{"id":"tolazoline","rwe":[{"pmid":"40716239","year":"2025","title":"Urgent need for reversal agents for xylazine and other imidazolines in illicit fentanyl.","finding":"","journal":"The American journal of emergency medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39943077","year":"2025","title":"Comparison of the Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone Combined with Xylazine or Dexmedetomidine in Captive Formosa Serows (Capricornis swinhoei).","finding":"","journal":"Animals : an open access journal from MDPI","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39920806","year":"2025","title":"Comparison of anesthetic effects of xylazine combined with alfaxalone or ketamine and maintained with isoflurane in captive Formosan Reeve's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus).","finding":"","journal":"Irish veterinary journal","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39573904","year":"2025","title":"Physiologic Outcomes after Thiafentanil and Xylazine Immobilization in Free-Ranging Moose (Alces alces).","finding":"","journal":"Journal of wildlife diseases","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"38453496","year":"2024","title":"EFFICACY OF TOLAZOLINE AND VATINOXAN IN REDUCING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BUTORPHANOL-AZAPERONE-MEDETOMIDINE IMMOBILIZATION IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS).","finding":"","journal":"Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"tolazoline","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"ADRA2A","category":"gene"},{"label":"TAAR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"ADRA1A","category":"gene"},{"label":"C04AB02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Cerebrovascular disease","category":"indication"},{"label":"Disorder of blood vessel","category":"indication"},{"label":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","category":"indication"},{"label":"Novartis","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1940s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Adrenergic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Adrenergic Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antihypertensive Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Vasodilator Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"contraindications":["Arterial hemorrhage","Low blood pressure","Tachyarrhythmia"]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Novartis","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=TOLAZOLINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:29:46.324490+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:29:53.117825+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TOLAZOLINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:29:54.277140+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Adrenergic receptor alpha antagonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:29:54.883902+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1689/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:29:54.770898+00:00"}},"allNames":"vasodil","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["tolazoline monohydrochloride","benzalolin","tolazoline","benzazoline","benzidazol","benzolin","benzylimidazoline","imidaline","imidalin","phenylmethylimidazoline","priscoline","vasodil","tolazoline hydrochloride","tolazoline HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1948-03-17","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Novartis)"}],"aiSummary":"Vasodil (TOLAZOLINE) is a small molecule drug developed by NOVARTIS that targets the Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor. It is classified as a tolazoline and was first approved by the FDA in 1948 for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease, disorders of blood vessels, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. As an off-patent medication with no active Orange Book patents, Vasodil is available without generic competition. Key safety considerations include the need for careful dosing and monitoring due to its potent vasodilatory effects. NOVARTIS remains the current owner of the medication.","brandName":"Vasodil","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Cerebrovascular disease","otherDrugs":[{"name":"isoxsuprine","slug":"isoxsuprine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Disorder of blood vessel","otherDrugs":[{"name":"isoxsuprine","slug":"isoxsuprine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","otherDrugs":[{"name":"nitric oxide","slug":"nitric-oxide","company":"Ino"},{"name":"nitrogen","slug":"nitrogen","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":1280000000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"ADRA2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"TAAR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Trace amine-associated receptor 1","protein":"Trace amine-associated receptor 1"},{"gene":"ADRA1A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"ADRA2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"ADRA2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"tolazoline","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Vasodil acts as a non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist, specifically targeting the Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor subtype, which plays a key role in regulating vascular tone and blood pressure."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1948","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1948-03-17, NOVARTIS)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2695","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TOLAZOLINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T02:53:28.820945","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:29:56.638682+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"phentolamine","drugSlug":"phentolamine","fdaApproval":"1952-01-30","patentExpiry":"Oct 25, 2039","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"tolazoline","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular disease","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":62914000,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Disorder of blood vessel","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":27550009,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":233815004,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":119900000,"globalPrevalence":1280000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"WHO, 2023"}],"offLabel":[{"name":"Dysmenorrhea","source":"DrugCentral","drugName":"TOLAZOLINE","evidenceCount":1,"evidenceLevel":"emerging"}],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"phentolamine","brandName":"phentolamine","genericName":"phentolamine","approvalYear":"1952","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000148036","MMSL":"5594","NDDF":"001844","UNII":"CHH9H12AQ3","VUID":"4019951","CHEBI":"CHEBI:28502","VANDF":"4018790","INN_ID":"4213","RXNORM":"10634","UMLSCUI":"C0040373","chemblId":"CHEMBL1689","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL770","KEGG_DRUG":"D00997","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB00797","PUBCHEM_CID":"5504","SNOMEDCT_US":"19041007","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"7310","SECONDARY_CAS_RN":"59-97-2","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D014043"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","_offLabelChecked":true,"developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[{"period":"1948-","companyName":"Novartis","relationship":"Original Developer"}],"publicationCount":838,"therapeuticAreas":["Cardiovascular"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"C04AB02","allCodes":["C04AB02","M02AX02"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"originalDeveloper":"Novartis","recentPublications":[{"date":"2025 Nov","pmid":"40716239","title":"Urgent need for reversal agents for xylazine and other imidazolines in illicit fentanyl.","journal":"The American journal of emergency medicine"},{"date":"2025 Jan 22","pmid":"39943077","title":"Comparison of the Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone Combined with Xylazine or Dexmedetomidine in Captive Formosa Serows (Capricornis swinhoei).","journal":"Animals : an open access journal from MDPI"},{"date":"2025 Feb 8","pmid":"39920806","title":"Comparison of anesthetic effects of xylazine combined with alfaxalone or ketamine and maintained with isoflurane in captive Formosan Reeve's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus).","journal":"Irish veterinary journal"},{"date":"2025 Jan 1","pmid":"39573904","title":"Physiologic Outcomes after Thiafentanil and Xylazine Immobilization in Free-Ranging Moose (Alces alces).","journal":"Journal of wildlife diseases"},{"date":"2024 Mar","pmid":"38453496","title":"EFFICACY OF TOLAZOLINE AND VATINOXAN IN REDUCING ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BUTORPHANOL-AZAPERONE-MEDETOMIDINE IMMOBILIZATION IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN ELK (CERVUS CANADENSIS).","journal":"Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":0,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"approved","companyName":"Novartis","companyId":"novartis","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1948","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:29:56.638682+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"enriching","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":false,"score":1}}