{"id":"sevoflurane-isoflurane-desflurane","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"10-30","effect":"Postoperative nausea and vomiting"},{"rate":"dose-dependent","effect":"Hypotension"},{"rate":"dose-dependent","effect":"Respiratory depression"},{"rate":"5-15","effect":"Emergence delirium"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hepatotoxicity (rare, isoflurane)"}]},"_chembl":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL1200733","moleculeType":"Small molecule","molecularWeight":"168.04"},"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane are halogenated volatile anesthetics that work primarily by potentiating GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system while simultaneously antagonizing glutamatergic NMDA receptor activity. This dual mechanism depresses neuronal excitability and consciousness, producing rapid induction and emergence from anesthesia with dose-dependent effects on cardiovascular and respiratory function.","oneSentence":"These volatile anesthetics enhance inhibitory GABA receptor signaling and inhibit excitatory NMDA receptor function to produce general anesthesia.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:07:41.165Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"General anesthesia for surgical procedures"},{"name":"Maintenance of anesthesia during surgery"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT03729011","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Delirium Reduction by Volatile Anesthesia in Cardiac Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Meshalkin Research Institute of Pathology of Circulation","startDate":"2019-01-09","conditions":"Delirium","enrollment":405},{"nctId":"NCT03034096","phase":"PHASE4","title":"General Anesthetics in CAncer REsection Surgery (GA-CARES) Trial","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Stony Brook University","startDate":"2017-01-31","conditions":"Anesthesia, General, Surgical Oncology","enrollment":1826},{"nctId":"NCT05261516","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Interaction of Volatile Anesthetics With Magnesium","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Christoph Czarnetzki","startDate":"2022-11-18","conditions":"Neuromuscular Blockade","enrollment":96},{"nctId":"NCT06307717","phase":"","title":"Effects of Volatile Anaesthetics on Incidence of Postoperative Depression and Anxiety in Elderly Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","startDate":"2020-04-01","conditions":"Cohort Studies","enrollment":8000},{"nctId":"NCT06330038","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Anesthesia and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Recurrence","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Samsung Medical Center","startDate":"2024-05-01","conditions":"Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, Surgery, Anesthesia","enrollment":5384},{"nctId":"NCT04602546","phase":"NA","title":"Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS™) and Levels of Sedation With Common Inhalational Anesthetics in Healthy Volunteers (OLIVER)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Medtronic - MITG","startDate":"2021-02-09","conditions":"Anesthesia","enrollment":211},{"nctId":"NCT04074460","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Volatile Anaesthesia and Perioperative Outcomes Related to Cancer Feasibility Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Australia","startDate":"2017-08-27","conditions":"Cancer, Breast, Cancer Colorectal, Cancer Prostate","enrollment":169},{"nctId":"NCT04039854","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Comparison Between Propofol and Inhalational Anaesthetic Agents on Cardiovascular Outcomes Following Cardiac Surgery","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"King's College Hospital NHS Trust","startDate":"2019-11-20","conditions":"Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Diseases","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT02726620","phase":"NA","title":"Decision Support for Intraoperative Low Blood Pressure","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center","startDate":"2017-01-05","conditions":"Hypotension","enrollment":22435},{"nctId":"NCT02105610","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Volatile Anesthetics to Reduce Mortality in Cardiac Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele","startDate":"2014-04-14","conditions":"Aortocoronary Bypass, Cardiac Surgery, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","enrollment":5400},{"nctId":"NCT02625181","phase":"NA","title":"Real-time Decision Support for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Prophylaxis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Vanderbilt University","startDate":"2016-07","conditions":"Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting","enrollment":27034},{"nctId":"NCT03860129","phase":"NA","title":"Different Volatile Anaesthetics and the Depth of Long Term ICU Sedation","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ruhr University of Bochum","startDate":"2014-12-10","conditions":"Intensive Care Unit Syndrome","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT00983918","phase":"NA","title":"Pain After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Baylor College of Medicine","startDate":"2009-09","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":80},{"nctId":"NCT01870453","phase":"","title":"Differential Effects of Various Anesthetic Agents on Cognitive Function in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Massachusetts General Hospital","startDate":"2013-10","conditions":"Alzheimer Disease","enrollment":""},{"nctId":"NCT02342509","phase":"NA","title":"Automated Control of End-tidal Volatile Anesthetic Concentration","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ruhr University of Bochum","startDate":"2014-09","conditions":"Delayed Recovery From Anesthesia","enrollment":63},{"nctId":"NCT01171833","phase":"NA","title":"Ventilatory Effect on Speed of Anesthesia Under Various Inhaled Anesthetics","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"DongGuk University","startDate":"2010-06","conditions":"Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Anesthetics","enrollment":36},{"nctId":"NCT00434382","phase":"NA","title":"Neuronal Mechanisms of Sensory Processing During General Anesthesia","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Ludwig-Maximilians - University of Munich","startDate":"2002-10","conditions":"General Anesthesia","enrollment":768},{"nctId":"NCT00244517","phase":"PHASE4","title":"DIAFAX I+II-Effects of Inhalative Anesthetics on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland","startDate":"2004-06","conditions":"Young Healthy Adults, Ventricular Dysfunction","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT00815269","phase":"NA","title":"Vasodilation Effect of Inhalational Anesthetics","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Nanjing Medical University","startDate":"2008-12","conditions":"General Anesthesia","enrollment":300}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":56,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane","genericName":"Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane","companyName":"University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland","companyId":"university-hospital-basel-switzerland","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"These volatile anesthetics enhance inhibitory GABA receptor signaling and inhibit excitatory NMDA receptor function to produce general anesthesia. Used for General anesthesia for surgical procedures, Maintenance of anesthesia during surgery.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}