{"id":"tipiracil","rwe":[{"pmid":"41894981","year":"2026","title":"Clinical outcomes of trifluridine/tipiracil plus bevacizumab versus trifluridine/tipiracil or regorafenib in metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter cohort study.","finding":"","journal":"ESMO open","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41890587","year":"2026","title":"Effectiveness of FTD/TPI plus bevacizumab and impact of prior bevacizumab exposure in patients with mCRC: the Italian FLOWER study.","finding":"","journal":"ESMO gastrointestinal oncology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41853747","year":"2026","title":"Fruquintinib in combination with tislelizumab versus trifluridine/tipiracil and bevacizumab in third-line and beyond MSS mCRC without active liver metastases-the IKF-080/AIO-QUINTIS trial.","finding":"","journal":"ESMO gastrointestinal oncology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41827721","year":"2026","title":"Trifluridine/Tipiracil Plus Bevacizumab Versus Regorafenib in Elderly Patients with Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Real-World Comparative Study.","finding":"","journal":"Cancers","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41807852","year":"2026","title":"Time to Treatment Discontinuation and Cost Effectiveness of Third-Line Therapies in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Real-World Evidence from the NIH All of Us Research Program.","finding":"","journal":"Drugs - real world outcomes","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"15b86e86-8940-44e3-921c-2e0b97180ea1","set_id":"f5beed22-d71d-4c0d-8dca-2c7317d65d85","openfda":{"nui":["N0000175459","N0000175466","N0000175595","N0000000233"],"unii":["4H59KLQ0A4","RMW9V5RW38"],"route":["ORAL"],"rxcui":["1670311","1670316","1670322","1670324"],"spl_id":["15b86e86-8940-44e3-921c-2e0b97180ea1"],"brand_name":["LONSURF"],"spl_set_id":["f5beed22-d71d-4c0d-8dca-2c7317d65d85"],"package_ndc":["64842-1025-1","64842-1025-2","64842-1025-3","64842-1020-1","64842-1020-2","64842-1020-3"],"product_ndc":["64842-1020","64842-1025"],"generic_name":["TRIFLURIDINE AND TIPIRACIL"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["TIPIRACIL HYDROCHLORIDE","TRIFLURIDINE"],"pharm_class_epc":["Nucleoside Analog Antiviral [EPC]","Nucleoside Metabolic Inhibitor [EPC]"],"pharm_class_moa":["Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors [MoA]"],"manufacturer_name":["Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd."],"application_number":["NDA207981"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"15","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Based on animal data and its mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2) ] , LONSURF can cause fetal harm. LONSURF caused embryo-fetal lethality and embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant rats when given during gestation at doses resulting in exposures lower than or similar to human exposures at the recommended clinical dose (see Data ) . There are no available data on LONSURF use in pregnant women. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. Data Animal Data Trifluridine/tipiracil was administered orally once daily to female rats during organogenesis at dose levels of 15, 50, and 150 mg/kg [trifluridine (FTD) equivalent]. Decreased fetal weight was observed at FTD doses ≥50 mg/kg (approximately 0.33 times the FTD exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m 2 twice daily). At the FTD dose of 150 mg/kg (approximately 0.92 times the FTD exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m 2 twice daily) embryolethality and structural anomalies (kinked tail, cleft palate, ectrodactyly, anasarca, alterations in great vessels, and skeletal anomalies) were observed."],"references":["15 REFERENCES 1. “OSHA Hazardous Drugs”. OSHA. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html"],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION LONSURF contains trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride at a molar ratio of 1:0.5. Trifluridine Trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, is described chemically as 2’-deoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl) uridine and has the following structural formula: Trifluridine has a molecular formula C 10 H 11 F 3 N 2 O 5 and a molecular weight of 296.20. Trifluridine is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water, ethanol, 0.01 mol/L hydrochloric acid, 0.01 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution; freely soluble in methanol, acetone; sparingly soluble in 2-propanol, acetonitrile; slightly soluble in diethyl ether; and very slightly soluble in isopropyl ether. Tipiracil hydrochloride Tipiracil hydrochloride, a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor, is described chemically as 5-chloro-6-[(2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-(1 H ,3 H )-dione monohydrochloride or 2,4(1 H ,3 H )-Pyrimidinedione, 5-chloro-6-[(2-imino-1-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-, hydrochloride (1:1) and has the following structural formula: Tipiracil hydrochloride has a molecular formula C 9 H 11 ClN 4 O 2 •HCl and a molecular weight of 279.12. Tipiracil hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water, 0.01 mol/L hydrochloric acid, and 0.01 mol/L sodium hydroxide; slightly soluble in methanol; very slightly soluble in ethanol; and practically insoluble in acetonitrile, 2-propanol, acetone, diisopropyl ether, and diethyl ether. LONSURF (trifluridine and tipiracil) tablets for oral use contain 15 mg of trifluridine and 6.14 mg of tipiracil equivalent to 7.065 mg of tipiracil hydrochloride or 20 mg of trifluridine and 8.19 mg of tipiracil equivalent to 9.420 mg of tipiracil hydrochloride. LONSURF tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, pregelatinized starch, stearic acid, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide, and magnesium stearate. The tablets are imprinted with ink containing shellac, ferric oxide red, ferric oxide yellow, titanium dioxide, FD&C Blue No. 2 Aluminum Lake, carnauba wax, and talc. Trifluridine Tipiracil hydrochloride"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING LONSURF 15 mg/6.14 mg tablets are supplied as white, biconvex, round, film-coated tablet, imprinted with ‘15’ on one side, and ‘102’ and ’15 mg’ on the other side, in gray ink. The tablets are packaged in HDPE bottles with child resistant closures in the following presentations: 20 count: NDC 64842-1025-1 40 count: NDC 64842-1025-2 60 count: NDC 64842-1025-3 LONSURF 20 mg/8.19 mg tablets are supplied as pale red, biconvex, round, film-coated tablet, imprinted with ‘20’ on one side, and ‘102’ and ‘20 mg’ on the other side, in gray ink. The tablets are packaged in HDPE bottles with child resistant closures in the following presentations: 20 count: NDC 64842-1020-1 40 count: NDC 64842-1020-2 60 count: NDC 64842-1020-3 Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions are permitted from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. LONSURF is a cytotoxic drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures. 1 If stored outside of original bottle, discard after 30 days."],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use Of the 1114 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or gastric cancer who received single agent LONSURF in clinical studies, 45% were 65 years of age or over, and 11% were 75 and over. In the 246 patients who received LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab; 41% were 65 years of age or over, and 10% were 75 and over. While these studies were not designed to detect a difference in efficacy, no overall differences were observed in patients 65 or older versus younger patients with either LONSURF as a single agent or LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab. Patients 65 years of age or older who received LONSURF as a single agent had a higher incidence of the following hematologic laboratory abnormalities compared to patients younger than 65 years: Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (46% vs 32%), Grade 3 anemia (20% vs 14%), and Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (6% vs 3%). Patients 65 years of age or older who received LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab had a higher incidence of the following hematologic laboratory abnormalities compared to patients younger than 65 years: Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (60% vs 46%) and Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (5% vs 4%)."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of LONSURF in pediatric patients have not been established. Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data Dental toxicity including whitening, breakage, and malocclusion (degeneration and disarrangement in the ameloblasts, papillary layer cells and odontoblasts) were observed in rats treated with trifluridine/tipiracil at doses ≥ 50 mg/kg (approximately 0.33 times the exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m 2 twice daily)."],"effective_time":"20251105","clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (single agent LONSURF) RECOURSE The efficacy of LONSURF was evaluated in RECOURSE (NCT01607957), an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Key eligibility criteria included prior treatment with at least 2 lines of standard chemotherapy for metastatic CRC, ECOG performance status (PS) 0-1, absence of brain metastasis, and absence of ascites requiring drainage in the past four weeks. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 or matching placebo orally twice daily after meals on Days 1-5 and 8-12 of each 28-day cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Randomization was stratified by KRAS status (wild-type vs. mutant), time since diagnosis of first metastasis (<18 months vs. ≥ 18 months), and region (Japan vs. US, Europe and Australia). The major efficacy outcome measure was overall survival (OS) and an additional efficacy outcome measure was progression-free survival (PFS). A total of 800 patients were randomized to LONSURF (N=534) with best supportive care (BSC) or matching placebo (N=266) plus BSC. The median age was 63 years, 61% were male, 58% and 35% were White and Asian respectively, and all patients had baseline ECOG PS of 0 or 1. The primary site of disease was colon (62%) or rectum (38%). KRAS status was wild-type (49%) or mutant (51%) at study entry. All patients received prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy. All but one patient received bevacizumab and all but two patients with KRAS wild-type tumors received panitumumab or cetuximab. Efficacy results are summarized in Table 9 and Figure 1 . Table 9: Efficacy Results from RECOURSE LONSURF (N=534) Placebo (N=266) Overall Survival Number of deaths, N (%) 364 (68) 210 (79) Median OS (months) Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% CI) Methodology of Brookmeyer and Crowley 7.1 (6.5, 7.8) 5.3 (4.6, 6.0) Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.68 (0.58, 0.81) p-value Stratified log-rank test (strata: KRAS status, time since diagnosis of first metastasis, region), 2-sided <0.001 Progression-Free Survival Number of events, N (%) 472 (88) 251 (94) Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.47 (0.40, 0.55) p-value <0.001 Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Curves of Overall Survival in RECOURSE Previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab) SUNLIGHT The efficacy of LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab was evaluated in SUNLIGHT (NCT 04737187), an international, randomized (1:1), open label study in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients were required to have received no more than 2 prior treatments for advanced disease, including a fluoropyrimidine, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (optional) and an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody for patients with RAS wild-type. Other key eligibility criteria included ECOG performance status (PS) 0-1, absence of symptomatic brain metastases, absence of ascites requiring drainage in the past 4 weeks, absence of uncontrolled hypertension, absence of non-healing wound, and absence of deep venous thromboembolic event in the past 4 weeks. Patients were randomized to receive LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 administered orally twice daily on Days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12 of each 28-day cycle with or without bevacizumab 5 mg/kg administered intravenously every 2 weeks (on Day 1 and Day 15) of each 4-week cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Randomization was stratified by geographic region (North America, European Union, Rest of the World), time since diagnosis of metastatic disease (<18 months, ≥18 months) and RAS status (wild-type, mutant). The major efficacy outcome was overall survival (OS), and an additional efficacy outcome measure was progression-free survival (PFS). A total of 492 patients were randomized to receive LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab (N=246) or LONSURF as a single agent (N=246). The trial population characteristics were as follows: median age 63 years, 52% male, 88% White, 1.4% Black, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 9.6% were unknown, 46% had ECOG PS 0 and 54% had ECOG PS 1. The primary site of disease was colon (73%) or rectum (27%). Seventy-one percent of patients had a RAS mutant status. A total of 92% of patients received 2 prior anticancer treatment regimens for advanced CRC; all patients received prior fluoropyrimidine; 99.8% of patients received prior irinotecan; 98% of patients received prior oxaliplatin. Among all 492 treated patients, 76% received prior anti-VEGF treatment, and 72% received an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody. Among the 142 patients with RAS wild-type mCRC, 94% received prior anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody. Efficacy results are summarized in Table 10 and Figure 2 . Table 10: Efficacy Results from SUNLIGHT LONSURF plus Bevacizumab (N=246) LONSURF (N=246) Overall survival Number of deaths, N (%) 148 (60) 183 (74) Median OS (months) Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% CI) Methodology of Brookmeyer and Crowley 10.8 (9.4, 11.8) 7.5 (6.3, 8.6) Hazard ratio (95% CI) Stratified proportional hazards model (strata: region, time since first metastasis diagnosis, RAS status) 0.61 (0.49, 0.77) p-value Stratified log-rank test (strata: region, time since first metastasis diagnosis, RAS status), 1-sided p-value <0.001 Progression-free survival (per investigator) Number of events N (%) 206 (84) 236 (96) Median PFS (months) (95% CI) 5.6 (4.5, 5.9) 2.4 (2.1, 3.2) Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.44 (0.36, 0.54) p-value <0.001 Figure 2: Kaplan-Meier Curves of Overall Survival in SUNLIGHT Figure 1 Figure 2 14.2 Metastatic Gastric Cancer The efficacy of LONSURF was evaluated in TAGS (NCT02500043), an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma previously treated with at least 2 prior regimens for advanced disease. Previous treatments must have included a fluoropyrimidine, a platinum, and either a taxane or irinotecan. Patients with HER2/neu-positive tumors must have received prior HER2/neu-targeted therapy, if available. Adjuvant chemotherapy could be counted as one prior regimen in patients who had recurrence during or within 6 months of completion of the adjuvant chemotherapy. Other key eligibility criteria included ECOG performance status (PS) 0 or 1. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 orally twice daily on Days 1-5 and 8-12 of each 28-day cycle with best supportive care (BSC) or matching placebo with BSC until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Randomization was stratified by ECOG PS at baseline (0 vs. 1), prior ramucirumab (yes vs. no), and geographic region (Japan vs. rest of world). The major efficacy outcome measure was OS and an additional outcome measure was PFS. A total of 507 patients were randomized to LONSURF (N=337) or placebo (N=170). The median age was 63 years, 73% were male, 70% and 16% were White and Asian respectively, and 38% had a baseline ECOG PS of 0. Seventy-one percent of patients had gastric tumors, 29% had GEJ tumors, and two patients had gastric/GEJ tumors. All patients received platinum-based chemotherapy, 99% received fluoropyrimidine-based therapy, 91% received a taxane, 55% received irinotecan, and 33% received ramucirumab. The HER2 status was negative in 62%, positive in 19%, and unknown in 20% of patients. Among the 94 patients with HER2 positive tumors, 89% received prior anti-HER2 therapy. Efficacy results are summarized in Table 11 and Figure 3 . Table 11: Efficacy Results from TAGS LONSURF (N=337) Placebo (N=170) Overall Survival Number of deaths, N (%) 244 (72) 140 (82) Median OS (months) Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% CI) Methodology of Brookmeyer and Crowley 5.7 (4.8, 6.2) 3.6 (3.1, 4.1) Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.69 (0.56, 0.85) p-value Stratified log-rank test (strata: ECOG PS, prior ramucirumab treatment, region), 2-sided 0.0006 Progression-Free Survival Number of events, N (%) 287 (85) 156 (92) Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.56 (0.46, 0.68) p-value <0.0001 Figure 3: Kaplan-Meier Curves of Overall Survival in TAGS Figure 3"],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics Cardiac Electrophysiology LONSURF administered to 42 patients with advanced solid tumors at the recommended dosage had no large effect (i.e. >20 ms) in the mean QTc interval when compared to placebo and no exposure-QT relationship was identified. Two of 42 patients (4.8%) had QTc >500 msec and 2.4% had a QTc increase from baseline >60 msec."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics After twice daily dosing of LONSURF, systemic exposure (AUC) of trifluridine increased more than dose-proportionally over the dose range of 15 mg/m 2 (0.43 times the recommended dose) to 35 mg/m 2 . The accumulation of trifluridine was 3-fold for AUC 0-12hr and 2-fold for C max at steady state while no accumulation was observed for tipiracil. Administration of a single dose of LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 increased the mean AUC 0-last of trifluridine by 37-fold and C max by 22-fold with reduced variability compared to administration of a single dose of trifluridine 35 mg/m 2 alone. Absorption Following a single oral administration of LONSURF at 35 mg/m 2 in patients with cancer, the mean time to peak plasma concentration (T max ) of trifluridine was around 2 hours. Food Effect A standardized high-fat, high-calorie meal decreased trifluridine C max , tipiracil C max and AUC by approximately 40%, but did not change trifluridine AUC compared to those in a fasting state in patients with cancer following administration of a single dose of LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 . Distribution Trifluridine mainly binds to human serum albumin. The in vitro protein binding of trifluridine in human plasma is >96%, independent of drug concentration and presence of tipiracil. Plasma protein binding of tipiracil is below 8%. Elimination After administration of LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 , the mean elimination half-life (t 1/2 ) of trifluridine was 1.4 hours and of tipiracil was 2.1 hours after a single dose. The mean elimination half-life at steady state of trifluridine was 2.1 hours and of tipiracil was 2.4 hours. Metabolism Trifluridine and tipiracil are not metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Trifluridine is mainly eliminated by metabolism via thymidine phosphorylase to form an inactive metabolite, 5-(trifluoromethyl) uracil (FTY). No other major metabolites were detected in plasma or urine. Excretion After single oral administration of LONSURF (60 mg) with [ 14 C]-trifluridine, the total cumulative excretion of radioactivity was 60% of the administered dose. The majority of recovered radioactivity was eliminated into urine (55% of the dose) as FTY and trifluridine glucuronide isomers within 24 hours and the excretion into feces and expired air was <3% for both. The unchanged trifluridine was <3% of administered dose recovered in the urine and feces. After single oral administration of LONSURF (60 mg) with [ 14 C]-tipiracil hydrochloride, recovered radioactivity was 77% of the dose, which consisted of 27% urinary excretion and 50% fecal excretion. Tipiracil was the major component and 6-HMU was the major metabolite in urine, and feces. Specific Populations Based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis, there is no clinically relevant effect of age, sex, or race (White or Asian) on the pharmacokinetics of trifluridine or tipiracil. Patients with Renal Impairment In a dedicated renal impairment study, all patients received LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 twice daily except for patients with severe renal impairment who received 20 mg/m 2 twice daily. Mild renal impairment (CLcr of 60 to 89 mL/min as determined by the Cockcroft-Gault formula) had no clinically important effect on steady-state AUC 0-last of trifluridine and tipiracil. Moderate renal impairment (CLcr of 30 to 59 mL/min) increased steady-state AUC 0-last of trifluridine by 56% and tipiracil by 139% compared to normal renal function (CLcr ≥ 90 mL/min). Severe renal impairment (CLcr of 15 to 29 mL/min) increased the dose-normalized steady-state AUC 0-last of trifluridine by 140% and tipiracil by 614% compared to normal renal function. The pharmacokinetics of trifluridine and tipiracil have not been studied in patients with end stage renal disease. Patients with Hepatic Impairment No clinically important differences in the mean exposures of trifluridine and tipiracil were observed between patients with mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤ ULN and AST > ULN or total bilirubin <1 to 1.5 times ULN and any AST) to moderate hepatic impairment (total bilirubin >1.5 to 3 times ULN and any AST) and patients with normal hepatic function (total bilirubin and AST ≤ ULN); however, 5 of 6 patients with moderate hepatic impairment experienced Grade 3 or 4 increased bilirubin levels. The pharmacokinetics of trifluridine and tipiracil have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Dosage Modifications (2.2) , Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ]. Drug Interaction Studies In vitro studies indicated that trifluridine, tipiracil, and FTY did not inhibit the CYP enzymes and had no inductive effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4/5. In vitro studies indicated that trifluridine was not an inhibitor of or substrate for human uptake and efflux transporters."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Severe Myelosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities for single agent LONSURF (≥10%) are neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and pyrexia. ( 6.1 ) The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities for LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab (≥20%) are neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea, increased AST, increased ALT, increased alkaline phosphatase, decreased sodium, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and decreased appetite. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Taiho Oncology, Inc. at 1-844-878-2446 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The data described in the WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS section and below reflect exposure to LONSURF at the recommended dose in 533 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in RECOURSE, 246 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with LONSURF as monotherapy in SUNLIGHT and 335 patients with metastatic gastric cancer in TAGS. Among the 1114 patients who received LONSURF as a single agent, 12% were exposed for 6 months or longer and 1% were exposed for 12 months or longer. The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities (≥10%) were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and pyrexia. Among the 246 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab in SUNLIGHT, 39% were exposed for 6 months or longer, and 14% were exposed for 12 months or longer. The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities (≥20%) were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea, increased AST, increased ALT, increased alkaline phosphatase, decreased sodium, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and decreased appetite. Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LONSURF as a single agent The safety of LONSURF was evaluated in RECOURSE, a randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ] . Patients received LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 /dose (n=533) or placebo (n=265) twice daily on Days 1 through 5 and Days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle. In RECOURSE, 12% of patients received LONSURF for more than 6 months and 1% of patients received LONSURF for more than 1 year. The study population characteristics were: median age 63 years; 61% male; 57% White, 35% Asian, and 1% Black. The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities (≥10% in incidence) in patients treated with LONSURF at a rate that exceeds the rate in patients receiving placebo were anemia, neutropenia, asthenia/fatigue, nausea, thrombocytopenia, decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and pyrexia. In RECOURSE, 3.6% of patients discontinued LONSURF for an adverse reaction and 14% of patients required a dose reduction. The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities leading to dose reduction were neutropenia, anemia, febrile neutropenia, fatigue, and diarrhea. Table 3 and Table 4 list the adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities (graded using CTCAE v4.03), respectively, observed in RECOURSE. Table 3: Adverse Reactions (≥5%) in Patients Receiving LONSURF and at a Higher Incidence (>2%) than in Patients Receiving Placebo in RECOURSE Adverse Reactions LONSURF (N=533) Placebo (N=265) All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 No Grade 4 definition for nausea, abdominal pain, or fatigue in National Cancer Institute Common Terminology (%) All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 (%) General Asthenia/fatigue 52 7 35 9 Pyrexia 19 1.3 14 0.4 Gastrointestinal Nausea 48 1.9 24 1.1 Diarrhea 32 3 12 0.4 Vomiting 28 2.1 14 0.4 Abdominal pain 21 2.4 19 3.8 Stomatitis 8 0.4 6 0 Metabolism and nutrition Decreased appetite 39 3.6 29 4.9 Infections Incidence reflects 64 preferred terms in the Infections and Infestations system organ class. 27 7 16 4.9 Nervous system Dysgeusia 7 0 2.3 0 Skin and subcutaneous tissue Alopecia 7 0 1.1 0 Table 4: Select Laboratory Abnormalities in RECOURSE Laboratory Parameter Worst Grade at least one grade higher than baseline, with percentages based on number of patients with post-baseline samples, which may be <533 (LONSURF) or 265 (placebo) LONSURF Placebo All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 (%) All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 (%) Hematologic Anemia One Grade 4 anemia adverse reaction based on clinical criteria was reported 77 18 33 3 Neutropenia 67 38 0.8 0 Thrombocytopenia 42 5 8 0.4 In RECOURSE, pulmonary emboli occurred more frequently in LONSURF-treated patients (2%) compared to no patients on placebo. LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab The safety of LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab was evaluated in SUNLIGHT, an international, randomized, open label study in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer [see Clinical Studies (14.1) ]. The study population characteristics were: median age 63 years (20 to 90 years); 52% male; 88% White, 1.4% Black, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 9.6% were unknown; and baseline ECOG performance status 0 (46%), 1 (54%), or 2 (0.2%). Serious adverse reactions occurred in 25% of patients. The most frequent serious adverse reactions (≥2%) were intestinal obstruction (2.8%), and COVID-19 (2%). Fatal adverse reactions occurred in 1.2% of patients who received LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab, including rectal fistula (0.4%), bowel perforation (0.4%) and atrial fibrillation (0.4%). Permanent treatment discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 13% of patients. The adverse reaction which resulted in permanent treatment discontinuation in ≥2% of patients was fatigue. Dosage reductions due to an adverse reaction or laboratory abnormality occurred in 7% of patients. At least one dose reduction in 3.7% of patients was required for neutropenia. Dosage interruptions due to an adverse reaction occurred in 11% of patients who received LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab. The adverse reaction that required dosage interruption in ≥2% of patients was nausea. The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities (≥20% in incidence) in patients treated with LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab were neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase, increased alanine aminotransferase, increased alkaline phosphatase, decreased sodium, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and decreased appetite. Table 5 and Table 6 list the adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities, respectively, observed in SUNLIGHT. Table 5: Adverse Reactions (≥5%) in SUNLIGHT Adverse Reactions LONSURF + Bevacizumab (N=246) (%) LONSURF (N=246) (%) All Grades Grade 3 or 4 All Grades Grade 3 or 4 Gastrointestinal disorders Nausea 37 1.6 27 1.6 Diarrhea Represents a composite of multiple related terms 21 1.2 19 2.4 Abdominal pain 20 2.8 18 3.7 Vomiting 19 0.8 15 1.6 Stomatitis 13 <0.4 4.1 0 Constipation 11 0 11 0.8 General disorders and administration site conditions Fatigue 45 5 37 8 Pyrexia 4.9 0 6 0.4 Infections and infestations 31 8 24 8 Metabolism and nutrition disorders Decreased appetite 20 <0.8 15 1.2 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Musculoskeletal pain 18 1.2 11 2 Nervous system disorder Headache 8 0 3.7 0 Vascular disorders Hypertension 11 6 2 1.2 Hemorrhage 10 1.2 3.7 0.8 Renal and urinary disorders Proteinuria 6 0.8 1.2 0 Table 6: Select Laboratory Abnormalities (≥10%) in SUNLIGHT Laboratory parameters LONSURF + Bevacizumab Each test incidence is based on the number of patients who had both baseline and at least one on-study laboratory measurement available: LONSURF + bevacizumab group (n=242 patients) and LONSURF group (range: 240 to 242 patients). LONSURF All Grades (%) Grade 3 or 4 (%) All Grades (%) Grade 3 or 4 (%) Hematology Neutrophils decreased 80 52 68 39 Hemoglobin decreased 68 5 73 11 Platelets decreased 54 4.1 29 0.8 Chemistry Aspartate aminotransferase increased 34 2.1 28 1.2 Alanine aminotransferase increased 33 3.3 23 0.4 Alkaline phosphatase increased 31 0.8 36 1.2 Sodium decreased 25 2.1 20 3.3 Potassium increased 17 0 15 0 Potassium decreased 12 0.8 12 2.5 Creatinine increased 12 0.8 15 0 Metastatic Gastric Cancer The safety of LONSURF was evaluated in TAGS, an international, randomized (2:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma who were previously treated with at least 2 prior chemotherapy regimens for advanced disease [see Clinical Studies (14.2) ] . Previous treatments must have included a fluoropyrimidine, a platinum, and either a taxane or irinotecan. Patients with HER2/neu-positive tumors must have received prior HER2/neu-targeted therapy, if available. Adjuvant chemotherapy could be counted as one prior regimen in patients who had recurrence during or within 6 months of completion of the adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients received LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 /dose (n=335) or placebo (n=168) twice daily on Days 1 through 5 and Days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle with best supportive care. In TAGS, 10% of patients received LONSURF for more than 6 months and 0.9% of patients received LONSURF for more than 1 year. The study population characteristics were: median age 63 years (24 to 89 years); 73% male; 70% White, 16% Asian, and 1% Black. The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities (≥10% in incidence) in patients treated with LONSURF at a rate that exceeds the rate in patients receiving placebo were neutropenia, anemia, nausea, decreased appetite, thrombocytopenia, vomiting, and diarrhea. In TAGS, 13% of patients discontinued LONSURF for an adverse reaction and 11% of patients required a dose reduction. The most common adverse reactions or laboratory abnormalities leading to dose reduction were neutropenia, anemia, febrile neutropenia, and diarrhea. Table 7 and Table 8 list the adverse reactions and laboratory abnormalities (graded using CTCAE v4.03), respectively, observed in TAGS. Table 7: Adverse Reactions (≥5%) in Patients Receiving LONSURF and at a Higher Incidence (>2%) than in Patients Receiving Placebo in TAGS Adverse Reactions LONSURF (N=335) Placebo (N=168) All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 No Grade 4 definition for nausea or fatigue in NCI CTCAE, version 4.03. (%) All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 (%) Gastrointestinal Nausea 37 3 32 3 Vomiting 25 4 20 2 Diarrhea 23 3 14 2 Metabolism and nutrition Decreased appetite 34 9 31 7 Infections Incidence reflects 46 preferred terms in the Infections and Infestations system organ class. 23 5 16 5 Table 8: Laboratory Abnormalities in TAGS Laboratory Parameter Worst Grade at least one Grade higher than baseline, with percent based on number of patients with post-baseline samples which may be <335 (LONSURF) or 168 (placebo) LONSURF Placebo All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 (%) All Grades (%) Grades 3-4 (%) Hematologic Neutropenia 66 38 4 0 Anemia Anemia: No Grade 4 definition in CTCAE, v4.03 63 19 38 7 Thrombocytopenia 34 6 9 0 In TAGS, pulmonary emboli occurred more frequently in LONSURF-treated patients (3.1%) compared to 1.8% for patients on placebo. Additional Clinical Experience Interstitial lung disease was reported in 15 (0.2%) patients, 3 of which were fatal, among approximately 7,000 patients exposed to LONSURF in clinical studies and clinical practice settings in Asia."],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS None. None. ( 4 )"],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action LONSURF consists of a thymidine-based nucleoside analog, trifluridine, and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor, tipiracil, at a molar ratio 1:0.5 (weight ratio, 1:0.471). Inclusion of tipiracil increases trifluridine exposure by inhibiting its metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase. Following uptake into cancer cells, trifluridine is incorporated into DNA, interferes with DNA synthesis and inhibits cell proliferation. Trifluridine/tipiracil demonstrated anti-tumor activity against KRAS wild-type and mutant human colorectal cancer xenografts in mice."],"recent_major_changes":["Indications and Usage ( 1.1 ) 8/2023 Dosage and Administration ( 2 ) 8/2023 Warnings and Precaution ( 5.1 ) 8/2023"],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action LONSURF consists of a thymidine-based nucleoside analog, trifluridine, and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor, tipiracil, at a molar ratio 1:0.5 (weight ratio, 1:0.471). Inclusion of tipiracil increases trifluridine exposure by inhibiting its metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase. Following uptake into cancer cells, trifluridine is incorporated into DNA, interferes with DNA synthesis and inhibits cell proliferation. Trifluridine/tipiracil demonstrated anti-tumor activity against KRAS wild-type and mutant human colorectal cancer xenografts in mice. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Cardiac Electrophysiology LONSURF administered to 42 patients with advanced solid tumors at the recommended dosage had no large effect (i.e. >20 ms) in the mean QTc interval when compared to placebo and no exposure-QT relationship was identified. Two of 42 patients (4.8%) had QTc >500 msec and 2.4% had a QTc increase from baseline >60 msec. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics After twice daily dosing of LONSURF, systemic exposure (AUC) of trifluridine increased more than dose-proportionally over the dose range of 15 mg/m 2 (0.43 times the recommended dose) to 35 mg/m 2 . The accumulation of trifluridine was 3-fold for AUC 0-12hr and 2-fold for C max at steady state while no accumulation was observed for tipiracil. Administration of a single dose of LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 increased the mean AUC 0-last of trifluridine by 37-fold and C max by 22-fold with reduced variability compared to administration of a single dose of trifluridine 35 mg/m 2 alone. Absorption Following a single oral administration of LONSURF at 35 mg/m 2 in patients with cancer, the mean time to peak plasma concentration (T max ) of trifluridine was around 2 hours. Food Effect A standardized high-fat, high-calorie meal decreased trifluridine C max , tipiracil C max and AUC by approximately 40%, but did not change trifluridine AUC compared to those in a fasting state in patients with cancer following administration of a single dose of LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 . Distribution Trifluridine mainly binds to human serum albumin. The in vitro protein binding of trifluridine in human plasma is >96%, independent of drug concentration and presence of tipiracil. Plasma protein binding of tipiracil is below 8%. Elimination After administration of LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 , the mean elimination half-life (t 1/2 ) of trifluridine was 1.4 hours and of tipiracil was 2.1 hours after a single dose. The mean elimination half-life at steady state of trifluridine was 2.1 hours and of tipiracil was 2.4 hours. Metabolism Trifluridine and tipiracil are not metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Trifluridine is mainly eliminated by metabolism via thymidine phosphorylase to form an inactive metabolite, 5-(trifluoromethyl) uracil (FTY). No other major metabolites were detected in plasma or urine. Excretion After single oral administration of LONSURF (60 mg) with [ 14 C]-trifluridine, the total cumulative excretion of radioactivity was 60% of the administered dose. The majority of recovered radioactivity was eliminated into urine (55% of the dose) as FTY and trifluridine glucuronide isomers within 24 hours and the excretion into feces and expired air was <3% for both. The unchanged trifluridine was <3% of administered dose recovered in the urine and feces. After single oral administration of LONSURF (60 mg) with [ 14 C]-tipiracil hydrochloride, recovered radioactivity was 77% of the dose, which consisted of 27% urinary excretion and 50% fecal excretion. Tipiracil was the major component and 6-HMU was the major metabolite in urine, and feces. Specific Populations Based on the population pharmacokinetic analysis, there is no clinically relevant effect of age, sex, or race (White or Asian) on the pharmacokinetics of trifluridine or tipiracil. Patients with Renal Impairment In a dedicated renal impairment study, all patients received LONSURF 35 mg/m 2 twice daily except for patients with severe renal impairment who received 20 mg/m 2 twice daily. Mild renal impairment (CLcr of 60 to 89 mL/min as determined by the Cockcroft-Gault formula) had no clinically important effect on steady-state AUC 0-last of trifluridine and tipiracil. Moderate renal impairment (CLcr of 30 to 59 mL/min) increased steady-state AUC 0-last of trifluridine by 56% and tipiracil by 139% compared to normal renal function (CLcr ≥ 90 mL/min). Severe renal impairment (CLcr of 15 to 29 mL/min) increased the dose-normalized steady-state AUC 0-last of trifluridine by 140% and tipiracil by 614% compared to normal renal function. The pharmacokinetics of trifluridine and tipiracil have not been studied in patients with end stage renal disease. Patients with Hepatic Impairment No clinically important differences in the mean exposures of trifluridine and tipiracil were observed between patients with mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤ ULN and AST > ULN or total bilirubin <1 to 1.5 times ULN and any AST) to moderate hepatic impairment (total bilirubin >1.5 to 3 times ULN and any AST) and patients with normal hepatic function (total bilirubin and AST ≤ ULN); however, 5 of 6 patients with moderate hepatic impairment experienced Grade 3 or 4 increased bilirubin levels. The pharmacokinetics of trifluridine and tipiracil have not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Dosage Modifications (2.2) , Use in Specific Populations (8.6) ]. Drug Interaction Studies In vitro studies indicated that trifluridine, tipiracil, and FTY did not inhibit the CYP enzymes and had no inductive effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4/5. In vitro studies indicated that trifluridine was not an inhibitor of or substrate for human uptake and efflux transporters."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE LONSURF is a combination of trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, and tipiracil, a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor, indicated for the treatment of adult patients with: metastatic colorectal cancer as a single agent or in combination with bevacizumab who have been previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF biological therapy, and if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy. ( 1.1 ) metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma previously treated with at least two prior lines of chemotherapy that included a fluoropyrimidine, a platinum, either a taxane or irinotecan, and if appropriate, HER2/neu-targeted therapy. ( 1.2 ) 1.1 Metastatic Colorectal Cancer LONSURF, as a single agent or in combination with bevacizumab, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin- and irinotecan-based chemotherapy, an anti-VEGF biological therapy, and if RAS wild-type, an anti-EGFR therapy. 1.2 Metastatic Gastric Cancer LONSURF is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma previously treated with at least two prior lines of chemotherapy that included a fluoropyrimidine, a platinum, either a taxane or irinotecan, and if appropriate, HER2/neu-targeted therapy."],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Severe Myelosuppression: Obtain complete blood counts prior to and on Day 15 of each cycle. Withhold and resume at next lower LONSURF dosage as recommended. ( 2.1 , 5.1 ) Embryo-Fetal Toxicity: Can cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to a fetus and to use effective contraception. ( 5.2 , 8.1 , 8.3 ) 5.1 Severe Myelosuppression In the 1114 patients who received LONSURF as a single agent, LONSURF caused severe or life-threatening myelosuppression (Grade 3-4) consisting of neutropenia (38%), anemia (17%), thrombocytopenia (4%) and febrile neutropenia (3%). Three patients (0.3%) died due to neutropenic infection/sepsis; four other patients (0.5%) died due to septic shock. A total of 14% of patients received granulocyte-colony stimulating factors. In the 246 patients who received LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab, LONSURF caused severe or life-threatening myelosuppression (Grade 3-4) consisting of neutropenia (52%), anemia (5%), thrombocytopenia (4%) and febrile neutropenia (0.4%). One patient (0.4%) died due to abdominal sepsis and two other patients (0.8%) died due to septic shock. A total of 29% of patients received granulocyte-colony stimulating factors. Obtain complete blood counts prior to and on Day 15 of each cycle of LONSURF and more frequently as clinically indicated. Withhold LONSURF for severe myelosuppression and resume at the next lower dosage [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ] . 5.2 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Based on animal studies and its mechanism of action, LONSURF can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Trifluridine/tipiracil caused embryo-fetal lethality and embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant rats when orally administered during gestation at dosage levels resulting in exposures lower than those achieved at the recommended dosage of 35 mg/m 2 twice daily. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to the fetus. Advise females of reproductive potential to use an effective method of contraception during treatment with LONSURF and for at least 6 months after the final dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1 , 8.3) ] ."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 9: Efficacy Results from RECOURSE
LONSURF (N=534)Placebo (N=266)
Overall Survival
Number of deaths, N (%)364 (68)210 (79)
Median OS (months)Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% CI)Methodology of Brookmeyer and Crowley7.1 (6.5, 7.8)5.3 (4.6, 6.0)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)0.68 (0.58, 0.81)
p-valueStratified log-rank test (strata: KRAS status, time since diagnosis of first metastasis, region), 2-sided<0.001
Progression-Free Survival
Number of events, N (%)472 (88)251 (94)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)0.47 (0.40, 0.55)
p-value<0.001
","
Table 10: Efficacy Results from SUNLIGHT
LONSURF plus Bevacizumab (N=246)LONSURF (N=246)
Overall survival
Number of deaths, N (%)148 (60)183 (74)
Median OS (months)Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% CI)Methodology of Brookmeyer and Crowley10.8 (9.4, 11.8)7.5 (6.3, 8.6)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)Stratified proportional hazards model (strata: region, time since first metastasis diagnosis, RAS status)0.61 (0.49, 0.77)
p-valueStratified log-rank test (strata: region, time since first metastasis diagnosis, RAS status), 1-sided p-value<0.001
Progression-free survival (per investigator)
Number of events N (%)206 (84)236 (96)
Median PFS (months) (95% CI)5.6 (4.5, 5.9)2.4 (2.1, 3.2)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)0.44 (0.36, 0.54)
p-value<0.001
","
Table 11: Efficacy Results from TAGS
LONSURF (N=337)Placebo (N=170)
Overall Survival
Number of deaths, N (%)244 (72)140 (82)
Median OS (months)Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% CI)Methodology of Brookmeyer and Crowley5.7 (4.8, 6.2)3.6 (3.1, 4.1)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)0.69 (0.56, 0.85)
p-valueStratified log-rank test (strata: ECOG PS, prior ramucirumab treatment, region), 2-sided0.0006
Progression-Free Survival
Number of events, N (%)287 (85)156 (92)
Hazard ratio (95% CI)0.56 (0.46, 0.68)
p-value<0.0001
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No long-term studies evaluating the carcinogenic potential of trifluridine/tipiracil in animals have been performed. Trifluridine/tipiracil was genotoxic in a reverse mutation test in bacteria, a chromosomal aberration test in mammalian-cultured cells, and a micronucleus test in mice. Animal studies did not indicate an effect of trifluridine/tipiracil on male fertility in rats. Dose-related increases in the corpus luteum count and implanted embryo count were observed, but female fertility was not affected."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Table 3: Adverse Reactions (≥5%) in Patients Receiving LONSURF and at a Higher Incidence (>2%) than in Patients Receiving Placebo in RECOURSE
Adverse ReactionsLONSURF (N=533)Placebo (N=265)
All Grades (%)Grades 3-4No Grade 4 definition for nausea, abdominal pain, or fatigue in National Cancer Institute Common Terminology (%)All Grades (%)Grades 3-4 (%)
General
Asthenia/fatigue527359
Pyrexia191.3140.4
Gastrointestinal
Nausea481.9241.1
Diarrhea323120.4
Vomiting282.1140.4
Abdominal pain212.4193.8
Stomatitis80.460
Metabolism and nutrition
Decreased appetite393.6294.9
InfectionsIncidence reflects 64 preferred terms in the Infections and Infestations system organ class.277164.9
Nervous system
Dysgeusia702.30
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Alopecia701.10
","
Table 4: Select Laboratory Abnormalities in RECOURSE
Laboratory ParameterWorst Grade at least one grade higher than baseline, with percentages based on number of patients with post-baseline samples, which may be <533 (LONSURF) or 265 (placebo)LONSURFPlacebo
All Grades (%)Grades 3-4 (%)All Grades (%)Grades 3-4 (%)
Hematologic
AnemiaOne Grade 4 anemia adverse reaction based on clinical criteria was reported7718333
Neutropenia 67380.80
Thrombocytopenia42580.4
","
Table 5: Adverse Reactions (≥5%) in SUNLIGHT
Adverse ReactionsLONSURF + Bevacizumab (N=246) (%)LONSURF (N=246) (%)
All GradesGrade 3 or 4All GradesGrade 3 or 4
Gastrointestinal disorders
Nausea371.6271.6
DiarrheaRepresents a composite of multiple related terms211.2192.4
Abdominal pain202.8183.7
Vomiting190.8151.6
Stomatitis13<0.44.10
Constipation110110.8
General disorders and administration site conditions
Fatigue455378
Pyrexia4.9060.4
Infections and infestations318248
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Decreased appetite20<0.8151.2
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Musculoskeletal pain181.2112
Nervous system disorder
Headache803.70
Vascular disorders
Hypertension11621.2
Hemorrhage101.23.70.8
Renal and urinary disorders
Proteinuria60.81.20
","
Table 6: Select Laboratory Abnormalities (≥10%) in SUNLIGHT
Laboratory parametersLONSURF + BevacizumabEach test incidence is based on the number of patients who had both baseline and at least one on-study laboratory measurement available: LONSURF + bevacizumab group (n=242 patients) and LONSURF group (range: 240 to 242 patients).LONSURF
All Grades (%)Grade 3 or 4 (%)All Grades (%)Grade 3 or 4 (%)
Hematology
Neutrophils decreased80526839
Hemoglobin decreased6857311
Platelets decreased544.1290.8
Chemistry
Aspartate aminotransferase increased342.1281.2
Alanine aminotransferase increased333.3230.4
Alkaline phosphatase increased310.8361.2
Sodium decreased252.1203.3
Potassium increased170150
Potassium decreased120.8122.5
Creatinine increased120.8150
","
Table 7: Adverse Reactions (≥5%) in Patients Receiving LONSURF and at a Higher Incidence (>2%) than in Patients Receiving Placebo in TAGS
Adverse ReactionsLONSURF (N=335)Placebo (N=168)
All Grades (%)Grades 3-4No Grade 4 definition for nausea or fatigue in NCI CTCAE, version 4.03. (%)All Grades (%)Grades 3-4 (%)
Gastrointestinal
Nausea373323
Vomiting254202
Diarrhea233142
Metabolism and nutrition
Decreased appetite349317
InfectionsIncidence reflects 46 preferred terms in the Infections and Infestations system organ class.235165
","
Table 8: Laboratory Abnormalities in TAGS
Laboratory ParameterWorst Grade at least one Grade higher than baseline, with percent based on number of patients with post-baseline samples which may be <335 (LONSURF) or 168 (placebo)LONSURFPlacebo
All Grades (%)Grades 3-4 (%)All Grades (%)Grades 3-4 (%)
Hematologic
Neutropenia663840
AnemiaAnemia: No Grade 4 definition in CTCAE, v4.036319387
Thrombocytopenia34690
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling ( Patient Information ). Severe Myelosuppression Advise patients to immediately contact their healthcare provider if they experience signs or symptoms of infection and advise patients to keep all appointments for blood tests [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]. Gastrointestinal Toxicity Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider for severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Administration Instructions Advise patients that LONSURF is available in two strengths and they may receive both strength tablets to provide the prescribed dosage. Advise patients to take LONSURF with food [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ]. Advise patients not to retake doses of LONSURF that are vomited or missed and to continue with the next scheduled dose. Advise patients that anyone else who handles their medication should wear gloves [see References (15) ]. Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Advise pregnant women and females of reproductive potential of the potential risk to the fetus. Advise females to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) , Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ]. Advise female patients of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with LONSURF and for at least 6 months after the final dose [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) , Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ]. Advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use condoms during treatment with LONSURF and for at least 3 months after the final dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) , Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ]. Lactation Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with LONSURF and for 1 day following the final dose [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2) ]. Manufactured by: Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan Manufactured for: Taiho Oncology, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540 USA LONSURF is a registered trademark of Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. used under license by Taiho Oncology, Inc."],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Recommended Dosage : 35 mg/m 2 /dose orally twice daily with food on Days 1 through 5 and Days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle. ( 2.1 ) 2.1 Recommended Dosage The recommended dosage of LONSURF as a single agent or in combination with bevacizumab is 35 mg/m 2 up to a maximum of 80 mg per dose (based on the trifluridine component) orally twice daily with food on Days 1 through 5 and Days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Round dose to the nearest 5 mg increment. Refer to the Prescribing Information for bevacizumab dosing information. Instruct patients to swallow LONSURF tablets whole. Instruct patients not to retake doses of LONSURF that are vomited or missed and to continue with the next scheduled dose. LONSURF is a cytotoxic drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures. 1 Table 1 shows the calculated initial daily dose based on body surface area (BSA). Table 1: Recommended Dosage According to Body Surface Area (BSA) BSA (m2) Total daily dose (mg) Dose (mg) administered twice daily Tablets per dose 15 mg 20 mg < 1.07 70 35 1 1 1.07 – 1.22 80 40 0 2 1.23 – 1.37 90 45 3 0 1.38 – 1.52 100 50 2 1 1.53 – 1.68 110 55 1 2 1.69 – 1.83 120 60 0 3 1.84 – 1.98 130 65 3 1 1.99 – 2.14 140 70 2 2 2.15 – 2.29 150 75 1 3 ≥2.30 160 80 0 4 2.2 Dosage Modifications for Adverse Reactions Obtain complete blood cell counts prior to and on Day 15 of each cycle [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] . Do not initiate the cycle of LONSURF until: Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to 1,500/mm 3 or febrile neutropenia is resolved Platelets greater than or equal to 75,000/mm 3 Grade 3 or 4 non-hematological adverse reactions are resolved to Grade 0 or 1 Within a treatment cycle, withhold LONSURF for any of the following: Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500/mm 3 or febrile neutropenia Platelets less than 50,000/mm 3 Grade 3 or 4 non-hematologic adverse reaction After recovery, resume LONSURF after reducing the dose by 5 mg/m 2 /dose from the previous dose, if the following occur: Febrile neutropenia Uncomplicated Grade 4 neutropenia (which has recovered to greater than or equal to 1,500/mm 3 ) or thrombocytopenia (which has recovered to greater than or equal to 75,000/mm 3 ) that results in more than 1 week delay in start of next cycle Non-hematologic Grade 3 or Grade 4 adverse reaction except for Grade 3 nausea and/or vomiting controlled by antiemetic therapy or Grade 3 diarrhea responsive to antidiarrheal medication A maximum of 3 dose reductions are permitted. Permanently discontinue LONSURF in patients who are unable to tolerate a dose of 20 mg/m 2 orally twice daily. Do not escalate LONSURF dosage after it has been reduced. Refer to the bevacizumab prescribing information for dose modifications for adverse reactions associated with bevacizumab. 2.3 Recommended Dosage for Renal Impairment Severe Renal Impairment In patients with severe renal impairment [creatinine clearance (CLcr) of 15 to 29 mL/min as determined by the Cockcroft-Gault formula], the recommended dosage is 20 mg/m 2 (based on the trifluridine component) orally twice daily with food on Days 1 through 5 and Days 8 through 12 of each 28-day cycle (Table 2) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] . Reduce dose to 15 mg/m 2 twice daily in patients with severe renal impairment who are unable to tolerate a dose of 20 mg/m 2 twice daily (Table 2). Permanently discontinue LONSURF in patients who are unable to tolerate a dose of 15 mg/m 2 twice daily. Table 2: Recommended Dosage for Severe Renal Impairment According to BSA BSA (m 2 ) Total daily dose (mg) Dose (mg) administered twice daily Tablets per dose 15 mg 20 mg For a dose of 20 mg/m 2 twice daily: < 1.14 40 20 0 1 1.14 – 1.34 50 25 For a total daily dose of 50 mg, instruct patients to take 1 x 20-mg tablet in the morning and 2 x 15-mg tablets in the evening. 2 in the evening 1 in the morning 1.35 – 1.59 60 30 2 0 1.60 – 1.94 70 35 1 1 1.95 – 2.09 80 40 0 2 2.10 – 2.34 90 45 3 0 ≥ 2.35 100 50 2 1 For a dose of 15 mg/m 2 twice daily: < 1.15 30 15 1 0 1.15 – 1.49 40 20 0 1 1.50 – 1.84 50 25 2 in the evening 1 in the morning 1.85 – 2.09 60 30 2 0 2.10 – 2.34 70 35 1 1 ≥ 2.35 80 40 0 2"],"spl_product_data_elements":["LONSURF trifluridine and tipiracil TRIFLURIDINE TRIFLURIDINE TIPIRACIL HYDROCHLORIDE TIPIRACIL LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE STARCH, CORN STEARIC ACID HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED TITANIUM DIOXIDE MAGNESIUM STEARATE ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL biconvex 15;102;15;mg LONSURF trifluridine and tipiracil TRIFLURIDINE TRIFLURIDINE TIPIRACIL HYDROCHLORIDE TIPIRACIL LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE STARCH, CORN STEARIC ACID HYPROMELLOSE, UNSPECIFIED POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED TITANIUM DIOXIDE FERRIC OXIDE RED MAGNESIUM STEARATE ALCOHOL BUTYL ALCOHOL pale red biconvex 20;102;20;mg"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Tablets: 15 mg trifluridine/6.14 mg tipiracil: white, biconvex, round, film-coated, imprinted with ‘15’ on one side, and ‘102’ and ‘15 mg’ on the other side, in gray ink. 20 mg trifluridine/8.19 mg tipiracil: pale red, biconvex, round, film-coated, imprinted with ‘20’ on one side, and ‘102’ and ‘20 mg’ on the other side, in gray ink. Tablets: 15 mg trifluridine/6.14 mg tipiracil ( 3 ) 20 mg trifluridine/8.19 mg tipiracil ( 3 )"],"recent_major_changes_table":["
Indications and Usage (1.1)8/2023
Dosage and Administration (2)8/2023
Warnings and Precaution (5.1)8/2023
"],"spl_patient_package_insert":["This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Revised: 8/2023 PATIENT INFORMATION LONSURF ® (LON-serf) (trifluridine and tipiracil) tablets What is the most important information I should know about LONSURF? Your healthcare provider should do blood tests before you receive LONSURF, at day 15 during treatment with LONSURF, and as needed to check your blood cell counts. LONSURF may cause serious side effects, including : Low blood cell counts. Low blood counts are common with LONSURF and can sometimes be severe and life-threatening. LONSURF can cause a decrease in your white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Low white blood cells can make you more likely to get serious infections that could lead to death. Your healthcare provider may: lower your dose of LONSURF or stop LONSURF if you have low white blood cell or low platelet counts. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following signs and symptoms of infection during treatment with LONSURF: fever chills body aches See “ What are the possible side effects of LONSURF? ” for more information about side effects. What is LONSURF? LONSURF is a prescription medicine used: alone or in combination with the medicine bevacizumab to treat adults with colorectal cancer: that has spread to other parts of the body, and who have been previously treated with certain chemotherapy medicines. alone to treat adults with a kind of stomach cancer called gastric cancer including adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction: that has spread to other parts of the body, and who have been previously treated with at least 2 types of treatment which included certain medicines. It is not known if LONSURF is safe and effective in children. Before you take LONSURF, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: have kidney or liver problems are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. LONSURF can harm your unborn baby. For females who can become pregnant: Your healthcare provider will do a pregnancy test before you start treatment with LONSURF. You should use effective birth control during treatment with LONSURF and for at least 6 months after your last dose of LONSURF. (Talk to healthcare provider about methods of birth control that can be used during this time) Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant. For males: You should use a condom during sex with female partners who are able to become pregnant during your treatment with LONSURF and for 3 months after your last dose of LONSURF. Tell your healthcare provider right away if your partner becomes pregnant while you are taking LONSURF. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if LONSURF passes into breast milk. Do not breastfeed during treatment with LONSURF and for 1 day after your last dose of LONSURF. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. How should I take LONSURF? Take LONSURF exactly as your healthcare provider tells you. LONSURF comes in two strengths. Your healthcare provider may prescribe both strengths for your prescribed dose. Take LONSURF 2 times a day with food. Swallow LONSURF tablets whole. Your caregiver should wear gloves when handling LONSURF tablets. If you vomit right after taking a dose, or miss a dose of LONSURF, do not take additional doses to make up for the vomited or missed dose. Call your healthcare provider for instructions about what to do for a missed dose. Wash your hands after handling the LONSURF tablets. What are the possible side effects of LONSURF? LONSURF may cause serious side effects, including: See “ What is the most important information I should know about LONSURF? ” The most common side effects of LONSURF when used alone include: low blood counts tiredness and weakness nausea decreased appetite diarrhea vomiting stomach-area (abdominal) pain fever The most common side effects of LONSURF when used in combination with bevacizumab include: low blood counts tiredness and weakness nausea certain abnormal liver function blood tests decreased salt (sodium) in your blood diarrhea stomach-area (abdominal) pain decreased appetite Tell your healthcare provider if you have nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea that is severe or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of LONSURF. For more information, ask your healthcare provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store LONSURF? Store LONSURF at room temperature between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C). If you store LONSURF outside of the original bottle, throw away (dispose of) any unused LONSURF tablets after 30 days. Talk to your healthcare provider about how to safely dispose of LONSURF. Keep LONSURF and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about the safe and effective use of LONSURF Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use LONSURF for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give LONSURF to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. If you would like more information, talk to your healthcare provider. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about LONSURF that is written for health professionals. What are the ingredients in LONSURF? Active ingredients: trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride Other ingredients: lactose monohydrate, pregelatinized starch, stearic acid, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide, and magnesium stearate Imprinting ink: shellac, ferric oxide red, ferric oxide yellow, titanium dioxide, FD&C Blue No. 2 Aluminum Lake, carnauba wax, and talc. Manufactured by: Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan Manufactured for: Taiho Oncology, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540 USA LONSURF is a registered trademark of Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. used under license by Taiho Oncology, Inc. For more information, go to www.Lonsurf.com or call 1-844-878-2446."],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Lactation : Advise not to breastfeed. ( 8.2 ) Geriatric Use : For LONSURF as a single agent, Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, Grade 3 anemia and Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia occurred more commonly in patients 65 years or older. ( 8.5 ) For LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia occurred more commonly in patients 65 years or older. ( 8.5 ) Hepatic Impairment : Do not initiate LONSURF in patients with baseline moderate or severe hepatic impairment. ( 8.7 ) Renal Impairment : Reduce LONSURF dose in patients with severe renal impairment. ( 8.6 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Based on animal data and its mechanism of action [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2) ] , LONSURF can cause fetal harm. LONSURF caused embryo-fetal lethality and embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant rats when given during gestation at doses resulting in exposures lower than or similar to human exposures at the recommended clinical dose (see Data ) . There are no available data on LONSURF use in pregnant women. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. Data Animal Data Trifluridine/tipiracil was administered orally once daily to female rats during organogenesis at dose levels of 15, 50, and 150 mg/kg [trifluridine (FTD) equivalent]. Decreased fetal weight was observed at FTD doses ≥50 mg/kg (approximately 0.33 times the FTD exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m 2 twice daily). At the FTD dose of 150 mg/kg (approximately 0.92 times the FTD exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m 2 twice daily) embryolethality and structural anomalies (kinked tail, cleft palate, ectrodactyly, anasarca, alterations in great vessels, and skeletal anomalies) were observed. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of trifluridine, tipiracil or its metabolites in human milk or its effects on the breastfed child or on milk production. In nursing rats, trifluridine and tipiracil or their metabolites were present in breast milk (see Data ) . Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed children, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with LONSURF and for 1 day following the final dose. Data Radioactivity was excreted in the milk of nursing rats dosed with trifluridine/tipiracil containing 14 C-FTD or 14 C-tipiracil (TPI). Levels of FTD-derived radioactivity were as high as approximately 50% of the exposure in maternal plasma an hour after dosing with trifluridine/tipiracil and were approximately the same as those in maternal plasma for up to 12 hours following dosing. Exposure to TPI-derived radioactivity was higher in milk than in maternal plasma beginning 2 hours after dosing and continuing for at least 12 hours following administration of trifluridine/tipiracil. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Pregnancy Testing Verify pregnancy status in females of reproductive potential prior to initiating LONSURF [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] . Contraception LONSURF can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ] . Females Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with LONSURF and for at least 6 months after the final dose. Males Because of the potential for genotoxicity, advise males with female partners of reproductive potential to use condoms during treatment with LONSURF and for at least 3 months after the final dose [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1) ] . 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness of LONSURF in pediatric patients have not been established. Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data Dental toxicity including whitening, breakage, and malocclusion (degeneration and disarrangement in the ameloblasts, papillary layer cells and odontoblasts) were observed in rats treated with trifluridine/tipiracil at doses ≥ 50 mg/kg (approximately 0.33 times the exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m 2 twice daily). 8.5 Geriatric Use Of the 1114 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or gastric cancer who received single agent LONSURF in clinical studies, 45% were 65 years of age or over, and 11% were 75 and over. In the 246 patients who received LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab; 41% were 65 years of age or over, and 10% were 75 and over. While these studies were not designed to detect a difference in efficacy, no overall differences were observed in patients 65 or older versus younger patients with either LONSURF as a single agent or LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab. Patients 65 years of age or older who received LONSURF as a single agent had a higher incidence of the following hematologic laboratory abnormalities compared to patients younger than 65 years: Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (46% vs 32%), Grade 3 anemia (20% vs 14%), and Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (6% vs 3%). Patients 65 years of age or older who received LONSURF in combination with bevacizumab had a higher incidence of the following hematologic laboratory abnormalities compared to patients younger than 65 years: Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (60% vs 46%) and Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia (5% vs 4%). 8.6 Renal Impairment No dose adjustment is recommended for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (CLcr of 30 to 89 mL/min as determined by the Cockcroft-Gault formula). Reduce the dose of LONSURF for patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr of 15 to 29 mL/min) [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] . The pharmacokinetics of trifluridine and tipiracil have not been studied in patients with end stage renal disease. 8.7 Hepatic Impairment No adjustment to the starting dosage of LONSURF is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment. Do not initiate LONSURF in patients with baseline moderate or severe (total bilirubin >1.5 times ULN and any AST) hepatic impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] ."],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
Table 1: Recommended Dosage According to Body Surface Area (BSA)
BSA (m2)Total daily dose (mg)Dose (mg) administered twice dailyTablets per dose
15 mg20 mg
< 1.07703511
1.07 – 1.22804002
1.23 – 1.37904530
1.38 – 1.521005021
1.53 – 1.681105512
1.69 – 1.831206003
1.84 – 1.981306531
1.99 – 2.141407022
2.15 – 2.291507513
≥2.301608004
","
Table 2: Recommended Dosage for Severe Renal Impairment According to BSA
BSA (m2)Total daily dose (mg)Dose (mg) administered twice dailyTablets per dose
15 mg20 mg
For a dose of 20 mg/m2 twice daily:
< 1.14402001
1.14 – 1.345025For a total daily dose of 50 mg, instruct patients to take 1 x 20-mg tablet in the morning and 2 x 15-mg tablets in the evening.2 in the evening1 in the morning
1.35 – 1.59 603020
1.60 – 1.94 703511
1.95 – 2.09 804002
2.10 – 2.34 904530
≥ 2.351005021
For a dose of 15 mg/m2 twice daily:
< 1.15301510
1.15 – 1.49402001
1.50 – 1.8450252 in the evening1 in the morning
1.85 – 2.09603020
2.10 – 2.34 703511
≥ 2.35804002
"],"spl_patient_package_insert_table":["
This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.Revised: 8/2023
PATIENT INFORMATION LONSURF® (LON-serf) (trifluridine and tipiracil) tablets
What is the most important information I should know about LONSURF? Your healthcare provider should do blood tests before you receive LONSURF, at day 15 during treatment with LONSURF, and as needed to check your blood cell counts. LONSURF may cause serious side effects, including: Low blood cell counts. Low blood counts are common with LONSURF and can sometimes be severe and life-threatening. LONSURF can cause a decrease in your white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Low white blood cells can make you more likely to get serious infections that could lead to death. Your healthcare provider may: lower your dose of LONSURF or stop LONSURF if you have low white blood cell or low platelet counts. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you get any of the following signs and symptoms of infection during treatment with LONSURF: feverchillsbody aches See “What are the possible side effects of LONSURF?” for more information about side effects.
What is LONSURF? LONSURF is a prescription medicine used: alone or in combination with the medicine bevacizumab to treat adults with colorectal cancer: that has spread to other parts of the body, andwho have been previously treated with certain chemotherapy medicines.alone to treat adults with a kind of stomach cancer called gastric cancer including adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction: that has spread to other parts of the body, andwho have been previously treated with at least 2 types of treatment which included certain medicines. It is not known if LONSURF is safe and effective in children.
Before you take LONSURF, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: have kidney or liver problemsare pregnant or plan to become pregnant. LONSURF can harm your unborn baby. For females who can become pregnant: Your healthcare provider will do a pregnancy test before you start treatment with LONSURF. You should use effective birth control during treatment with LONSURF and for at least 6 months after your last dose of LONSURF. (Talk to healthcare provider about methods of birth control that can be used during this time) Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant. For males:You should use a condom during sex with female partners who are able to become pregnant during your treatment with LONSURF and for 3 months after your last dose of LONSURF. Tell your healthcare provider right away if your partner becomes pregnant while you are taking LONSURF. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if LONSURF passes into breast milk. Do not breastfeed during treatment with LONSURF and for 1 day after your last dose of LONSURF.Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.
How should I take LONSURF?Take LONSURF exactly as your healthcare provider tells you. LONSURF comes in two strengths. Your healthcare provider may prescribe both strengths for your prescribed dose. Take LONSURF 2 times a day with food.Swallow LONSURF tablets whole.Your caregiver should wear gloves when handling LONSURF tablets.If you vomit right after taking a dose, or miss a dose of LONSURF, do not take additional doses to make up for the vomited or missed dose. Call your healthcare provider for instructions about what to do for a missed dose. Wash your hands after handling the LONSURF tablets.
What are the possible side effects of LONSURF? LONSURF may cause serious side effects, including: See “What is the most important information I should know about LONSURF?”The most common side effects of LONSURF when used alone include:
low blood countstiredness and weaknessnauseadecreased appetitediarrheavomitingstomach-area (abdominal) painfever
The most common side effects of LONSURF when used in combination with bevacizumab include:
low blood countstiredness and weaknessnauseacertain abnormal liver function blood testsdecreased salt (sodium) in your blooddiarrheastomach-area (abdominal) paindecreased appetite
Tell your healthcare provider if you have nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea that is severe or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of LONSURF. For more information, ask your healthcare provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
How should I store LONSURF?Store LONSURF at room temperature between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C).If you store LONSURF outside of the original bottle, throw away (dispose of) any unused LONSURF tablets after 30 days. Talk to your healthcare provider about how to safely dispose of LONSURF.Keep LONSURF and all medicines out of the reach of children.
General information about the safe and effective use of LONSURF Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use LONSURF for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give LONSURF to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. If you would like more information, talk to your healthcare provider. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about LONSURF that is written for health professionals.
What are the ingredients in LONSURF? Active ingredients: trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride Other ingredients: lactose monohydrate, pregelatinized starch, stearic acid, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, ferric oxide, and magnesium stearate Imprinting ink: shellac, ferric oxide red, ferric oxide yellow, titanium dioxide, FD&C Blue No. 2 Aluminum Lake, carnauba wax, and talc. Manufactured by: Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan Manufactured for: Taiho Oncology, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540 USA LONSURF is a registered trademark of Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. used under license by Taiho Oncology, Inc. For more information, go to www.Lonsurf.com or call 1-844-878-2446.
"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL NDC 64842-1025-1 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 15 mg/6.14 mg * 20 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1025-1 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 15 mg/6.14 mg * For oral administraion 20 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1025-2 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 15 mg/6.14 mg * 40 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1025-2 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 15 mg/6.14 mg * For oral administraion 40 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1025-3 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 15 mg/6.14 mg * 60 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1025-3 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 15 mg/6.14 mg * For oral administraion 60 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1020-1 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 20 mg/8.19 mg * 20 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1020-1 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 20 mg/8.19 mg * For oral administraion 20 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1020-2 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 20 mg/8.19 mg * 40 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1020-2 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 20 mg/8.19 mg * For oral administraion 40 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1020-3 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 20 mg/8.19 mg * 60 tablets Rx only NDC 64842-1020-3 Lonsurf ® (trifluridine and tipiracil * ) tablets 20 mg/8.19 mg * For oral administraion 60 tablets Rx only 15 mg Tablet 20-count Bottle 15mg Tablet-20 count Carton 15 mg Tablet 40-count Bottle 15mg Tablet-40 count Carton 15 mg Tablet 60-count Bottle 15 mg Tablet-60 count Carton 20 mg Tablet 20-count Bottle 20 mg Tablet-20 count Carton 20 mg Tablet 40-count Bottle 20 mg Tablet-40 count Carton 20 mg Tablet 60-count Bottle 20 mg Tablet-60 count Carton"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No long-term studies evaluating the carcinogenic potential of trifluridine/tipiracil in animals have been performed. Trifluridine/tipiracil was genotoxic in a reverse mutation test in bacteria, a chromosomal aberration test in mammalian-cultured cells, and a micronucleus test in mice. Animal studies did not indicate an effect of trifluridine/tipiracil on male fertility in rats. Dose-related increases in the corpus luteum count and implanted embryo count were observed, but female fertility was not affected."]},"tags":[{"label":"Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitor","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Thymidine phosphorylase","category":"target"},{"label":"TYMP","category":"gene"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Malignant tumor of colon","category":"indication"},{"label":"Malignant tumor of stomach","category":"indication"},{"label":"Taiho Oncology Inc","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 2010s","category":"decade"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Anemia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Neutropenia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Asthenia/Fatigue","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Pyrexia","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Abdominal Pain","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Decreased Appetite","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Pulmonary Emboli","drugRate":"2%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Alopecia","drugRate":"7%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dysgeusia","drugRate":"7%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Stomatitis","drugRate":"8%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Infections","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3}],"specialPopulations":{"Lactation":"There are no data on the presence of trifluridine, tipiracil or its metabolites in human milk or its effects on the breastfed child or on milk production. In nursing rats, trifluridine and tipiracil or their metabolites were present in breast milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed children, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with LONSURF and for day following the final dose.","Pregnancy":"LONSURF can cause fetal harm. LONSURF caused embryo-fetal lethality and embryo-fetal toxicity in pregnant rats when given during gestation at doses resulting in exposures lower than or similar to human exposures at the recommended clinical dose. There are no available data on LONSURF use in pregnant women. Advise pregnant women of the potential risk to fetus.","Geriatric use":"Grade or neutropenia and thrombocytopenia and Grade anemia occurred more commonly in patients 65 years or older. Patients 65 years of age or older who received LONSURF had higher incidence of the following hematologic laboratory abnormalities compared to patients younger than 65 years: Grade or neutropenia (46% vs. 32%), Grade anemia (22% vs. 16%), and Grade or thrombocytop","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness of LONSURF in pediatric patients have not been established. Dental toxicity including whitening, breakage, and malocclusion (degeneration and disarrangement in the ameloblasts, papillary layer cells and odontoblasts) were observed in rats treated with trifluridine/tipiracil at doses >= 50 mg/kg (approximately 0.33 times the exposure at the clinical dose of 35 mg/m2 twice daily).","Renal impairment":"Reduce LONSURF dose in patients with severe renal impairment.","Hepatic impairment":"Do not initiate LONSURF in patients with baseline moderate or severe hepatic impairment."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Taiho Oncology Inc","patents":[{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2037-02-03","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10456399"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2037-02-03","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10960004"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2034-09-05","territory":"US","patentNumber":"9943537"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2034-06-17","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10457666"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2034-06-17","territory":"US","patentNumber":"9527833"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2029-09-22","territory":"US","patentNumber":"RE46284"}],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=TIPIRACIL","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:33.479649+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:29.759892+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:39.043418+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:28.459625+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TIPIRACIL","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:39.520679+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:27.283550+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:27.283576+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:27.283581+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL235668/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:40.233076+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"NDA207981","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:27.283583+00:00"}},"allNames":"lonsurf","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["tipiracil","tipiracil hydrochloride","tipiracil HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"2014-03-24","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"PMDA approval (Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)"},{"date":"2015-09-22","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Taiho Oncology Inc)"}],"aiSummary":"Lonsurf (Tipiracil) is a small molecule thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor developed by Taiho Oncology Inc. It targets thymidine phosphorylase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of certain cancer therapies. Lonsurf is FDA-approved for the treatment of malignant tumors of the colon and stomach. It has a short half-life of 1.4 hours and its commercial status is patented. Key safety considerations include its potential to cause neutropenia, diarrhea, and fatigue.","approvals":[{"date":"2014-03-24","orphan":false,"company":"Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","regulator":"PMDA"},{"date":"2015-09-22","orphan":false,"company":"TAIHO ONCOLOGY INC","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Lonsurf","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Malignant tumor of colon","otherDrugs":[{"name":"cetuximab","slug":"cetuximab","company":"Imclone"},{"name":"fluorouracil","slug":"fluorouracil","company":"Spectrum Pharms"},{"name":"trifluridine","slug":"trifluridine","company":"Monarch Pharms"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Malignant tumor of stomach","otherDrugs":[{"name":"capecitabine","slug":"capecitabine","company":"Hoffmann La Roche"},{"name":"docetaxel","slug":"docetaxel","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"fluorouracil","slug":"fluorouracil","company":"Spectrum Pharms"},{"name":"levofolinic acid","slug":"levofolinic-acid","company":"Spectrum Pharms"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Thymidine phosphorylase","targets":[{"gene":"TYMP","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Thymidine phosphorylase","protein":"Thymidine phosphorylase"}],"moaClass":"Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitors","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Nucleoside Analog Antiviral [EPC]","explanation":"LONSURF consists of thymidine-based nucleoside analog, trifluridine, and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor, tipiracil, at molar ratio 1:0.5 (weight ratio, 1:0.471). Inclusion of tipiracil increases trifluridine exposure by inhibiting its metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase. Following uptake into cancer cells, trifluridine is incorporated into DNA, interferes with DNA synthesis and inhibits cell proliferation. Trifluridine/tipiracil demonstrated anti-tumor activity against KRAS wild-type and mutant human colorectal cancer xenografts in mice.","oneSentence":"Lonsurf works by inhibiting the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase, which is involved in the breakdown of certain cancer medications.","technicalDetail":"Lonsurf (Tipiracil) is a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor that competes with thymidine for binding to the enzyme, thereby reducing its activity and the subsequent activation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"2015","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 2015-09-22, TAIHO ONCOLOGY INC)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/4893","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=TIPIRACIL","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=TIPIRACIL","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T15:55:58.628027","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:43.463919+00:00","fieldsConflicting":11,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[],"genericName":"tipiracil","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Malignant tumor of colon","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":363406005,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Malignant tumor of stomach","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":363349007,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02500043","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Study of TAS-102 or Placebo Plus BSC in Patients With Metastatic Gastric Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Taiho Oncology, Inc.","isPivotal":true,"startDate":"2016-02-24","conditions":["Refractory Metastatic Gastric Cancer"],"enrollment":507,"completionDate":"2019-12-19"},{"nctId":"NCT01607957","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Study of TAS-102 in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Chemotherapies","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Taiho Oncology, Inc.","isPivotal":true,"startDate":"2012-06-17","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":800,"completionDate":"2016-05-23"},{"nctId":"NCT07492173","phase":"NA","title":"Bioequivalence Study of Trifluridine and Tipiracil Hydrochloride Tablets on Fasting and Fed in Humans","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., LTD","startDate":"2022-11-21","conditions":["Solid Tumor Cancer"],"enrollment":76,"completionDate":"2023-06-25"},{"nctId":"NCT07491159","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Fruquintinib Plus Checkpoint Inhibitor Combined or Sequential TAS-102 in Colorectal Cancer Patients Who Progressed on Second-line Standard Therapy: a Prospective, Multi-cohort, Single-centered, Phase Ib/II Study","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital","startDate":"2023-07-01","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":106,"completionDate":"2026-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT07011550","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Phase 2, Single-arm Trial of BMS-986340 in Association With Nivolumab, Trifluridine/Tipiracil and Bevacizumab for Patients Refractory to Standard of Care Treatment and With Microsatellite-stable Colorectal Cancer","status":"SUSPENDED","sponsor":"M.D. Anderson Cancer Center","startDate":"2025-08-15","conditions":["Microsatellite-stable Colorectal Cancer","Standard of Care","Nivolumab","Bevacizumab"],"enrollment":7,"completionDate":"2030-07-01"},{"nctId":"NCT07483684","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Clinical Study to Evaluate Injection TQB2102 for the Treatment of Patients With HER2 IHC3+ Advanced Colorectal Cancer Who Progressed After Treatment With Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan and Fluoropyrimidine-Based Drugs","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Nanjing Shunxin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2026-03","conditions":["HER2 IHC3+ Advanced Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":142,"completionDate":"2028-12"},{"nctId":"NCT05806931","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Sequential TAS-OX Alternating With TAS-IRI Plus Bevacizumab for Late-Line Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","startDate":"2023-05-17","conditions":["Colon Cancer","Rectal Cancer"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2027-05-01"},{"nctId":"NCT06992258","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Fruquintinib and TAS-102 as Compared to Fruquintinib in Patients With Refractory Advanced/Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Criterium, Inc.","startDate":"2025-10-27","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":120,"completionDate":"2028-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT06607458","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Treatment w/High Dose Melphalan Given Directly Into the Liver Followed by Treatment w/Approved Cancer Treatment or Approved Cancer Treatment Alone in Patients w/ Metastatic Colorectal Cancer w/Liver Dominant Disease","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Delcath Systems Inc.","startDate":"2025-08-05","conditions":["Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":90,"completionDate":"2027-10"},{"nctId":"NCT03223779","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Study of TAS-102 Plus Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of the Liver in Patients With Hepatic Metastases From Colorectal Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Massachusetts General Hospital","startDate":"2017-10-13","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":52,"completionDate":"2025-10-02"},{"nctId":"NCT06346392","phase":"PHASE3","title":"AZD0901 Compared With Investigator's Choice of Therapy in Participants With Second- or Later-line Advanced or Metastatic Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma Expressing Claudin18.2","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"AstraZeneca","startDate":"2024-03-04","conditions":["Gastric Cancer","Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer"],"enrollment":572,"completionDate":"2026-09-14"},{"nctId":"NCT05343013","phase":"PHASE2","title":"TAS-102 With or Without Celecoxib in ctDNA-defined Minimal Residual Disease in Colorectal Cancer After Completion of Adjuvant Chemotherapy","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"M.D. Anderson Cancer Center","startDate":"2022-06-06","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":25,"completionDate":"2027-05-15"},{"nctId":"NCT06137170","phase":"","title":"A Real-World Study to Learn More About the Order of Different Treatments and Their Effects in People With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving Their Third and Fourth Line of Treatment","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Bayer","startDate":"2024-03-01","conditions":["Metastatic Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":121,"completionDate":"2025-03-31"},{"nctId":"NCT04511039","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Trifluridine/Tipiracil and Talazoparib for the Treatment of Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal or Gastroesophageal Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2021-06-08","conditions":["Advanced Malignant Solid Neoplasm","Clinical Stage III Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Clinical Stage IV Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Clinical Stage IVA Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Clinical Stage IVB Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma A","Locally Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma","Locally Advanced Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma","Metastatic Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Pathologic Stage III Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Pathologic Stage IIIA Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Pathologic Stage IIIB Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Pathologic Stage IV Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Pathologic Stage IVA Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Pathologic Stage IVB Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Postneoadjuvant Therapy Stage III Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8","Postneoadjuvant Therapy Stage IIIA Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8","Postneoadjuvant Therapy Stage IIIB Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8","Postneoadjuvant Therapy Stage IV Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8","Postneoadjuvant Therapy Stage IVA Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8","Postneoadjuvant Therapy Stage IVB Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8","Stage III Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IV Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8"],"enrollment":45,"completionDate":"2027-04-01"},{"nctId":"NCT03686488","phase":"PHASE2","title":"TAS 102 in Combination With Ramucirumab in Advanced, Refractory Gastric or Gastroesophageal Junction (GEJ) Adenocarcinoma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute","startDate":"2018-12-20","conditions":["Gastric Adenocarcinoma","Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma","Gastric Cancer"],"enrollment":23,"completionDate":"2024-05-31"},{"nctId":"NCT07318389","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"ASCEND-CRC: Profiling and Targeting Dynamic Tumor Resistance in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"M.D. Anderson Cancer Center","startDate":"2026-06-10","conditions":["Dynamic Tumor Resistance","Metastatic Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2029-11-14"},{"nctId":"NCT06356311","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study to Evaluate Sacituzumab Tirumotecan (MK-2870) in Advanced/Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (MK-2870-015)","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC","startDate":"2024-05-03","conditions":["Gastroesophageal Cancer"],"enrollment":450,"completionDate":"2027-05-06"},{"nctId":"NCT05083481","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"A Study of ASP1570 Taken by Itself, or ASP1570 Taken Together With Either Pembrolizumab, Standard Therapies, or Both, in Adults With Solid Tumors","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc.","startDate":"2021-10-19","conditions":["Advanced Solid Tumors"],"enrollment":366,"completionDate":"2028-05-31"},{"nctId":"NCT07146646","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Trifluridine/Tipiracil + Oxaliplatin in Participants With Advanced or Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Case Comprehensive Cancer Center","startDate":"2025-12-01","conditions":["Biliary Tract Cancer","Biliary Tract Neoplasms","Cholangiocarcinoma","Gallbladder Cancer","Gallbladder Carcinoma"],"enrollment":27,"completionDate":"2027-04"},{"nctId":"NCT04109924","phase":"PHASE2","title":"TAS-102, Irinotecan, and Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Pre-treated Metastatic or Unresectable Colorectal Cancer, the TABAsCO Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Roswell Park Cancer Institute","startDate":"2019-12-27","conditions":["Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma","Metastatic Colon Adenocarcinoma","Metastatic Rectal Adenocarcinoma","Recurrent Colon Adenocarcinoma","Recurrent Colorectal Adenocarcinoma","Recurrent Rectal Adenocarcinoma","Stage III Colon Cancer AJCC v8","Stage III Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage III Rectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIA Colon Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIB Rectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIC Colon Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IV Colon Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVA Rectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVB Colon Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVB Rectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVC Colon Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVC Rectal Cancer AJCC v8","Unresectable Colon Adenocarcinoma","Unresectable Colorectal Carcinoma","Unresectable Rectal Adenocarcinoma"],"enrollment":42,"completionDate":"2024-09-05"},{"nctId":"NCT05919264","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"FOG-001 in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Parabilis Medicines, Inc.","startDate":"2023-05-23","conditions":["Cancer","Colorectal Cancer","Solid Tumor","Locally Advanced Solid Tumor","Metastatic Cancer","WNT Pathway","β-catenin","Beta-catenin","Adenomatous Polyposis Coli","APC","HCC","Desmoid","Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancer","Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer","FAP","Endometrial Carcinoma","Prostate Cancer","Microsatellite Instability-High Colorectal Cancer","CTNNB1","Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma"],"enrollment":575,"completionDate":"2027-08-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05198934","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Sotorasib and Panitumumab Versus Investigator's Choice for Participants With Kirsten Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) 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Meridionale","startDate":"2026-03-30","conditions":["Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (CRC)"],"enrollment":150,"completionDate":"2031-03-30"},{"nctId":"NCT04626635","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"A Trial to Find Out How Safe REGN7075 is and How Well it Works in Combination With Cemiplimab for Adult Participants With Advanced Cancers","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2020-12-21","conditions":["Advanced Solid Tumors"],"enrollment":933,"completionDate":"2027-04-07"},{"nctId":"NCT07371871","phase":"NA","title":"A Prospective, Single-arm, Exploratory Study of Trifluridine/Tipiracil (TAS-102) Combined With Apatinib as Third-line Therapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital","startDate":"2026-01-08","conditions":["Advanced Gastric Cancer"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2028-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT07361003","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Phase Ib/III Study of Suvemcitug Plus FTD/TPI in Participants With Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2025-11-12","conditions":["Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":464,"completionDate":"2028-07"},{"nctId":"NCT07286695","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Fruquintinib Combined With Trifluridine/Tipiracil Versus Bevacizumab Combined With Trifluridine/Tipiracil for Advanced Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","startDate":"2025-12-31","conditions":["Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (CRC)","Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":292,"completionDate":"2029-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT04457297","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Initial Attack on Latent Metastasis Using TAS-102 for ct DNA Identified Colorectal Cancer Patients After Curative Resection","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Center Hospital East","startDate":"2020-07-08","conditions":["Colorectal Neoplasms","Trifluridine and Tipiracil","Circulating Tumor DNA"],"enrollment":243,"completionDate":"2024-07-18"},{"nctId":"NCT07353268","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Phase Ib/II Study of QL1706 + Fruquintinib + SCRT vs. Standard Third-Line Therapy in Unresectable Liver-Metastatic pMMR/MSS Colorectal Cancer: Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy.","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Tao Zhang","startDate":"2026-01-21","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":76,"completionDate":"2027-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT03844620","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Circulating Cell-Free Tumor DNA Testing in Guiding Treatment for Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"M.D. Anderson Cancer Center","startDate":"2019-01-29","conditions":["Refractory Colorectal Carcinoma","Stage III Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IIIC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IV Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IVC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2026-08-31"},{"nctId":"NCT04564898","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Trifluridine/Tipiracil in Combination With Capecitabine and Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients.","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Gruppo Oncologico del Nord-Ovest","startDate":"2022-01-25","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer Metastatic"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2026-03"},{"nctId":"NCT06680622","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Bemarituzumab in FGFR2b+ Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or Gastroesophageal Junction, Who Failed at Least One Prior Line of Palliative Chemotherapy","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH at Krankenhaus Nordwest","startDate":"2025-03-03","conditions":["Metastatic 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