{"id":"spinal-anesthesia","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Hypotension"},{"rate":"5-15","effect":"Bradycardia"},{"rate":"1-5","effect":"Headache (post-dural puncture)"},{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Nausea"},{"rate":"5-15","effect":"Urinary retention"},{"rate":"<1","effect":"Neurological complications (rare)"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Local anesthetic drugs (such as bupivacaine, lidocaine, or procaine) are injected into the subarachnoid space, where they diffuse into nerve roots and block sodium channels in sensory and motor nerves. This produces reversible loss of sensation and motor function in the lower extremities and lower abdomen, making it suitable for surgical procedures below the umbilicus. The effect is rapid (within minutes) and duration depends on the specific agent and dose used.","oneSentence":"Spinal anesthesia blocks nerve conduction in the spinal cord by injecting local anesthetic agents into the cerebrospinal fluid, producing rapid onset regional anesthesia of the lower body.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:08:54.865Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Lower abdominal and pelvic surgery"},{"name":"Lower extremity orthopedic surgery"},{"name":"Cesarean section"},{"name":"Urological procedures"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07496216","phase":"NA","title":"Closed Versus Open Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy for Chronic Anal Fissure","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Services Hospital, Lahore","startDate":"2019-02-01","conditions":"Chronic Anal Fissure","enrollment":160},{"nctId":"NCT07497295","phase":"","title":"Ultrasound Assessment of Femoral Vein and Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility to 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