{"id":"theodrenaline","rwe":[{"pmid":"41900782","year":"2026","title":"Pharmacometric Analysis of Cafedrine/Theodrenaline Versus Ephedrine on Maternal Hemodynamics and Neonatal Acidosis During Cesarean Section.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmaceutics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41303089","year":"2025","title":"Blood Pressure Optimization During Fetoscopic Repair of Open Spinal Dysraphism: Insights from Advanced Hemodynamic Monitoring.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40154720","year":"2025","title":"Probing the multitargeted potency of Theodrenaline and its comparative evaluation with Crizotinib against transferase, hydrolase, signalling, and apoptosis-related proteins to overcome lung cancer drug resistance.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40005399","year":"2025","title":"Impact of Fentanyl on Recovery Times and Hypotensive Events in Ophthalmic Surgery: A Comparative Study.","finding":"","journal":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"38720661","year":"2024","title":"Population kinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the haemodynamic effects of cafedrine/theodrenaline (Akrinor) under general anaesthesia.","finding":"","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"theodrenaline","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"C01CA23","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Antihypertensive Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"phase_2","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"(+/-)-theodrenaline","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["theodrenaline","(+/-)-Theodrenaline"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"brandName":"(+/-)-Theodrenaline","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"theodrenaline","explanation":"Imagine your body's adrenergic system as a messenger network that helps you respond to stress and excitement. Theodrenaline is thought to send signals through this network to help your body react to certain situations. This can lead to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels, but more research is needed to fully understand its effects.","oneSentence":"Theodrenaline is believed to work by interacting with the body's adrenergic system.","technicalDetail":"Theodrenaline is a small molecule that likely interacts with adrenergic receptors, such as alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors, to produce its effects. This interaction can lead to the activation of downstream signaling pathways, including the cAMP-PKA pathway, which ultimately results in the modulation of various physiological responses."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2619","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=THEODRENALINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=THEODRENALINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T15:52:24.169905","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T11:15:17.155863+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"isoprenaline","drugSlug":"isoprenaline","fdaApproval":"1956-03-09","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"norepinephrine","drugSlug":"norepinephrine","fdaApproval":"1950-07-13","patentExpiry":"Mar 8, 2041","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dopamine","drugSlug":"dopamine","fdaApproval":"1974-02-25","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"phenylephrine","drugSlug":"phenylephrine","fdaApproval":"1952-01-21","patentExpiry":"Sep 26, 2036","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dobutamine","drugSlug":"dobutamine","fdaApproval":"1978-07-18","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"metaraminol","drugSlug":"metaraminol","fdaApproval":"1954-09-29","genericCount":5,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic 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protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ephedrine","drugSlug":"ephedrine","fdaApproval":"","patentExpiry":"May 16, 2040","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"droxidopa","drugSlug":"droxidopa","fdaApproval":"2014-02-18","genericCount":16,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"theodrenaline","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"isoprenaline","brandName":"isoprenaline","genericName":"isoprenaline","approvalYear":"1956","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"norepinephrine","brandName":"norepinephrine","genericName":"norepinephrine","approvalYear":"1950","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"dopamine","brandName":"dopamine","genericName":"dopamine","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"phenylephrine","brandName":"phenylephrine","genericName":"phenylephrine","approvalYear":"1952","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"dobutamine","brandName":"dobutamine","genericName":"dobutamine","approvalYear":"1978","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"metaraminol","brandName":"metaraminol","genericName":"metaraminol","approvalYear":"1954","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"methoxamine","brandName":"methoxamine","genericName":"methoxamine","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"mephentermine","brandName":"mephentermine","genericName":"mephentermine","approvalYear":"1951","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"midodrine","brandName":"midodrine","genericName":"midodrine","approvalYear":"1996","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"fenoldopam","brandName":"fenoldopam","genericName":"fenoldopam","approvalYear":"1997","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02893241","phase":"","title":"Cafedrin/Theodrenalin (Akrinor®) Versus Ephedrine for Treatment of Hypotension in the Peri-operative Phase in Inpatient Setting","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ratiopharm GmbH","startDate":"2016-04-30","conditions":["Hypotension"],"enrollment":2013,"completionDate":"2017-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT02559141","phase":"NA","title":"Non-invasive Early Goal Directed Therapy in Colorectal Surgery: a Feasibility Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","startDate":"2014-03","conditions":["Perioperative/Postoperative Complications","C.Surgical Procedure; Digestive System"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2015-10"},{"nctId":"NCT01311414","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of Cafedrine/Theodrenaline and Urapidil on Cerebral Oxygenation","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","startDate":"","conditions":["Cerebral Ischemia"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"crossReferences":{"NDDF":"005671","UNII":"RW8PD99T8G","CHEBI":"CHEBI:135580","INN_ID":"1670","RXNORM":"31958","UMLSCUI":"C0068955","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL2107608","KEGG_DRUG":"D07155","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB12927","PUBCHEM_CID":"71857","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C002747"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":37,"therapeuticAreas":["Nephrology"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"C01CA23","allCodes":["C01CA23"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2026 Feb 27","pmid":"41900782","title":"Pharmacometric Analysis of Cafedrine/Theodrenaline Versus Ephedrine on Maternal Hemodynamics and Neonatal Acidosis During Cesarean Section.","journal":"Pharmaceutics"},{"date":"2025 Nov 13","pmid":"41303089","title":"Blood Pressure Optimization During Fetoscopic Repair of Open Spinal Dysraphism: Insights from Advanced Hemodynamic Monitoring.","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine"},{"date":"2025 May","pmid":"40154720","title":"Probing the multitargeted potency of Theodrenaline and its comparative evaluation with Crizotinib against transferase, hydrolase, signalling, and apoptosis-related proteins to overcome lung cancer drug resistance.","journal":"International journal of biological macromolecules"},{"date":"2025 Feb 6","pmid":"40005399","title":"Impact of Fentanyl on Recovery Times and Hypotensive Events in Ophthalmic Surgery: A Comparative Study.","journal":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)"},{"date":"2024 Aug","pmid":"38720661","title":"Population kinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the haemodynamic effects of cafedrine/theodrenaline (Akrinor) under general anaesthesia.","journal":"British journal of clinical pharmacology"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"active","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small 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It has multiple synonyms, including TEODRENALINA, THEODRENALINE, and THEODRENALINE.","enrichmentLevel":5,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":1,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T11:15:17.155863+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}