Last reviewed 2026-04-22 · How we verify

Background NSAID

NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce prostaglandin synthesis, thereby decreasing inflammation, pain, and fever.

NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce prostaglandin synthesis, thereby decreasing inflammation, pain, and fever. Used for Inflammatory pain and fever (general indication for NSAID class).

At a glance

Mechanism of action

NSAIDs block COX-1 and/or COX-2 enzymes, which are responsible for producing prostaglandins that mediate inflammatory responses, pain signaling, and fever regulation. By reducing prostaglandin levels, NSAIDs provide analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. The specific COX selectivity profile (COX-1 vs COX-2 inhibition) varies by individual NSAID and influences both efficacy and gastrointestinal safety.

Approved indications

• Inflammatory pain and fever (general indication for NSAID class)

Common side effects

• Gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding
• Dyspepsia
• Nausea
• Cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke)
• Renal impairment
• Headache

Key clinical trials

• An Extension Study in Participants With Moderate to Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis (PHASE3)
• Effect Of Pregabalin Treatment In Patients With Diabetic Nerve Pain Who Currently Use A Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) For Another Pain (PHASE3)
• NOLAN: Naproxen or Loratadine and Neulasta (PHASE2)
• Study Comparing Etanercept (ETN) Against a Placebo for Etanercept on a Background Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug (NSAIDs) in the Treatment of Early Spondyloarthritis (SpA) Patients Who do Not Have X-ray Structural Changes (PHASE3)
• A Study Of CP-195543 And Celecoxib Dual Therapy In Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis (PHASE2)

Primary sources

Every claim on this page is sourced from regulatory or scientific primary sources. See our editorial policy for full methodology.