{"id":"trioxsalen","rwe":[{"pmid":"41498324","year":"2026","title":"Detection of Epigenetically Important 5-Formylcytosine Modifications Using Novel Photoreactive Oligonucleotides Containing a Trioxsalen-Conjugated Guanosine.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40117505","year":"2025","title":"DNA Aptamers with Chemically Locked Ends for Virus Infection Inhibition.","finding":"","journal":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39857658","year":"2024","title":"Comparison of Radio- and Phototoxicity in Association with an Enhancing Effect of the Photosensitizers Psoralen, Trioxsalen and Ortho-Iodo-Hoechst33258 on FaDu, PC-3, 4T1 and B16-F10 Cells.","finding":"","journal":"Biomedicines","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39195250","year":"2024","title":"Innovative Tools for DNA Topology Probing in Human Cells Reveal a Build-Up of Positive Supercoils Following Replication Stress at Telomeres and at the FRA3B Fragile Site.","finding":"","journal":"Cells","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"38675195","year":"2024","title":"Investigation of Photodynamic Therapy Promoted by Cherenkov Light Activated Photosensitizers-New Aspects and Revelations.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmaceutics","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Psoralen","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Adenosine receptor A2a","category":"target"},{"label":"ADORA2A","category":"gene"},{"label":"MAOA","category":"gene"},{"label":"HTR2C","category":"gene"},{"label":"D05AD01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Photosensitivity","category":"indication"},{"label":"Skin Pigmentation Enhancement","category":"indication"},{"label":"Vitiligo","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1960s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Dermatologic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Photosensitizing Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Radiation-Sensitizing Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=TRIOXSALEN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:34:55.471019+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:06.762643+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TRIOXSALEN","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:07.662697+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: DNA inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:08.233941+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1475/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:08.141517+00:00"}},"allNames":"trisoralen","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["trioxsalen","trimethylpsoralen","trioxysalen","trisoralen"],"timeline":[{"date":"1964-07-24","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Trisoralen (Trioxsalen) is a small molecule psoralen drug that targets the adenosine receptor A2a. Originally developed and currently owned, it was first approved by the FDA in 1964 for the treatment of photosensitivity, skin pigmentation enhancement, and vitiligo. As an off-patent medication with no active Orange Book patents, it is available from generic manufacturers. Key safety considerations include the risk of photosensitivity reactions and potential interactions with other medications. Trisoralen is a well-established treatment option for its approved indications.","approvals":[{"date":"1964-07-24","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Trisoralen","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Photosensitivity","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Skin Pigmentation Enhancement","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Vitiligo","otherDrugs":[{"name":"methoxsalen","slug":"methoxsalen","company":"Valeant Pharm Intl"},{"name":"ruxolitinib","slug":"ruxolitinib","company":"Incyte Corp"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Adenosine receptor A2a","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"ADORA2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Adenosine receptor A2a","protein":"Adenosine receptor A2a"},{"gene":"MAOA","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A","protein":"Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A"},{"gene":"HTR2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Psoralen","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Trisoralen is a psoralen compound that intercalates into DNA, forming a complex that is activated by UVA light to produce photoadducts, leading to DNA cross-linking and subsequent changes in gene expression and cellular behavior."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1964","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1964-07-24, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2759","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=TRIOXSALEN","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TRIOXSALEN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T16:09:08.169527","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:10.101825+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"methoxsalen","drugSlug":"methoxsalen","fdaApproval":"1954-12-03","genericCount":3,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"trioxsalen","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Photosensitivity","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":90128006,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Skin Pigmentation Enhancement","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Vitiligo","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":56727007,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"methoxsalen","brandName":"methoxsalen","genericName":"methoxsalen","approvalYear":"1954","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT03678350","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Light Dosimetry for Photodynamic Therapy With Porfimer Sodium in Treating Participants With Malignant Mesothelioma or Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Pleural Disease Undergoing Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2021-09-17","conditions":["Malignant Mesothelioma","Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma","Pleural Disorder"],"enrollment":9,"completionDate":"2025-10-09"},{"nctId":"NCT02662504","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Intrapleural Photodynamic Therapy in a Multimodal Treatment for Patients With Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Lille","startDate":"2016-01-16","conditions":["Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma"],"enrollment":6,"completionDate":"2018-03-13"},{"nctId":"NCT04836429","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Photodynamic Therapy to Amplify the Response to Immunotherapy in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer With Pleural Disease","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2022-03-10","conditions":["Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma","Pleural Disorder"],"enrollment":5,"completionDate":"2025-01-03"},{"nctId":"NCT02153229","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Phase II Trial of Radical Pleurectomy With or Without Intraoperative PDT for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Abramson Cancer Center at Penn Medicine","startDate":"2014-06-02","conditions":["Epitheliod Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma"],"enrollment":52,"completionDate":"2027-12"},{"nctId":"NCT03735095","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced Lung Cancer","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2020-02-12","conditions":["Locally Advanced Lung Carcinoma","Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma","Small Cell Lung Carcinoma","Stage III Lung Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIA Lung Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIB Lung Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIC Lung Cancer AJCC v8","Solid Tumor"],"enrollment":19,"completionDate":"2024-07-26"},{"nctId":"NCT03727061","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Porfimer Sodium Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy With or Without Standard of Care Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced or Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2019-07-10","conditions":["Recurrent Head and Neck Carcinoma","Locally Advanced Head and Neck Carcinoma"],"enrollment":5,"completionDate":"2024-10-22"},{"nctId":"NCT04425746","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Afamelanotide as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients Undergoing Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Utilising Porfimer Sodium","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals Limited","startDate":"2008-08-05","conditions":["Patients Undergoing Photodynamic Therapy Using Porfimer Sodium"],"enrollment":16,"completionDate":"2009-05-28"},{"nctId":"NCT04753918","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Novel Light Delivery Methods for Lung Cancer Photodynamic Therapy - A Pilot Study","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Taoyuan General Hospital","startDate":"2021-03","conditions":["Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)","Lung Metastasis"],"enrollment":3,"completionDate":"2022-02"},{"nctId":"NCT00601848","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer That Has Spread to the Pleura","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Abramson Cancer Center at Penn Medicine","startDate":"2004-11","conditions":["Lung Cancer","Metastatic Cancer"],"enrollment":9,"completionDate":"2012-12"},{"nctId":"NCT02916745","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Feasibility Study of Using Navigational Bronchoscopy to Perform PDT-Photofrin® in Unresectable Peripheral Lung Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Concordia Laboratories Inc.","startDate":"2017-01-26","conditions":["Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)","Lung Metastasis"],"enrollment":5,"completionDate":"2019-04-12"},{"nctId":"NCT03344861","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Safety of PDT-Photofrin® Prior to Lung Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Concordia Laboratories Inc.","startDate":"2017-08-14","conditions":["Lung Cancer","Lung Cancer Metastatic"],"enrollment":10,"completionDate":"2019-03-22"},{"nctId":"NCT03564054","phase":"NA","title":"Trial of Photodynamic Therapy Versus Argon Plasma Coagulation for Lung Cancer With Endobronchial Obstruction","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"University of Florida","startDate":"2018-10-11","conditions":["Non Small Cell Lung Cancer"],"enrollment":3,"completionDate":"2019-09-30"},{"nctId":"NCT02082522","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy and Safety Study of PDT Using Photofrin in Unresectable Advanced Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma (OPUS)","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Concordia Laboratories Inc.","startDate":"2014-11-12","conditions":["Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma"],"enrollment":28,"completionDate":"2017-01-12"},{"nctId":"NCT01966809","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) For Recurrent High Grade Gliomas","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Harry T Whelan, MD","startDate":"2015-06","conditions":["Brain Tumor, Recurrent"],"enrollment":1,"completionDate":"2017-12-19"},{"nctId":"NCT02106559","phase":"NA","title":"Photodynamic Therapy During Surgery in Treating Patients With Pleural Malignancy","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center","startDate":"2014-09-04","conditions":["Stage III Malignant Mesothelioma","Stage IIIB Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","Stage IV Malignant Mesothelioma","Stage IV Non-small Cell Lung Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2016-01-29"},{"nctId":"NCT01682746","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for Recurrent Pediatric Brain Tumors","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Harry T Whelan, MD","startDate":"2013-03","conditions":["Brain Tumor, Recurrent"],"enrollment":5,"completionDate":"2018-06-29"},{"nctId":"NCT02585856","phase":"NA","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Photodynamic Therapy for Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"First People's Hospital of Hangzhou","startDate":"2013-02","conditions":["Cholangiocarcinoma"],"enrollment":39,"completionDate":"2018-08"},{"nctId":"NCT01770132","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Ultrasound-Guided Photodynamic Therapy With Photofrin & Gemcitabine for Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"John DeWitt","startDate":"2013-04-19","conditions":["Acinar Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas","Duct Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas","Stage III Pancreatic Cancer"],"enrollment":12,"completionDate":"2018-10-28"},{"nctId":"NCT00754910","phase":"","title":"Photodynamic Therapy Using Porfimer Sodium in Treating Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer And Bronchial Disease","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center","startDate":"2008-12","conditions":["Lung Cancer"],"enrollment":35,"completionDate":"2016-03"},{"nctId":"NCT00587600","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Biomarkers in Phototherapy of Barrett's Esophagus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mayo Clinic","startDate":"2002-12","conditions":["Barrett's Esophagus","High Grade Dysplasia"],"enrollment":208,"completionDate":"2017-04-21"},{"nctId":"NCT02068157","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Interstitial Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Recurrent Head and Neck Cancer","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2014-04-01","conditions":["Recurrent Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Recurrent Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma","Recurrent Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Recurrent Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Neck With Occult Primary","Recurrent Oral Cavity Verrucous Carcinoma","Recurrent Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Tongue Carcinoma"],"enrollment":3,"completionDate":"2016-11-04"},{"nctId":"NCT03211078","phase":"NA","title":"ENB and Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment for Early Lung Cancer","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"National Taiwan University Hospital","startDate":"2016-10-14","conditions":["Lung Cancer"],"enrollment":10,"completionDate":"2017-09-15"},{"nctId":"NCT01755013","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for Palliation of Cholangiocarcinoma","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Weill Medical College of Cornell University","startDate":"2012-02","conditions":["Cholangiocarcinoma","Biliary Stricture","Biliary Obstruction","Bile Duct Cancer"],"enrollment":55,"completionDate":"2018-03-22"},{"nctId":"NCT01524146","phase":"","title":"Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Cholangiocarcinoma Registry","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Weill Medical College of Cornell University","startDate":"2011-11","conditions":["Unresectable Cholangiocarcinoma","Biliary Obstruction","Stent Obstruction","Biliary Stricture"],"enrollment":200,"completionDate":"2018-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT00453336","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Photodynamic Therapy With Porfimer Sodium in Treating Patients With Precancerous Lesions, Cancer, or Other Disease of the Aerodigestive Tract","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Miami","startDate":"2003-06","conditions":["Head and Neck Cancer","Precancerous/Nonmalignant Condition"],"enrollment":45,"completionDate":"2010-05"},{"nctId":"NCT00217087","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Endoscopic Therapy of Early Cancer in Barretts Esophagus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mayo Clinic","startDate":"2005-09","conditions":["Early Stage Esophageal Adenocarcinoma","Barrett Esophagus"],"enrollment":73,"completionDate":"2012-06"},{"nctId":"NCT02628665","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Clinical Study of Time Optimizing of Endoscopic Photodynamic Therapy on Esophageal and/or Gastric Cardiac Cancer","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology","startDate":"2015-10","conditions":["Stage I Esophageal Adenocarcinoma","Stage II Esophageal Adenocarcinoma","Stage III Esophageal Adenocarcinoma","Stage I Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Stage II Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","Stage III Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2019-12"},{"nctId":"NCT01506115","phase":"NA","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy for Bile Duct Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Samsung Medical Center","startDate":"2009-09","conditions":["Hepatocellular Carcinoma","Obstructive Jaundice"],"enrollment":11,"completionDate":"2011-03"},{"nctId":"NCT00530088","phase":"NA","title":"Photodynamic Therapy Using Porfimer Sodium in Treating Patients With Recurrent Mouth or Throat Dysplasia or Recurrent In Situ Cancer or Stage I Cancer of the Mouth or Throat","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2001-10","conditions":["Head and Neck Cancer"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2010-10"},{"nctId":"NCT01256203","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Sunscreen Against Porfimer Sodium-induced Phototoxicity to Visible Light","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Pinnacle Biologics Inc.","startDate":"2013-05","conditions":["High-grade Dysplasia in Barrett Esophagus","Non Small Cell Lung Cancer","Esophageal Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2014-03"},{"nctId":"NCT00869635","phase":"PHASE3","title":"S-1 and Photodynamic Therapy in Cholangiocarcinoma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Asan Medical Center","startDate":"2009-02","conditions":["Cholangiocarcinoma"],"enrollment":43,"completionDate":"2013-08"},{"nctId":"NCT00003788","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Surgery, Radiation Therapy, and Chemotherapy With or Without Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed or Recurrent Malignant Supratentorial Gliomas","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Colorado Health Foundation","startDate":"1998-04","conditions":["Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors"],"enrollment":270,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00002647","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Photodynamic Therapy With Porfimer Sodium in Treating Patients With Refractory Brain Tumors","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Medical College of Wisconsin","startDate":"1994-05","conditions":["Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors","Metastatic Cancer"],"enrollment":24,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT01872104","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Safety and Efficiency of Photodynamic Therapy for Rectal Cancer","status":"SUSPENDED","sponsor":"li xiong","startDate":"2013-08","conditions":["Advanced Rectal Cancer"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2016-08"},{"nctId":"NCT01859169","phase":"","title":"Safety and Efficiency of Photodynamic Therapy for Blie Duct Carcinoma","status":"SUSPENDED","sponsor":"li xiong","startDate":"2013-06","conditions":["Cholangiocarcinoma"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2016-06"},{"nctId":"NCT00253617","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Stent Placement With or Without Photodynamic Therapy Using Porfimer Sodium as Palliative Treatment in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Cholangiocarcinoma That Cannot Be Removed By Surgery","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","startDate":"","conditions":["Cholangiocarcinoma of the Extrahepatic Bile Duct","Cholangiocarcinoma of the Gallbladder","Unresectable Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer","Unresectable Gallbladder Cancer","Recurrent Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer","Recurrent Gallbladder Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00003923","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Cancer of the Bile Duct, Gallbladder, or Pancreas","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","startDate":"1999-03","conditions":["Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer","Gallbladder Cancer","Liver Cancer","Pancreatic Cancer"],"enrollment":4,"completionDate":"2002-02"},{"nctId":"NCT01739465","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Comparison of Endoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Photodynamic Therapy for Inoperable Cholangiocarcinoma","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Guangzhou Medical University","startDate":"2012-11","conditions":["Cholangiocarcinoma"],"enrollment":120,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00513539","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Biliary Stenting With or Without Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Locally Advanced, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cholangiocarcinoma or Other Biliary Tract Tumors That Cannot Be Removed by Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University College, London","startDate":"2007-07","conditions":["Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer","Gallbladder Cancer"],"enrollment":92,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00002964","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Porfimer Sodium in Diagnosing Patients With Head and Neck Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"1995-02","conditions":["Head and Neck Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00984243","phase":"NA","title":"Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in Lung Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mayo Clinic","startDate":"1994-02","conditions":["Lung Cancer"],"enrollment":35,"completionDate":"2006-10"},{"nctId":"NCT00322699","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Sequential Whole Bladder Photodynamic Therapy (WBPDT) in the Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System","startDate":"2005-02","conditions":["Superficial Bladder Cancer"],"enrollment":22,"completionDate":"2011-03"},{"nctId":"NCT01203163","phase":"","title":"Case Analysis on Real Life Incidence of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Safety Outcomes","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Pinnacle Biologics Inc.","startDate":"","conditions":["Esophageal Cancer","Lung Cancer","Barrett's Esophagus"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT01209013","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Safety of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in the Ablation of High-grade Dysplasia (HGD) in Barrett's Esophagus (BE)","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Pinnacle Biologics Inc.","startDate":"","conditions":["Barrett Esophagus"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00002935","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Early Esophageal Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"1995-10","conditions":["Esophageal Cancer"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2007-09"},{"nctId":"NCT01262716","phase":"","title":"A Novel Therapy for the Treatment of Chest Wall Progression of Breast Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Rogers Sciences Inc.","startDate":"2010-12","conditions":["Breast Cancer"],"enrollment":3,"completionDate":"2011-08"},{"nctId":"NCT00862901","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Safety Study Using Photodynamic Therapy Light Therapy for Patients With Chest Wall Progression of Breast Cancer and Satellite Metastases of Melanoma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Tufts Medical Center","startDate":"2009-01","conditions":["Breast Cancer","Skin Cancer"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2011-04"},{"nctId":"NCT00054002","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Surgery and Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Malignant Mesothelioma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"1999-03","conditions":["Malignant Mesothelioma"],"enrollment":12,"completionDate":"2010-12"},{"nctId":"NCT00118222","phase":"PHASE3","title":"High Light and Low Light Dose PDT in Glioma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Case Comprehensive Cancer Center","startDate":"2005-03","conditions":["Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors"],"enrollment":1,"completionDate":"2006-03"},{"nctId":"NCT00540735","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficiency Evaluation of Photodynamic Therapy With Photofrin® on Unresectable Type III or IV Cholangiocarcinomas","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Angers","startDate":"2008-04","conditions":["Cholangiocarcinoma"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2009-11"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000147178","MMSL":"3061","NDDF":"002021","UNII":"Y6UY8OV51T","VUID":"4018884","CHEBI":"CHEBI:28329","VANDF":"4018884","INN_ID":"2064","RXNORM":"10844","UMLSCUI":"C0041086","chemblId":"CHEMBL1475","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1475","KEGG_DRUG":"D01034","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB04571","PUBCHEM_CID":"5585","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D014307"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":127,"therapeuticAreas":["Dermatology"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"D05AD01","allCodes":["D05AD01","D05BA01"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2026 Jan 21","pmid":"41498324","title":"Detection of Epigenetically Important 5-Formylcytosine Modifications Using Novel Photoreactive Oligonucleotides Containing a Trioxsalen-Conjugated Guanosine.","journal":"Journal of the American Chemical Society"},{"date":"2025 Apr 2","pmid":"40117505","title":"DNA Aptamers with Chemically Locked Ends for Virus Infection Inhibition.","journal":"ACS applied materials & interfaces"},{"date":"2024 Dec 31","pmid":"39857658","title":"Comparison of Radio- and Phototoxicity in Association with an Enhancing Effect of the Photosensitizers Psoralen, Trioxsalen and Ortho-Iodo-Hoechst33258 on FaDu, PC-3, 4T1 and B16-F10 Cells.","journal":"Biomedicines"},{"date":"2024 Aug 15","pmid":"39195250","title":"Innovative Tools for DNA Topology Probing in Human Cells Reveal a Build-Up of Positive Supercoils Following Replication Stress at Telomeres and at the FRA3B Fragile Site.","journal":"Cells"},{"date":"2024 Apr 13","pmid":"38675195","title":"Investigation of Photodynamic Therapy Promoted by Cherenkov Light Activated Photosensitizers-New Aspects and Revelations.","journal":"Pharmaceutics"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":0,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"approved","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1964","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"1964-07-24T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":""},{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"IL","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"SG","regulator":"HSA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AE","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"KR","regulator":"MFDS","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:10.101825+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}