{"id":"tirofiban","rwe":[],"_fda":{"id":"42fc0d8a-6595-491f-aedb-6451129d239d","set_id":"13ea7fb8-4b01-4286-9464-26c0b624bc3b","openfda":{"upc":["0325021417843"],"unii":["6H925F8O5J"],"route":["INTRAVENOUS"],"rxcui":["1737471"],"spl_id":["42fc0d8a-6595-491f-aedb-6451129d239d"],"brand_name":["Tirofiban Hydrochloride"],"spl_set_id":["13ea7fb8-4b01-4286-9464-26c0b624bc3b"],"package_ndc":["25021-417-84"],"product_ndc":["25021-417"],"generic_name":["TIROFIBAN HYDROCHLORIDE"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["TIROFIBAN HYDROCHLORIDE"],"manufacturer_name":["Sagent Pharmaceuticals"],"application_number":["ANDA206888"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"1","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary While published data cannot definitively establish the absence of risk, available published case reports have not established an association with tirofiban use during pregnancy and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated myocardial infarction can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus (see Clinical Considerations ). Studies with tirofiban HCl at intravenous doses up to 5 mg/kg/day (about 5 and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on a body surface area basis) have revealed no harm to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Myocardial infarction is a medical emergency in pregnancy which can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus if left untreated. Data Animal Data There was no evidence of maternal or developmental toxicity in any of the studies in Table 5 . Table 5 Developmental Toxicity Studies *5 mg/kg/day is ~5 and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on a body surface area basis. Type of Study Species Dose/Exposure * Duration/Timing Exposure (1) Range-finding Rat (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20 (2) Developmental Toxicity Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through GD 20 (3) Developmental Toxicity with Postweaning Evaluation Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20 (4) Range-finding (non-pregnant) Rabbit (N=21) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=7 per group) Once daily for 14 days (5) Range-finding (pregnant) Rabbit (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20 (6) Developmental Toxicity Rabbit (N=60) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day (N=20 per group) IV Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20"],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE In clinical trials, inadvertent overdosage with tirofiban hydrochloride injection occurred in doses up to 2 times the recommended dose for initial infusion doses. Inadvertent overdosage occurred in doses up to 9.8 times the 0.15 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion rate. The most frequently reported manifestation of overdosage was bleeding, primarily minor mucocutaneous bleeding events and minor bleeding at the sites of cardiac catheterization [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Overdosage of tirofiban hydrochloride injection should be treated by assessment of the patient's clinical condition and cessation or adjustment of the drug infusion as appropriate. Tirofiban hydrochloride injection can be removed by hemodialysis."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Tirofiban hydrochloride injection contains tirofiban hydrochloride, a non-peptide antagonist of the platelet GP IIb/IIIa receptor, which inhibits platelet aggregation. Tirofiban hydrochloride monohydrate is chemically described as N- (butylsulfonyl)- O -[4-(4-piperidinyl)butyl]-L-tyrosine monohydrochloride monohydrate. Its molecular formula is C 22 H 36 N 2 O 5 S•HCl•H 2 O and its structural formula is: Tirofiban hydrochloride monohydrate is a white to off-white, non-hygroscopic, free-flowing powder, with a molecular weight of 495.08. It is very slightly soluble in water. Tirofiban hydrochloride injection is supplied as a sterile solution in water for injection, for intravenous use. The pH of the solution ranges from 5.5 to 6.5 adjusted with hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide. Each 250 mL of the premixed, isosmotic intravenous injection contains 14.045 mg tirofiban hydrochloride monohydrate equivalent to 12.5 mg tirofiban (50 mcg per mL) and the following inactive ingredients: 2.25 g sodium chloride, 135 mg sodium citrate dihydrate, and 8 mg citric acid anhydrous. Structural Formula"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING Tirofiban hydrochloride injection is a clear, non-preserved, colorless, isosmotic, sterile premixed solution with sodium chloride for tonicity adjustment and is supplied as follows: NDC Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection (50 mcg per mL) Package Factor 25021-417-84 12.5 mg per 250 mL Single-Dose Bag 1 bag per carton FOR INTRAVENOUS USE ONLY Storage Conditions Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Do not freeze. Protect from light during storage. Discard unused portion. Sterile, Nonpyrogenic, Preservative-free, PVC-free. The container closure is not made with natural rubber latex."],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of patients in controlled clinical studies of tirofiban hydrochloride injection, 43% were 65 years and over, while 12% were 75 years and over. With respect to efficacy, the effect of tirofiban hydrochloride injection in the elderly (≥ 65 years) appeared similar to that seen in younger patients (< 65 years). Elderly patients receiving tirofiban hydrochloride injection with heparin or heparin alone had a higher incidence of bleeding complications than did younger patients, but the incremental risk of bleeding in patients treated with tirofiban hydrochloride injection in combination with heparin compared to the risk in patients treated with heparin alone was similar regardless of age. No dose adjustment is recommended for the elderly population [see Dosage and Administration ( 2 )] ."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."],"effective_time":"20241109","pregnancy_table":["
Table 5 Developmental Toxicity Studies
*5 mg/kg/day is ~5 and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on a body surface area basis.
Type of StudySpeciesDose/Exposure* Duration/Timing Exposure
(1) Range-finding Rat (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20
(2) Developmental Toxicity Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through GD 20
(3) Developmental Toxicity with Postweaning Evaluation Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20
(4) Range-finding (non-pregnant) Rabbit (N=21) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=7 per group) Once daily for 14 days
(5) Range-finding (pregnant) Rabbit (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20
(6) Developmental Toxicity Rabbit (N=60) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day (N=20 per group) IV Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20
"],"clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES Two large-scale clinical studies established the efficacy of tirofiban hydrochloride injection in the treatment of patients with NSTE-ACS (unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI). The two studies examined tirofiban hydrochloride injection alone and added to heparin, prior to and after percutaneous coronary revascularization (if indicated) (PRISM-PLUS) and in comparison to heparin in a similar population (PRISM). These trials are discussed in detail below. PRISM-PLUS (Platelet Receptor Inhibition for Ischemic Syndrome Management — Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms) In the double-blind PRISM-PLUS trial, 1570 patients with documented NSTE-ACS within 12 hours of entry into the study were randomized to tirofiban hydrochloride injection (30 minute initial infusion of 0.4 mcg/kg/min followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.10 mcg/kg/min) in combination with heparin (bolus of 5,000 U followed by an infusion of 1,000 U/h titrated to maintain an activated partial thromoplastin time (APTT) of approximately 2 times control) or to heparin alone. All patients received concomitant aspirin unless contraindicated. Patients who were medically managed or who underwent revascularization procedures were studied. Patients underwent 48 hours of medical stabilization on study drug therapy, and they were to undergo angiography before 96 hours (and, if indicated, angioplasty/atherectomy, while continuing on tirofiban hydrochloride injection and heparin for 12 to 24 hours after the procedure). Tirofiban hydrochloride injection and heparin could be continued for up to 108 hours. Exclusions included contraindications to anticoagulation , decompensated heart failure, platelet count < 150,000/mm 3 , and serum creatinine > 2.5 mg/dL. The mean age of the population was 63 years; 32% of patients were female and approximately half of the population presented with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. On average, patients received tirofiban hydrochloride injection for 71 hours. A third group of patients was initially randomized to tirofiban hydrochloride injection alone (no heparin). This arm was stopped when the group was found, at an interim look, to have greater mortality than the other two groups. The primary endpoint of the study was a composite of refractory ischemia, new MI and death within 7 days. There was a 32% risk reduction in the overall composite primary endpoint. The components of the composite were examined separately and the results are shown in Table 6 . Note that the sum of the individual components may be greater than the composite (if a patient experiences multiple component events only one event counts towards the composite). Table 6 Primary Outcomes at 7 days in PRISM-PLUS Endpoint Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection + Heparin (N=773) Heparin (N=797) Risk Reduction p-value Death, new MI, and refractory ischemia at 7 days 12.9% 17.9% 32% 0.004 Death 1.9 % 1.9% --- --- MI 3.9% 7.0% 47% 0.006 Refractory Ischemia 9.3% 12.7% 30% 0.023 The benefit seen at 7 days was maintained over time. The risk reduction in the composite endpoint at 30 days and 6 months is shown in the Kaplan-Meier curve below. Figure 1. Time to first event of death, new MI, or refractory ischemia in PRISM-PLUS An analysis of the results by sex suggests that women who are medically managed or who undergo subsequent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)/atherectomy may receive less benefit from tirofiban hydrochloride injection (95% confidence limits for relative risk of 0.61 to 1.74) than do men (0.43 to 0.89) (p=0.11). This difference may be a true treatment difference, the effect of other differences in these subgroups, or a chance occurrence. Approximately 90% of patients in the PRISM-PLUS study underwent coronary angiography and 30% underwent angioplasty/atherectomy during the first 30 days of the study. The majority of these patients continued on study drug throughout these procedures. Tirofiban hydrochloride injection was continued for 12 to 24 hours (average 15 hours) after angioplasty/atherectomy. The effects of tirofiban hydrochloride injection at Day 30 did not appear to differ among sub-populations that did or did not receive PTCA or CABG, both prior to and after the procedure. Figure PRISM (Platelet Receptor Inhibition for Ischemic Syndrome Management) In the PRISM study, a randomized, parallel, double-blind study, 3232 patients with NSTE-ACS intended to be managed without coronary intervention were randomized to tirofiban hydrochloride injection (initial dose of 0.6 mcg/kg/min for 30 minutes followed by 0.15 mcg/kg/min for 47.5 hours) or heparin (5000-unit intravenous bolus followed by an infusion of 1000 U/h for 48 hours). The mean age of the population was 62 years; 32% of the population was female and 25% had non-ST elevation MI on presentation. Thirty percent had no ECG evidence of cardiac ischemia. Exclusion criteria were similar to PRISM-PLUS. The primary endpoint was the composite endpoint of refractory ischemia, MI or death at the end of the 48-hour drug infusion. The results are shown in Table 7 . Table 7 Primary Outcomes in PRISM – Cardiac Ischemia Events Composite Endpoint (death, MI, or refractory ischemia) Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection (N=1616) Heparin (N=1616) Risk Reduction p-value 2 Days (end of drug infusion) 3.8% 5.6% 33% 0.015 7 Days 10.3% 11.3% 10% 0.33 In the PRISM study, no adverse effect of tirofiban hydrochloride injection on mortality at either 7 or 30 days was detected. This result is different from that in the PRISM-PLUS study, where the arm that included tirofiban hydrochloride injection without heparin (N=345) was dropped at an interim analysis by the Data Safety Monitoring Committee for increased mortality at 7 days."],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics Tirofiban hydrochloride injection inhibits platelet function, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit ex vivo adenosine phosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. The time course of inhibition parallels the plasma concentration profile of the drug. Following discontinuation of an infusion of tirofiban hydrochloride injection 0.10 mcg/kg/min, ex vivo platelet aggregation returns to near baseline in 4 to 8 hours in approximately 90% of patients with coronary artery disease. The addition of heparin to this regimen does not significantly alter the percentage of subjects with > 70% inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA), but does increase the average bleeding time, as well as the number of patients with bleeding times prolonged to > 30 minutes. Similar platelet aggregation recovery rates are observed following discontinuation of a 0.15 mcg/kg/min infusion."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics Tirofiban has a half-life of approximately 2 hours. It is cleared from the plasma largely by renal excretion, with about 65% of an administered dose appearing in urine and about 25% in feces, both largely as unchanged tirofiban. Metabolism appears to be limited. Tirofiban is not highly bound to plasma proteins and protein binding is concentration independent over the range of 0.01 to 25 mcg/mL. The unbound fraction in human plasma is 35%. The steady state volume of distribution of tirofiban ranges from 22 to 42 liters. In healthy subjects, the plasma clearance of tirofiban ranges from 213 to 314 mL/min. Renal clearance accounts for 39 to 69% of plasma clearance. Specific Populations There is no effect on clearance of tirofiban by sex, race, age, or hepatic impairment. Renal Insufficiency Plasma clearance of tirofiban is decreased about 40% in subjects with creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min and > 50% in patients with creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min, including patients requiring hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 )]. Tirofiban is removed by hemodialysis."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Bleeding is the most commonly reported adverse reaction. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Sagent Pharmaceuticals at 1-866-625-1618 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. In the PRISM (Platelet Receptor Inhibition for Ischemic Syndrome Management), PRISM-PLUS (Platelet Receptor Inhibition for Ischemic Syndrome Management — Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms) and RESTORE (Randomized Efficacy Study of Tirofiban for Outcomes and Restenosis) trials, 1946 patients received tirofiban hydrochloride injection in combination with heparin and 2002 patients received tirofiban hydrochloride injection alone for about 3 days. Forty-three percent of the population was > 65 years of age and approximately 30% of patients were female. In clinical studies with the recommended regimen (25 mcg/kg bolus followed by a 0.15 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion), tirofiban hydrochloride injection was administered in combination with aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin or bivalirudin to over 8000 patients for typically ≤ 24 hours. Approximately 30% of the population was > 65 years of age and approximately 25% were female. Bleeding PRISM-PLUS Regimen The incidences of major and minor bleeding using the TIMI criteria in the PRISM-PLUS study are shown below. Table 2 TIMI Major and Minor Bleeding in PRISM-PLUS * 0.4 mcg/kg/min initial infusion; 0.10 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion. ‡ Major = Hemoglobin drop of > 5.0 g/dL with or without an identified site, intracranial hemorrhage, or cardiac tamponade. § Minor = Hemoglobin drop of > 3.0 g/dL with bleeding from a known site, spontaneous gross hematuria, hematemesis or hemoptysis. PRISM-PLUS (NSTE-ACS) Bleeding (TIMI Criteria)‡ § Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection* + Heparin (N=773) Heparin alone (N=797) Major Bleeding 1.4% 0.8% Minor Bleeding 10.5% 8.0% Transfusions 4.0% 2.8% The incidence rates of TIMI major bleeding in patients undergoing percutaneous procedures in PRISM-PLUS are shown below. Table 3 TIMI Major Bleeding Associated with Percutaneous Procedures in PRISM-PLUS Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection + Heparin Heparin alone N % N % Prior to Procedures 773 0.3 797 0.1 Following Angiography 697 1.3 708 0.7 Following PTCA 239 2.5 236 2.2 The incidence rates of TIMI major bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in PRISM-PLUS within one day of discontinuation of tirofiban hydrochloride injection were 17% on tirofiban hydrochloride injection plus heparin (N=29) and 35% on heparin alone (N=31). Recommended (“High-Dose Bolus”) Regimen Rates of major bleeds (including any intracranial, intraocular or retroperitoneal hemorrhage, clinically overt signs of hemorrhage associated with a drop in hemoglobin of > 3 g/dL or any drop in hemoglobin by 4 g/dL, bleeding requiring transfusion of ≥ 2U blood products, bleeding directly resulting in death within 7 days or hemodynamic compromise requiring intervention) were consistent with the rates observed in subjects administered the PRISM-PLUS regimen of tirofiban hydrochloride injection. There was a trend toward greater bleeding in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with fibrinolytics prior to administration of tirofiban hydrochloride injection using the recommended regimen during rescue PCI. Non-Bleeding The incidences of non-bleeding adverse events that occurred at an incidence of > 1% and numerically higher than control, regardless of drug relationship, are shown below: Table 4 Non-bleeding Adverse Reactions in PRISM-PLUS Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection + Heparin (N=1953) % Heparin alone (N=1887)% Body as a Whole Edema/swelling 2 1 Pain, pelvic 6 5 Reaction, vasovagal 2 1 Cardiovascular System Bradycardia 4 3 Dissection, coronary artery 5 4 Musculoskeletal System Pain, leg 3 2 Nervous System/Psychiatric Dizziness 3 2 Skin and Skin Appendage Sweating 2 1 Thrombocytopenia Patients treated with tirofiban hydrochloride injection plus heparin, were more likely to experience decreases in platelet counts than were those on heparin alone. These decreases were reversible upon discontinuation of tirofiban hydrochloride injection. The percentage of patients with a decrease of platelets to < 90,000/mm 3 was 1.5%, compared with 0.6% in the patients who received heparin alone. The percentage of patients with a decrease of platelets to < 50,000/mm 3 was 0.3%, compared with 0.1% of the patients who received heparin alone. 6.2 Post-Marketing Experience The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of tirofiban hydrochloride injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to the drug exposure. Hypersensitivity: Severe allergic reactions including anaphylactic reactions have occurred during the first day of tirofiban hydrochloride injection infusion, during initial treatment, and during readministration of tirofiban hydrochloride injection. Some cases have been associated with severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts < 10,000/mm 3 ). No information is available on the formation of antibodies to tirofiban."],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Tirofiban hydrochloride injection is contraindicated in patients with: Severe hypersensitivity reaction to tirofiban hydrochloride injection (i.e., anaphylactic reactions) [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2 )] . A history of thrombocytopenia following prior exposure to tirofiban hydrochloride injection [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )] . Active internal bleeding or a history of bleeding diathesis, major surgical procedure or severe physical trauma within the previous month [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )] . Known hypersensitivity to any component of tirofiban hydrochloride injection. ( 4 ) History of thrombocytopenia with prior exposure to tirofiban hydrochloride injection. ( 4 ) Active internal bleeding, or history of bleeding diathesis, major surgical procedure or severe physical trauma within the previous month. ( 4 )"],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Concomitant use of fibrinolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs increases the risk of bleeding. Coadministration of fibrinolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, increases the risk of bleeding. ( 7 )"],"how_supplied_table":["
NDCTirofiban Hydrochloride Injection (50 mcg per mL)Package Factor
25021-417-84 12.5 mg per 250 mL Single-Dose Bag 1 bag per carton
"],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Tirofiban hydrochloride injection is a reversible antagonist of fibrinogen binding to the GP IIb/IIIa receptor, the major platelet surface receptor involved in platelet aggregation. When administered intravenously, tirofiban hydrochloride injection inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. When given according to the PRISM-PLUS regimen of 0.4 mcg/kg/min over 30 minutes followed by a 0.1 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion, > 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation is attained by the end of the 30-minute infusion. When given according to the recommended regimen of 25 mcg/kg followed by a 0.15 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion, > 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation is attained within 10 minutes. Platelet aggregation inhibition is reversible following cessation of the infusion of tirofiban hydrochloride injection."],"storage_and_handling":["Storage Conditions Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Do not freeze. Protect from light during storage. Discard unused portion. Sterile, Nonpyrogenic, Preservative-free, PVC-free. The container closure is not made with natural rubber latex."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Tirofiban hydrochloride injection is a reversible antagonist of fibrinogen binding to the GP IIb/IIIa receptor, the major platelet surface receptor involved in platelet aggregation. When administered intravenously, tirofiban hydrochloride injection inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in a dose- and concentration-dependent manner. When given according to the PRISM-PLUS regimen of 0.4 mcg/kg/min over 30 minutes followed by a 0.1 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion, > 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation is attained by the end of the 30-minute infusion. When given according to the recommended regimen of 25 mcg/kg followed by a 0.15 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion, > 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation is attained within 10 minutes. Platelet aggregation inhibition is reversible following cessation of the infusion of tirofiban hydrochloride injection. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Tirofiban hydrochloride injection inhibits platelet function, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit ex vivo adenosine phosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. The time course of inhibition parallels the plasma concentration profile of the drug. Following discontinuation of an infusion of tirofiban hydrochloride injection 0.10 mcg/kg/min, ex vivo platelet aggregation returns to near baseline in 4 to 8 hours in approximately 90% of patients with coronary artery disease. The addition of heparin to this regimen does not significantly alter the percentage of subjects with > 70% inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA), but does increase the average bleeding time, as well as the number of patients with bleeding times prolonged to > 30 minutes. Similar platelet aggregation recovery rates are observed following discontinuation of a 0.15 mcg/kg/min infusion. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Tirofiban has a half-life of approximately 2 hours. It is cleared from the plasma largely by renal excretion, with about 65% of an administered dose appearing in urine and about 25% in feces, both largely as unchanged tirofiban. Metabolism appears to be limited. Tirofiban is not highly bound to plasma proteins and protein binding is concentration independent over the range of 0.01 to 25 mcg/mL. The unbound fraction in human plasma is 35%. The steady state volume of distribution of tirofiban ranges from 22 to 42 liters. In healthy subjects, the plasma clearance of tirofiban ranges from 213 to 314 mL/min. Renal clearance accounts for 39 to 69% of plasma clearance. Specific Populations There is no effect on clearance of tirofiban by sex, race, age, or hepatic impairment. Renal Insufficiency Plasma clearance of tirofiban is decreased about 40% in subjects with creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min and > 50% in patients with creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min, including patients requiring hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 )]. Tirofiban is removed by hemodialysis."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Tirofiban hydrochloride injection is indicated to reduce the rate of thrombotic cardiovascular events (combined endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or refractory ischemia/repeat cardiac procedure) in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Tirofiban hydrochloride injection is a platelet aggregation inhibitor indicated to reduce the rate of thrombotic cardiovascular events (combined endpoint of death, myocardial infarction, or refractory ischemia/repeat cardiac procedure) in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). ( 1 )"],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Tirofiban hydrochloride injection can cause serious bleeding. If bleeding cannot be controlled discontinue tirofiban hydrochloride injection. ( 5.1 ) Thrombocytopenia: Discontinue tirofiban hydrochloride injection and heparin. ( 5.2 ) 5.1 General Risk of Bleeding Bleeding is the most common complication encountered during therapy with tirofiban hydrochloride injection. Most bleeding associated with tirofiban hydrochloride injection occurs at the arterial access site for cardiac catheterization. Minimize the use of traumatic or potentially traumatic procedures such as arterial and venous punctures, intramuscular injections, nasotracheal intubation, etc. Concomitant use of fibrinolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs increases the risk of bleeding. 5.2 Thrombocytopenia Profound thrombocytopenia has been reported with tirofiban hydrochloride injection. Monitor platelet counts beginning about 6 hours after treatment initiation and daily thereafter. If the platelet count decreases to < 90,000/mm 3 , monitor platelet counts to exclude pseudothrombocytopenia. If thrombocytopenia is confirmed, discontinue tirofiban hydrochloride injection and heparin. Previous exposure to a glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist may increase the risk of developing thrombocytopenia [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )] ."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 6 Primary Outcomes at 7 days in PRISM-PLUS
EndpointTirofiban Hydrochloride Injection + Heparin (N=773)Heparin (N=797)Risk Reductionp-value
Death, new MI, and refractory ischemia at 7 days 12.9% 17.9% 32% 0.004
Death 1.9 % 1.9% --- ---
MI 3.9% 7.0% 47% 0.006
Refractory Ischemia 9.3% 12.7% 30% 0.023
","
Table 7 Primary Outcomes in PRISM – Cardiac Ischemia Events
Composite Endpoint (death, MI, or refractory ischemia)Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection (N=1616)Heparin (N=1616)Risk Reductionp-value
2 Days (end of drug infusion) 3.8% 5.6% 33% 0.015
7 Days 10.3% 11.3% 10% 0.33
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility The carcinogenic potential of tirofiban hydrochloride injection has not been evaluated. Tirofiban HCl was negative in the in vitro microbial mutagenesis and V-79 mammalian cell mutagenesis assays. In addition, there was no evidence of direct genotoxicity in the in vitro alkaline elution and in vitro chromosomal aberration assays. There was no induction of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of male mice after the administration of intravenous doses up to 5 mg tirofiban/kg (about 3 times the maximum recommended daily human dose when compared on a body surface area basis). Fertility and reproductive performance were not affected in studies with male and female rats given intravenous doses of tirofiban up to 5 mg/kg/day (about 5 times the maximum recommended daily human dose when compared on a body surface area basis)."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Table 2 TIMI Major and Minor Bleeding in PRISM-PLUS
* 0.4 mcg/kg/min initial infusion; 0.10 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion.
‡ Major = Hemoglobin drop of > 5.0 g/dL with or without an identified site, intracranial hemorrhage, or cardiac tamponade.
§ Minor = Hemoglobin drop of > 3.0 g/dL with bleeding from a known site, spontaneous gross hematuria, hematemesis or hemoptysis.
PRISM-PLUS (NSTE-ACS)
Bleeding (TIMI Criteria)‡ §Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection* + Heparin (N=773)Heparin alone (N=797)
Major Bleeding 1.4% 0.8%
Minor Bleeding 10.5% 8.0%
Transfusions 4.0% 2.8%
","
Table 3 TIMI Major Bleeding Associated with Percutaneous Procedures in PRISM-PLUS
Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection + HeparinHeparin alone
N%N%
Prior to Procedures 773 0.3 797 0.1
Following Angiography 697 1.3 708 0.7
Following PTCA 239 2.5 236 2.2
","
Table 4 Non-bleeding Adverse Reactions in PRISM-PLUS
Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection + Heparin (N=1953) %Heparin alone (N=1887)%
Body as a Whole
Edema/swelling 2 1
Pain, pelvic 6 5
Reaction, vasovagal 2 1
Cardiovascular System
Bradycardia 4 3
Dissection, coronary artery 5 4
Musculoskeletal System
Pain, leg 3 2
Nervous System/Psychiatric
Dizziness 3 2
Skin and Skin Appendage
Sweating 2 1
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise patients to watch closely for any signs of bleeding or bruising and to report these to their health care provider when they occur. Advise patients to discuss with their health care provider their use of any other medications, including over-the-counter or herbal products prior to tirofiban hydrochloride injection use. SAGENT ® Mfd. for SAGENT Pharmaceuticals Schaumburg, IL 60195 (USA) Made in India ©2024 Sagent Pharmaceuticals March 2024 SAGENT Pharmaceuticals ®"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Administer intravenously 25 mcg/kg within 5 minutes and then 0.15 mcg/kg/min for up to 18 hours. In patients with creatinine clearance ≤ 60 mL/min, give 25 mcg/kg within 5 minutes and then 0.075 mcg/kg/min. ( 2 ) 2.1 Recommended Dosage The recommended dosage is 25 mcg/kg administered intravenously within 5 minutes and then 0.15 mcg/kg/min for up to 18 hours. 2.2 Administration For intravenous use only. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit. To open the 250 mL premixed bag, first tear off its foil overpouch. The plastic may be somewhat opaque because of moisture absorption during sterilization; the opacity will diminish gradually. Check for leaks by squeezing the inner bag firmly; if any leaks are found or sterility is suspect then the solution should be discarded. Do not use unless the solution is clear and the seal is intact. Administration Instructions The bolus dose of tirofiban hydrochloride injection may be administered from the 250 mL premixed bag. Do not dilute. Administer the bolus dose within 5 minutes via IV pump. Immediately following the bolus dose administration, administer the maintenance infusion from the 250 mL premixed bag via an IV pump. Discard any unused portion left in the bag. The recommended bolus volume using 250 mL premixed bag can be calculated using the following equation: Bolus Volume (mL) = 25 mcg/kg X body weight (kg) 50 mcg/mL The recommended infusion rate for patients with CrCl (Creatinine Clearance) > 60 mL/min using the 250 mL premixed bag can be calculated using the following equation: Infusion Rate for CrCl > 60 mL/min (mL/h) = 0.15 mcg/kg/min x body weight (kg) x 60 min/h 50 mcg/mL Example calculation of infusion rate for 60 kg patient with CrCl > 60 mL/min using the 250 mL premixed bag: Infusion Rate for CrCl > 60 mL/min (mL/h) = 0.15 mcg/kg/min x 60 kg x 60 min/h =10.8 mL/h 50 mcg/mL Drug Compatibilities Tirofiban hydrochloride injection can be administered in the same intravenous line as heparin, atropine sulfate, dobutamine, dopamine, epinephrine hydrochloride (HCl), famotidine injection, furosemide, lidocaine, midazolam HCl, morphine sulfate, nitroglycerin, potassium chloride, and propranolol HCl. Do not administer tirofiban hydrochloride injection through the same IV line as diazepam. Do not add other drugs or remove solution directly from bag with a syringe. 2.3 Dose Adjustment for Renal Impairment The recommended dosage in patients with CrCl ≤ 60 mL/min (calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation with actual body weight) is 25 mcg/kg intravenously within 5 minutes and then 0.075 mcg/kg/min, for up to 18 hours. The recommended infusion rate for patients with CrCl ≤ 60 mL/min using the 250 mL premixed bag can be calculated using the following equation: Infusion Rate for CrCl ≤ 60 mL/min (mL/h) = 0.075 mcg/kg/min x body weight (kg) x 60 min/h 50 mcg/mL"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Tirofiban Hydrochloride Tirofiban Hydrochloride Tirofiban Hydrochloride Tirofiban Sodium Chloride Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate Anhydrous Citric Acid Water Sodium Hydroxide Hydrochloric Acid"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Tirofiban hydrochloride injection 12.5 mg tirofiban per 250 mL (50 mcg per mL) is a clear, non-preserved, colorless, isosmotic, sterile premixed injection with sodium chloride for tonicity adjustment. Injection: 12.5 mg per 250 mL (50 mcg per mL) in 250 mL bag. ( 3 )"],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Renal Insufficiency: Reduce the dose in patients with severe renal insufficiency. ( 8.6 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary While published data cannot definitively establish the absence of risk, available published case reports have not established an association with tirofiban use during pregnancy and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated myocardial infarction can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus (see Clinical Considerations ). Studies with tirofiban HCl at intravenous doses up to 5 mg/kg/day (about 5 and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on a body surface area basis) have revealed no harm to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Myocardial infarction is a medical emergency in pregnancy which can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus if left untreated. Data Animal Data There was no evidence of maternal or developmental toxicity in any of the studies in Table 5 . Table 5 Developmental Toxicity Studies *5 mg/kg/day is ~5 and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on a body surface area basis. Type of Study Species Dose/Exposure * Duration/Timing Exposure (1) Range-finding Rat (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20 (2) Developmental Toxicity Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through GD 20 (3) Developmental Toxicity with Postweaning Evaluation Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20 (4) Range-finding (non-pregnant) Rabbit (N=21) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=7 per group) Once daily for 14 days (5) Range-finding (pregnant) Rabbit (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20 (6) Developmental Toxicity Rabbit (N=60) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day (N=20 per group) IV Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There is no data on the presence of tirofiban in human milk, the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on human milk production. However, tirofiban is present in rat milk. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for tirofiban hydrochloride injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from tirofiban hydrochloride injection or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. 8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of patients in controlled clinical studies of tirofiban hydrochloride injection, 43% were 65 years and over, while 12% were 75 years and over. With respect to efficacy, the effect of tirofiban hydrochloride injection in the elderly (≥ 65 years) appeared similar to that seen in younger patients (< 65 years). Elderly patients receiving tirofiban hydrochloride injection with heparin or heparin alone had a higher incidence of bleeding complications than did younger patients, but the incremental risk of bleeding in patients treated with tirofiban hydrochloride injection in combination with heparin compared to the risk in patients treated with heparin alone was similar regardless of age. No dose adjustment is recommended for the elderly population [see Dosage and Administration ( 2 )] . 8.6 Renal Insufficiency Patients with moderate to severe renal insufficiency have decreased plasma clearance of tirofiban hydrochloride injection. Reduce the dosage of tirofiban hydrochloride injection in patients with severe renal insufficiency [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Safety and efficacy of tirofiban hydrochloride injection has not been established in patients on hemodialysis."],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
Bolus Volume (mL) = 25 mcg/kg X body weight (kg)
50 mcg/mL
","
Infusion Rate for CrCl > 60 mL/min (mL/h) = 0.15 mcg/kg/min x body weight (kg) x 60 min/h
50 mcg/mL
","
Infusion Rate for CrCl > 60 mL/min (mL/h) = 0.15 mcg/kg/min x 60 kg x 60 min/h =10.8 mL/h
50 mcg/mL
","
Infusion Rate for CrCl ≤ 60 mL/min (mL/h) = 0.075 mcg/kg/min x body weight (kg) x 60 min/h
50 mcg/mL
"],"use_in_specific_populations_table":["
Table 5 Developmental Toxicity Studies
*5 mg/kg/day is ~5 and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on a body surface area basis.
Type of StudySpeciesDose/Exposure* Duration/Timing Exposure
(1) Range-finding Rat (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20
(2) Developmental Toxicity Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through GD 20
(3) Developmental Toxicity with Postweaning Evaluation Rat (N=66) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=22 per group) Once daily from GD 6 through LD 20
(4) Range-finding (non-pregnant) Rabbit (N=21) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=7 per group) Once daily for 14 days
(5) Range-finding (pregnant) Rabbit (N=30) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day IV (N=10 per group) Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20
(6) Developmental Toxicity Rabbit (N=60) 1, 2, 5 mg/kg/day (N=20 per group) IV Once daily from GD 7 through GD 20
"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PACKAGE LABEL – PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – Bag Label NDC 25021-417-84 250 mL Single-Dose Container Tirofiban Hydrochloride Injection 12.5 mg per 250 mL (50 mcg per mL) Rx only RECOMMENDED FOR USE WITH CALIBRATED INFUSION DEVICE For Intravenous Use Iso-osmotic PREMIXED PACKAGE LABEL – PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL – Bag Label"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility The carcinogenic potential of tirofiban hydrochloride injection has not been evaluated. Tirofiban HCl was negative in the in vitro microbial mutagenesis and V-79 mammalian cell mutagenesis assays. In addition, there was no evidence of direct genotoxicity in the in vitro alkaline elution and in vitro chromosomal aberration assays. There was no induction of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of male mice after the administration of intravenous doses up to 5 mg tirofiban/kg (about 3 times the maximum recommended daily human dose when compared on a body surface area basis). Fertility and reproductive performance were not affected in studies with male and female rats given intravenous doses of tirofiban up to 5 mg/kg/day (about 5 times the maximum recommended daily human dose when compared on a body surface area basis)."]},"tags":[{"label":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","category":"target"},{"label":"ITGA2B","category":"gene"},{"label":"ITGB3","category":"gene"},{"label":"B01AC17","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"Acute coronary syndrome","category":"indication"},{"label":"Non-Q wave myocardial infarction","category":"indication"},{"label":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","category":"indication"},{"label":"Medicure","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1990s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Fibrinolytic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Hematologic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"HAEMORRHAGE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"376 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"THROMBOCYTOPENIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"299 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"208 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ANGINA PECTORIS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"188 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"HAEMORRHAGE INTRACRANIAL","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"181 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DEATH","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"149 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"CEREBRAL HAEMORRHAGE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"125 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"CARDIAC FAILURE ACUTE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"118 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"101 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"CARDIAC FAILURE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"85 reports"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Major Bleeding","drugRate":"1.4%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Minor Bleeding","drugRate":"10.5%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Transfusions","drugRate":"4.0%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Edema/swelling","drugRate":"1%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pain, pelvic","drugRate":"5%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Reaction, vasovagal","drugRate":"1%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Bradycardia","drugRate":"3%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dissection, coronary artery","drugRate":"4%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pain, leg","drugRate":"2%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"2%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Sweating","drugRate":"1%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"1.5%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Hypersensitivity","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"}],"contraindications":["Acute nephropathy","Acute pericarditis","Arterial aneurysm","Arteriovenous malformation","Bleeding","Blood coagulation disorder","Cerebrovascular accident","Dissection of aorta","Hemodialysis with High-Flux Membrane","Hemorrhagic Diabetic Retinopathy","Hypertensive urgency","Intracranial hemorrhage","Lithotripsy","Neoplasm of brain","Surgical procedure","Thrombocytopenic disorder","Traumatic injury"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"While published data cannot definitively establish the absence of risk, available published case reports have not established an association with tirofiban use during pregnancy and major birth defects, miscarriage, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Untreated myocardial infarction can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus (see Clinical Considerations). Studies with tirofiban HCl at intravenous doses up to mg/kg/day (about and 13 times the maximum recommended daily human dose for rat and rabbit, respectively, when compared on body surface area basis) have revealed no harm to the fetus. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Myocardial infarction is medical emergency in pregnancy which can be fatal to the pregnant woman and fetus if left untreated. Data Animal Data There was no evidence of maternal or developmental toxicity in any of the studies.","Geriatric use":"Of the total number of patients in controlled clinical studies of tirofiban hydrochloride, 43% were 65 years and over, while 12% were 75 years and over. With respect to efficacy, the effect of tirofiban hydrochloride in the elderly (>= 65 years) appeared similar to that seen in younger patients (< 65 years). Elderly patients receiving tirofiban hydrochloride with heparin or heparin alone had higher incidence of bleeding complications than did younger patients, but the incremen","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.","Renal impairment":"Reduce the dose in patients with severe renal insufficiency."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Medicure","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=TIROFIBAN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:17.126106+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:23.541587+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:15.755488+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TIROFIBAN","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:24.750352+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:13.776095+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:13.776176+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:26.249278+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:25.339428+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL3189072/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:25.231285+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA206888","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:13.776187+00:00"}},"allNames":"aggrastat","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["tirofiban","aggrestat","tirofiban hydrochloride","tirofiban HCl","tirofiban hydrochloride monohydrate","L-700,462","aggrastat"],"timeline":[{"date":"1998-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from MEDICURE to Medicure"},{"date":"1998-05-14","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Medicure)"},{"date":"2016-08-31","type":"positive","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Aggrastat approved — EQ 3.75MG BASE/15ML (EQ 0.25MG BASE/ML)"},{"date":"2021-04-08","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 1 manufacturer approved"}],"aiSummary":"Aggrastat (Tirofiban) is a small molecule platelet aggregation inhibitor that targets the integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 receptor. It was originally developed by Medicure and is currently owned by the same company. Aggrastat is used to treat acute coronary syndrome, non-Q wave myocardial infarction, and percutaneous coronary intervention. The drug is off-patent and has multiple generic manufacturers. Key safety considerations include its short half-life of 1.6 hours and negligible bioavailability.","approvals":[{"date":"1998-05-14","orphan":false,"company":"MEDICURE","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Aggrastat","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Acute coronary syndrome","otherDrugs":[{"name":"clopidogrel","slug":"clopidogrel","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"eptifibatide","slug":"eptifibatide","company":"Schering"},{"name":"metoprolol","slug":"metoprolol","company":"Us Pharms Holdings I"},{"name":"prasugrel","slug":"prasugrel","company":"Eli Lilly And Co"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Non-Q wave myocardial infarction","otherDrugs":[{"name":"clopidogrel","slug":"clopidogrel","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"heparin","slug":"heparin","company":"Organon Usa Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","otherDrugs":[{"name":"abciximab","slug":"abciximab","company":"Centocor Inc"},{"name":"apraclonidine","slug":"apraclonidine","company":"Alcon"},{"name":"argatroban","slug":"argatroban","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"bivalirudin","slug":"bivalirudin","company":"Medicines Co"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"ITGA2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","protein":"Integrin alpha-IIb"},{"gene":"ITGB3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3","protein":"Integrin beta-3"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor","explanation":"Tirofiban hydrochloride is reversible antagonist of fibrinogen binding to the GP IIb/IIIa receptor, the major platelet surface receptor involved in platelet aggregation. When administered intravenously, tirofiban hydrochloride inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in dose- and concentration-dependent manner.When given according to the PRISM-PLUS regimen of 0.4 mcg/kg/min over 30 minutes followed by 0.1 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion, 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation is attained by the end of the 30-minute infusion. When given according to the recommended regimen of 25 mcg/kg followed by 0.15 mcg/kg/min maintenance infusion, 90% inhibition of platelet aggregation is attained within 10 minutes. Platelet aggregation inhibition is reversible following cessation of the infusion of tirofiban hydrochloride.","oneSentence":"Aggrastat works by blocking the integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 receptor on platelets, preventing them from aggregating and forming blood clots.","technicalDetail":"Aggrastat is a non-peptide, reversible antagonist of the integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 receptor, which is a key player in platelet aggregation. By blocking this receptor, Aggrastat inhibits the binding of fibrinogen to the receptor, thereby preventing platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.","_target_confidence":0.5},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1998","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1998-05-14, MEDICURE)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2680","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=TIROFIBAN","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TIROFIBAN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T15:56:14.404709","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T01:40:31.228390+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"clopidogrel","drugSlug":"clopidogrel","fdaApproval":"1997-11-17","genericCount":23,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ticlopidine","drugSlug":"ticlopidine","fdaApproval":"1991-10-31","genericCount":8,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"acetylsalicylic acid","drugSlug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","fdaApproval":"1950-04-12","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dipyridamole","drugSlug":"dipyridamole","fdaApproval":"1961-12-06","genericCount":17,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"epoprostenol","drugSlug":"epoprostenol","fdaApproval":"1995-09-20","patentExpiry":"Mar 15, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"iloprost","drugSlug":"iloprost","fdaApproval":"2004-12-29","patentExpiry":"Jul 18, 2044","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"abciximab","drugSlug":"abciximab","fdaApproval":"1993-12-16","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"eptifibatide","drugSlug":"eptifibatide","fdaApproval":"1998-05-18","genericCount":13,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"treprostinil","drugSlug":"treprostinil","fdaApproval":"2002-05-21","patentExpiry":"Sep 5, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"prasugrel","drugSlug":"prasugrel","fdaApproval":"2009-07-10","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cilostazol","drugSlug":"cilostazol","fdaApproval":"1999-01-15","genericCount":12,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ticagrelor","drugSlug":"ticagrelor","fdaApproval":"2011-07-20","patentExpiry":"Oct 17, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cangrelor","drugSlug":"cangrelor","fdaApproval":"2015-06-22","patentExpiry":"Nov 10, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"vorapaxar","drugSlug":"vorapaxar","fdaApproval":"2014-05-08","patentExpiry":"Dec 23, 2027","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"selexipag","drugSlug":"selexipag","fdaApproval":"2015-12-21","patentExpiry":"Oct 31, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"tirofiban","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Acute coronary syndrome","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":394659003,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS)"},{"name":"Non-Q wave myocardial infarction","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":314207007,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Percutaneous coronary intervention","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":415070008,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Medicure","drugCategory":"mature","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"clopidogrel","brandName":"clopidogrel","genericName":"clopidogrel","approvalYear":"1997","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"ticlopidine","brandName":"ticlopidine","genericName":"ticlopidine","approvalYear":"1991","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"acetylsalicylic-acid","brandName":"acetylsalicylic acid","genericName":"acetylsalicylic 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