due to any cause (as of data cutoff 12 Oct 2012).

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	7.3	5.3 – 9.0
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	8.3	5.6 – 10.8

Best Overall Tumor Response and Objective Response Rate Following Treatment With Tivantinib (ARQ 197) in Combination With Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Subjects With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Who Have Received Front-Line Systemic Therapy Secondary · Baseline up to 2 years 10 months postdose

Best overall tumor response according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 criteria included complete response (CR) defined as the disappearance of all target lesions; partial response (PR) defined as a ≥30% decrease in the longest diameter of target lesions; stable disease (SD) defined as neither sufficient shrinkage to qualify for PR nor sufficient increase to qualify for progressive disease (PD; at least a 20% increase in the sum of diameters of target lesions. Objective response was defined as CR+PR.

Complete response (CR)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0

Partial response (PR)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	19
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	27

Stable disease (SD)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	22
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	22

Progressive disease (PD)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	13
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	9

Objective response (CR+PR)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	19
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	27

Inevaluable

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	3
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	2

Overall Survival (OS) Following Treatment With Tivantinib (ARQ 197) in Combination With Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer With Wild-Type K-ras Oncogene (KRAS) Who Have Received Front-Line Systemic Therapy Secondary · Baseline up to 5 years 1 month postdose

Overall survival is defined as the time from randomization date to the date of death.

Overall survival (12 Oct 2012 data cutoff)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	17.6	11.3 – 20.4
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	NA	13.2 – NA

Overall survival (29 Mar 2013 data cutoff)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	16.9	12.2 – 20.4
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	19.8	13.4 – 27.0

Overall survival (25 Jul 2013 data cutoff)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	16.3	11.6 – 20.4
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	19.8	15.4 – 27.4

Overall survival (20 Feb 2015 data cutoff)

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	16.3	11.6 – 20.4
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	22.3	15.4 – 27

Duration of Response and Stable Disease Following Treatment With Tivantinib (ARQ 197) in Combination With Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer With Wild-Type KRAS Who Have Received Front-Line Systemic Therapy Secondary · Baseline up to 80 weeks postdose

Duration of response was defined for participants with complete response (CR)/partial response (PR) as the time from the date of the first documentation of objective response (CR or PR) to the date of the first documentation of progressive disease. Duration of stable disease (SD) was defined for participants whose best response was SD at the time from the randomization date to the date of the first documentation of progressive disease. Based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1, CR is defined as a disappearance of all target lesions, PR is defined as at least a 30% decre

Duration of response

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	29.42	± 15.16
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	28.84	± 16.03

Duration of stable disease

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	24.48	± 11.48
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	29.76	± 15.43

Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events Reported in ≥ 10% of Participants Following Treatment With Tivantinib (ARQ 197) in Combination With Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Subjects With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Who Have Received Front-Line Systemic Therapy Secondary · Baseline up to 30 days after last dose, up to 5 years 1 month

A treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was defined as an AE that had an onset date on or after the first dose of study drug, cetuximab, or irinotecan up to and including 30 days after the last dose of any study drug and worsened in severity after the first dose of study drug relative to the pre-treatment state.

Any TEAE

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	9
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	59
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	62
All ARQ 197	71

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	4
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	28
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	23
All ARQ 197	27

Anaemia

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	2
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	19
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	7
All ARQ 197	9

Neutropenia

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	4
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	13
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	18
All ARQ 197	22

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	9
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	47
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	47
All ARQ 197	56

Abdominal pain

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	3
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	16
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	12
All ARQ 197	15

Constipation

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	11
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	10
All ARQ 197	11

Diarrhea

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	5
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	30
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	33
All ARQ 197	38

Treatment-Emergent Infection and Infestation Adverse Events Following Treatment With Tivantinib (ARQ 197) in Combination With Irinotecan and Cetuximab in Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Who Have Received Front-Line Systemic Therapy Secondary · Baseline up to 30 days after last dose, up to 5 years 1 month

Infections and Infestations

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	6
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	24
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	31
All ARQ 197	37

Abscess jaw

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
All ARQ 197	0

Abscess neck

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
All ARQ 197	0

Bronchitis

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	3
All ARQ 197	3

Candidiasis

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
All ARQ 197	1

Cellulitis

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	2
All ARQ 197	3

Cystitis

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
All ARQ 197	0

Device-related infection

Group	Value	95% CI
Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	1
Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan	0
All ARQ 197	1

Adverse events — posted to ClinicalTrials.gov

Time frame: Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) were collected from baseline up to 30 days after last dose, up to 5 years 1 month.. Reporting threshold: 5%. Adverse-event reports describe events observed during the trial — not all are caused by the drug.

Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan

Serious: 3/9 (33%)

Deaths: 6/9

Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab+Irinotecan

Serious: 17/59 (29%)

Deaths: 35/59

Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab+Irinotecan

Serious: 13/62 (21%)

Deaths: 35/62

Serious adverse events (43 terms)

Reaction	System	Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab…	Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab…	Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab…
Small intestinal obstruction	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Neutropenia	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	—	—	—
Ileus	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Nausea	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Vomiting	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Dehydration	Metabolism and nutrition disorders	—	—	—
Malignant neoplasm progression	Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)	—	—	—
Renal failure acute	Renal and urinary disorders	—	—	—
Anaemia	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	—	—	—
Febrile neutropenia	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	—	—	—
Atrial fibrillation	Cardiac disorders	—	—	—
Abdominal pain	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Colitis ulcerative	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Diarrhea	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Diverticulum intestinal	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Pneumoperitoneum	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Proctalgia	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Small intestinal perforation	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
General physical health deterioration	General disorders	—	—	—
Multi-organ failure	General disorders	—	—	—
Pneumatosis	General disorders	—	—	—
Pyrexia	General disorders	—	—	—
Anaphylactic reaction	Immune system disorders	—	—	—
Hypersensitivity	Immune system disorders	—	—	—
Diverticulitis	Infections and infestations	—	—	—

Other adverse events (98 terms — click to expand)

Reaction	System	Phase 1: ARQ 197+Cetuximab…	Phase 2: Placebo+Cetuximab…	Phase 2: ARQ 197+Cetuximab…
Rash	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	—	—	—
Diarrhoea	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Nausea	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Fatigue	General disorders	—	—	—
Vomiting	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Anaemia	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	—	—	—
Neutropenia	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	—	—	—
Abdominal pain	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Alopecia	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	—	—	—
Constipation	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Decreased appetite	Metabolism and nutrition disorders	—	—	—
Dry skin	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	—	—	—
Dermatitis acneiform	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	—	—	—
Asthenia	General disorders	—	—	—
Abdominal pain upper	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Stomatitis	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Pyrexia	General disorders	—	—	—
Dehydration	Metabolism and nutrition disorders	—	—	—
Hyperglycaemia	Metabolism and nutrition disorders	—	—	—
Headache	Nervous system disorders	—	—	—
Insomnia	Psychiatric disorders	—	—	—
Cough	Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	—	—	—
Dyspnoea	Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders	—	—	—
Paronychia	Infections and infestations	—	—	—
Neutrophil count decreased	Investigations	—	—	—
Weight decreased	Investigations	—	—	—
Hypomagnesaemia	Metabolism and nutrition disorders	—	—	—
Pruritus	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	—	—	—
Rash generalised	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	—	—	—
Leukopenia	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	—	—	—
Thrombocytopenia	Blood and lymphatic system disorders	—	—	—
Flatulence	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Gastrooesophageal reflux disease	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Mucosal inflammation	General disorders	—	—	—
Oedema peripheral	General disorders	—	—	—
Hemoglobin decreased	Investigations	—	—	—
Hypokalaemia	Metabolism and nutrition disorders	—	—	—
Skin fissures	Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders	—	—	—
Small intestinal obstruction	Gastrointestinal disorders	—	—	—
Hyperthermia	General disorders	—	—	—

Most-reported serious reactions: Small intestinal obstruction, Neutropenia, Ileus, Nausea, Vomiting, Dehydration, Malignant neoplasm progression, Renal failure acute.

Data from ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01075048 adverse events section.

Sponsor's own description

ARQ 197 or placebo in combination with irinotecan and cetuximab in participants with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), in participants with wild-type KRAS alleles who have failed front-line systemic therapy, to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ARQ 197, define the recommended dose for Phase 2. After the recommended dose is determined for Phase 2, participants receive study drug or placebo with irinotecan and cetuximab.

Publications & conference data

8 peer-reviewed publications reference this trial (live from Europe PMC):

Comprehensive review of targeted therapy for colorectal cancer.
Xie YH, Chen YX, Fang JY. · · 2020 · cited 1162× · PMID 32296018 · DOI 10.1038/s41392-020-0116-z
Targeting the HGF/Met signaling pathway in cancer therapy.
Cecchi F, Rabe DC, Bottaro DP. · · 2012 · cited 180× · PMID 22530990 · DOI 10.1517/14728222.2012.680957
Drug Resistance in Colorectal Cancer: From Mechanism to Clinic.
Wang Q, Shen X, Chen G, Du J. · · 2022 · cited 104× · PMID 35740594 · DOI 10.3390/cancers14122928
Receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream pathways as druggable targets for cancer treatment: the current arsenal of inhibitors.
Montor WR, Salas AROSE, Melo FHM. · · 2018 · cited 80× · PMID 29455659 · DOI 10.1186/s12943-018-0792-2
The role of MET in chemotherapy resistance.
Wood GE, Hockings H, Hilton DM, Kermorgant S. · · 2021 · cited 78× · PMID 33526881 · DOI 10.1038/s41388-020-01577-5
High MET expression is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
Zagouri F, Bago-Horvath Z, Rössler F, Brandstetter A, et al · · 2013 · cited 77× · PMID 23422757 · DOI 10.1038/bjc.2013.31
Recent Advances in Targeting the EGFR Signaling Pathway for the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
Miyamoto Y, Suyama K, Baba H. · · 2017 · cited 76× · PMID 28368335 · DOI 10.3390/ijms18040752
Early clinical development of ARQ 197, a selective, non-ATP-competitive inhibitor targeting MET tyrosine kinase for the treatment of advanced cancers.
Adjei AA, Schwartz B, Garmey E. · · 2011 · cited 58× · PMID 21632449 · DOI 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0380

Verify or expand the search:

Other trials of Tivantinib

Trials testing the same drug.

NCT01755767 — Study of Tivantinib in Subjects With Inoperable Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Who Have Been Treated With One Prior Ther · Phase 3 · completed
NCT01749384 — Tivantinib and Bevacizumab in Treating Patients With Solid Tumors That Are Metastatic or Cannot Be Removed by Surgery · Phase 1 · completed
NCT01688973 — Tivantinib With or Without Erlotinib Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Locally Advanced Kidney Cance · Phase 2 · completed
NCT01696955 — Cetuximab With or Without Tivantinib in Treating Patients With Head and Neck Cancer That Is Recurrent, Metastatic, or Ca · Phase 2 · completed
NCT01654965 — Tivantinib and Topotecan Hydrochloride in Treating Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors · Phase 1 · completed

Other recruiting trials for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Currently open trials in the same condition.

NCT07416552 — A Study to Investigate CEA-PRIT 2.0 in Participants With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC) · Phase 1 · recruiting
NCT07314294 — Phase II Study of EMB-01 in Recurrent/Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients · Phase 2 · recruiting
NCT06856837 — - IKF/AIO-QUINTIS - Evaluating Fruquintinib in Combination With Tislelizumab in Microsatellite Stable / Proficient Misma · Phase 2 · recruiting
NCT06959550 — Phase II Study of Anti-PD-1/VEGF Bispecific Antibody Ivonescimab in Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorect · Phase 2 · recruiting
NCT06808685 — Real World Multicenter National Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Biosimilar Bevacizumab Elovie · recruiting

Other Daiichi Sankyo trials

Trials by the same sponsor.

NCT07474649 — A Study of Bempedoic Acid/Ezetimibe/High-intensity Statin in Patients Without Cardiovascular Events · Phase 3 · not yet recruiting
NCT07206472 — A Study of Bempedoic Acid or Its Single-pill Combination Therapy With Ezetimibe in Patients With Primary Hypercholestero · active not recruiting
NCT07220616 — A First-in-Human Trial of DS3790a in Participants With Hematological Malignancies · Phase 1, PHASE2 · recruiting
NCT07268625 — Evaluating Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Versus Individual Tablets of Bempedoic Acid / Ezetimibe, and Atorv · Phase 1 · completed
NCT07244341 — A Study of Valemetostat (DS-3201b) in Combination With Darolutamide in Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ( · Phase 1 · recruiting

Verify against primary sources

ClinicalTrials.gov — authoritative US registry record
WHO ICTRP — international registry index
EU Clinical Trials Register
Sponsor press releases (Google)

Data sources for this page

Trial protocol + status: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01075048 (US National Library of Medicine, public domain)
Publications: Europe PMC API search by NCT ID, retrieved 9 June 2026
Drug + disease cross-links: matched in real time against Drug Landscape's normalised drug + company + condition tables
Sponsor: as reported to ClinicalTrials.gov by Daiichi Sankyo
Last refreshed: 8 April 2021

Drug Landscape aggregates and links these public records for informational use only. Always verify against the primary source before clinical or regulatory decisions. Canonical URL: https://druglandscape.com/trial/NCT01075048.

Primary sources · FDA · ClinicalTrials.gov · EMA · SEC EDGAR · ChEMBL · Wikidata · full sourcing