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Valproate

Valproate may increase brain GABA levels to exert its anti-epileptic effects.

At a glance

Mechanism of action

Valproate sodium, in its active form as the valproate ion, is thought to work by increasing the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps reduce neuronal excitability and prevent seizures.

Approved indications

• Complex Partial Seizures
• Simple and Complex Absence Seizures
• Multiple Seizure Types Including Absence Seizures

Boxed warnings

• WARNING: LIFE THREATENING ADVERSE REACTIONS WARNING: LIFE THREATENING ADVERSE REACTIONS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. • Hepatotoxicity, including fatalities, usually during the first 6 months of treatment. Children under the age of two years and patients with mitochondrial disorders are at higher risk. Monitor patients closely, and perform serum liver testing prior to therapy and at frequent intervals thereafter ( 5.1 ) • Fetal Risk, particularly neural tube defects, other major malformations, and decreased IQ ( 5.2 , 5.3 , 5.4 ) • Pancreatitis, including fatal hemorrhagic cases ( 5.5 ) Hepatotoxicity General Population: Hepatic failure resulting in fatalities has occurred in patients receiving valproate and its derivatives. These incidents usually have occurred during the first six months of treatment. Serious or fatal hepatotoxicity may be preceded by non-specific symptoms such as malaise, weakness, lethargy, facial edema, anorexia, and vomiting. In patients with epilepsy, a loss of seizure control may also occur. Patients should be monitored closely for appearance of these symptoms. Serum liver tests should be performed prior to therapy and at frequent intervals thereafter, especially during the first six months [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Children under the age of two years are at a considerably increased risk of developing fatal hepatotoxicity, especially those on multiple anticonvulsants, those with congenital metabolic disorders, those with severe seizure disorders accompanied by mental retardation, and those with organic brain disease. When valproate sodium injection is used in this patient group, it should be used with extreme caution and as a sole agent. The benefits of therapy should be weighed against the risks. The incidence of fatal hepatotoxicity decreases considerably in progressively older patient groups. Patients with Mitochondrial Disease: There is an increased risk of valproate-induced acute liver failure and resultant deaths in patients with hereditary neurometabolic syndromes caused by DNA mutations of the mitochondrial DNA Polymerase γ (POLG) gene (e.g. Alpers Huttenlocher Syndrome). Valproate sodium injection is contraindicated in patients known to have mitochondrial disorders caused by POLG mutations and children under two years of age who are clinically suspected of having a mitochondrial disorder [see Contraindications ( 4 )]. In patients over two years of age who are clinically suspected of having a hereditary mitochondrial disease, valproate sodium injection should only be used after other anticonvulsants have failed. This older group of patients should be closely monitored during treatment with valproate sodium injection for the development of acute liver injury with regular clinical assessments and serum liver testing. POLG mutation screening should be performed in accordance with current clinical practice [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Fetal Risk Valproate can cause major congenital malformations, particularly neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida). In addition, valproate can cause decreased IQ scores and neurodevelopmental disorders following in utero exposure. Valproate is therefore contraindicated for prophylaxis of migraine headaches in pregnant women and in women of childbearing potential who are not using effective contraception [see Contraindications ( 4 )]. Valproate should not be used to treat women with epilepsy or bipolar disorder who are pregnant or who plan to become pregnant unless other medications have failed to provide adequate symptom control or are otherwise unacceptable. Valproate should not be administered to a woman of childbearing potential unless other medications have failed to provide adequate symptom control or are otherwise unacceptable. In such situations, effective contraception should be used [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 , 5.3 , 5.4 ) and Patient Counseling Information ( 17 )]. Pancreatitis Cases of life-threatening pancreatitis have been reported in both children and adults receiving valproate. Some of the cases have been described as hemorrhagic with a rapid progression from initial symptoms to death. Cases have been reported shortly after initial use as well as after several years of use. Patients and guardians should be warned that abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and/or anorexia can be symptoms of pancreatitis that require prompt medical evaluation. If pancreatitis is diagnosed, valproate should ordinarily be discontinued. Alternative treatment for the underlying medical condition should be initiated as clinically indicated [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )].

Common side effects

• Headache
• Injection Site Pain
• Injection Site Reaction
• Chest Pain
• Pain (unspecified)
• Injection Site Inflammation
• Vasodilation
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal Pain
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness

Drug interactions

• hepatic enzyme-inducing drugs (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin)
• enzyme inhibitors (e.g., felbamate)
• aspirin
• carbapenem antibiotics
• estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives
• diazepam, ethosuximide, lamotrigine, phenytoin
• rufinamide
• amitriptyline/nortriptyline, propofol, warfarin, zidovudine
• topiramate

Key clinical trials

• Evaluation of Intravenous Sodium Valproate on Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients With TMJ Disc Displacement (PHASE2)
• A Study to Assess the Long-term Safety of KarXT for the Treatment of Manic Episodes in Bipolar-I Disorder (BALSAM-3) (PHASE3)
• Sunitinib Malate or Valproic Acid in Preventing Metastasis in Patients With High-Risk Uveal Melanoma (PHASE2)
• A Study of the Effectiveness of Risk Minimization Measures Related to Depakine® (Sodium Valproate) in Saudi Arabia
• A Study to Evaluate the Effects of Lithium, Valproic Acid, and Lamotrigine on the Pharmacokinetics of KarXT and Effects of KarXT on the Pharmacokinetics of Lithium, Valproic Acid, and Lamotrigine in Healthy Participants (PHASE1)
• A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive KarXT for the Treatment of Mania, With or Without Mixed Features, in Participants With Bipolar-I Disorder Taking Lithium, Valproate, or Lamotrigine (PHASE3)
• Drug Interaction Study of ZYN002 Transdermal Gel and Probe Substrates (PHASE1)
• The Combination of Pharmacotherapy and Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy Under the Recovery Perspective. (PHASE1)

Primary sources

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