{"id":"xipamide","rwe":[],"tags":[{"label":"xipamide","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"C03BA10","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Edema","category":"indication"},{"label":"Hypertensive disorder","category":"indication"},{"label":"Antihypertensive Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Diuretics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Natriuretic Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"phase_2","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":519.959,"date":"","count":184,"signal":"Product prescribing error","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 184 times (LLR=520)"},{"llr":499.881,"date":"","count":317,"signal":"General physical health deterioration","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 317 times (LLR=500)"},{"llr":181.279,"date":"","count":54,"signal":"Product monitoring error","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 54 times (LLR=181)"},{"llr":159.826,"date":"","count":67,"signal":"Labelled drug-drug interaction medication error","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 67 times (LLR=160)"},{"llr":155.805,"date":"","count":290,"signal":"Dyspnoea","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 290 times (LLR=156)"},{"llr":154.138,"date":"","count":154,"signal":"Oedema peripheral","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 154 times (LLR=154)"},{"llr":140.4,"date":"","count":193,"signal":"Anaemia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 193 times (LLR=140)"},{"llr":126.938,"date":"","count":87,"signal":"Haematochezia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 87 times (LLR=127)"},{"llr":117.473,"date":"","count":24,"signal":"Lymphatic fistula","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 24 times (LLR=117)"},{"llr":116.788,"date":"","count":24,"signal":"Femoral hernia incarcerated","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 24 times (LLR=117)"},{"llr":108.306,"date":"","count":24,"signal":"Pancreatic steatosis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 24 times (LLR=108)"},{"llr":104.811,"date":"","count":176,"signal":"Acute kidney injury","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 176 times (LLR=105)"},{"llr":100.738,"date":"","count":98,"signal":"Renal impairment","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 98 times (LLR=101)"},{"llr":100.001,"date":"","count":24,"signal":"Wound infection pseudomonas","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 24 times (LLR=100)"},{"llr":93.033,"date":"","count":25,"signal":"Arterial haemorrhage","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 25 times (LLR=93)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Product prescribing error","drugRate":"LLR 520","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"General physical health deterioration","drugRate":"LLR 500","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Product monitoring error","drugRate":"LLR 181","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Labelled drug-drug interaction medication error","drugRate":"LLR 160","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Dyspnoea","drugRate":"LLR 156","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Oedema peripheral","drugRate":"LLR 154","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Anaemia","drugRate":"LLR 140","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Haematochezia","drugRate":"LLR 127","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Lymphatic fistula","drugRate":"LLR 117","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Femoral hernia incarcerated","drugRate":"LLR 117","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Pancreatic steatosis","drugRate":"LLR 108","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Acute kidney injury","drugRate":"LLR 105","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Renal impairment","drugRate":"LLR 101","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Wound infection pseudomonas","drugRate":"LLR 100","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Arterial haemorrhage","drugRate":"LLR 93","severity":"common"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"diurex","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["xipamide","chronexan","diurex","diurexan"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"brandName":"Diurex","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Edema","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetazolamide","slug":"acetazolamide","company":"Teva Branded Pharm"},{"name":"amiloride","slug":"amiloride","company":"Paddock Llc"},{"name":"bumetanide","slug":"bumetanide","company":""},{"name":"chlorothiazide","slug":"chlorothiazide","company":"Oak Pharms Akorn"}],"globalPrevalence":200000},{"indication":"Hypertensive disorder","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acebutolol","slug":"acebutolol","company":"Promius Pharma"},{"name":"aliskiren","slug":"aliskiren","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"amiloride","slug":"amiloride","company":"Paddock Llc"},{"name":"amlodipine","slug":"amlodipine","company":"Pfizer"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"xipamide","explanation":"Think of your kidneys like filters that help remove excess fluid from your body. Diurex helps these filters work more efficiently by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride, which leads to increased urine production and reduced fluid retention. This helps to alleviate symptoms of edema and hypertension.","oneSentence":"Diurex works by inhibiting the sodium-chloride cotransporter in the kidneys.","technicalDetail":"Diurex inhibits the sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys, leading to increased sodium and chloride excretion and subsequent diuresis."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine","title":"Caffeine","extract":"Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic, ergogenic, or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties; it is also used recreationally or in social settings. Caffeine acts by blocking the binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing the release of acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases cyclic AMP levels through nonselective inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increases calcium release from intracellular stores, and antagonizes GABA receptors, although these mechanisms typically occur at concentrations beyond usual human consumption.","wiki_history":"==History==\n\n===Discovery and spread of use===\nthumb|[[Coffeehouse in Palestine, |alt=An old photo of a dozen old and middle-aged men sitting on the ground around a mat. A man in front sits next to a mortar and holds a bat, ready for grinding. A man opposite to him holds a long spoon.]]\n\n\nAccording to Chinese legend, the Chinese emperor Shennong, reputed to have reigned in about 3000 BCE, inadvertently discovered tea when he noted that when certain leaves fell into boiling water, a fragrant and restorative drink resulted. Shennong is also mentioned in Lu Yu's Cha Jing, a famous early work on the subject of tea.\n\nThe earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee plant appears in the middle of the fifteenth century, in the Sufi monasteries of the Yemen in southern Arabia. From Mokha, coffee spread to Egypt and North Africa, and by the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia and Turkey.  From the Middle East, coffee drinking spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and coffee plants were transported by the Dutch to the East Indies and to the Americas.\n\nKola nut use appears to have ancient origins. It is chewed in many West African cultures, in both private and social settings, to restore vitality and ease hunger pangs.\n\nThe earliest evidence of cocoa bean use comes from residue found in an ancient Mayan pot dated to 600 BCE. Also, chocolate was consumed in a bitter and spicy drink called xocolatl, often seasoned with vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote. Xocolatl was believed to fight fatigue, a belief probably attributable to the theobromine and caffeine content. Chocolate was an important luxury good throughout pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, and cocoa beans were often used as currency.\n\nXocolatl was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards, and became a popular beverage by 1700. The Spaniards also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies and the Philippines.\n\nThe leaves and stems of the yaupon holly (Ilex vo","wiki_society_and_culture":"==Society and culture==\n\n===Regulations===\n\n\n\n====United States====\nThe US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers safe beverages containing less than 0.02% caffeine; but caffeine powder, which is sold as a dietary supplement, is unregulated. It is a regulatory requirement that the label of most prepackaged foods must declare a list of ingredients, including food additives such as caffeine, in descending order of proportion. However, there is no regulatory provision for mandatory quantitative labeling of caffeine, (e.g., milligrams caffeine per stated serving size). There are a number of food ingredients that naturally contain caffeine. These ingredients must appear in food ingredient lists. However, as is the case for \"food additive caffeine\", there is no requirement to identify the quantitative amount of caffeine in composite foods containing ingredients that are natural sources of caffeine. While coffee or chocolate are broadly recognized as caffeine sources, some ingredients (e.g., guarana, yerba maté) are likely less recognized as caffeine sources. For these natural sources of caffeine, there is no regulatory provision requiring that a food label identify the presence of caffeine nor state the amount of caffeine present in the food. The FDA guidance was updated in 2018.\n\n===Consumption===\nGlobal consumption of caffeine has been estimated at 120,000 tonnes per year, making it the world's most popular psychoactive substance. The consumption of caffeine has remained stable between 1997 and 2015. Coffee, tea and soft drinks are the most common caffeine sources, with energy drinks contributing little to the total caffeine intake across all age groups. Some from these religions believe that one is not supposed to consume a non-medical, psychoactive substance, or believe that one is not supposed to consume a substance that is addictive. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has said the following with regard to caffeinated beverages: \"... the Churc"},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2853","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=XIPAMIDE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T16:10:26.128414","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"quinethazone","drugSlug":"quinethazone","fdaApproval":"1963-04-10","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"chlortalidone","drugSlug":"chlortalidone","fdaApproval":"1960-04-07","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"metolazone","drugSlug":"metolazone","fdaApproval":"1973-11-27","genericCount":13,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"indapamide","drugSlug":"indapamide","fdaApproval":"1983-07-06","genericCount":7,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"xipamide","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Edema","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":267038008,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":null,"globalPrevalence":200000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 2025 (PMID:39827848)"},{"name":"Hypertensive disorder","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":38341003,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"quinethazone","brandName":"quinethazone","genericName":"quinethazone","approvalYear":"1963","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"chlortalidone","brandName":"chlortalidone","genericName":"chlortalidone","approvalYear":"1960","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"metolazone","brandName":"metolazone","genericName":"metolazone","approvalYear":"1973","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"indapamide","brandName":"indapamide","genericName":"indapamide","approvalYear":"1983","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000166859","MMSL":"173968","NDDF":"004068","UNII":"4S9EY0NUEC","CHEBI":"CHEBI:135499","INN_ID":"2689","RXNORM":"11371","UMLSCUI":"C0043355","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL517199","KEGG_DRUG":"D06341","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB13803","PUBCHEM_CID":"26618","SNOMEDCT_US":"317968004","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"7900","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D014988"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","bioavailability":"70%"},"publicationCount":120,"therapeuticAreas":["Cardiovascular"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"C03BA10","allCodes":["C03BA10"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"active","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Diurex, also known as Xipamide, is a small molecule medication. Its exact clinical indications and mechanism of action are not specified in the provided facts, but it is listed as a diuretic.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":false,"score":3}}