{"id":"saccharin","rwe":[{"pmid":"41911483","year":"2026","title":"Microglial Adaptations to Chronic Nicotine in the Cerebellum: Proteomic Evidence for Neuroimmune Vulnerability.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of proteome research","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41903760","year":"2026","title":"Medial prefrontal cortical CB1Rs and astrocytes are involved in depression and the antidepressant effects of running exercise in male rats.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of affective disorders","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41893988","year":"2026","title":"Quantitative analysis, validation, and application of an LC-MS/MS method for four artificial sweeteners in dairy-based foods and beverages.","finding":"","journal":"Food science of animal resources","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41890217","year":"2026","title":"Analysis of sex differences in cisplatin-induced conditioned taste aversion.","finding":"","journal":"Biochemistry and biophysics reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41884293","year":"2026","title":"Sex differences in taste neophobia and conditioned aversion across fluid administration methods.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Erythema","drugRate":"82%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Itching","drugRate":"82%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Swelling","drugRate":"82%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Tenderness","drugRate":"82%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Pain","drugRate":"82%","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Generalized skin erythema","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Urticaria","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Angioedema","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Rhinitis","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Wheezing","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Laryngeal edema","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Hypotension","drugRate":"7%","severity":"systemic","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Skin discoloration at injection site","drugRate":"","severity":"mild","organSystem":""}],"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Fatal systemic adverse reactions","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=SACCHARIN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:53:37.359327+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharin","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:53:46.146476+00:00"},"aiSummary":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"AI Strategic Summary","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"ai_extraction","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:53:53.645010+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:53:44.812896+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=SACCHARIN","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:53:45.563193+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL310671/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:53:46.041647+00:00"}},"allNames":["saccharin"],"offLabel":[],"synonyms":[],"timeline":[],"aiSummary":"Saccharin, a marketed sweetener, binds to sweet receptors on the tongue to mimic sweetness, positioning it as a widely recognized non-caloric sugar substitute. Its key strength lies in its long-standing market presence and the upcoming 2028 patent expiry for its key composition, which may offer extended exclusivity. The primary risk is the potential for increased competition post-patent expiry, which could impact market share and revenue.","approvals":[],"ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Saccharin acts as a competitive antagonist at the T1R2/T1R3 sweet receptor, inhibiting the binding of natural sugars and triggering a response in the brain that interprets it as sweetness."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharin","title":"Saccharin","extract":"Saccharin, also called saccharine, benzosulfimide, or E954, or used in saccharin sodium or saccharin calcium forms, is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener. Saccharin is a sultam that is about 500 times sweeter than sucrose, but has a bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. It is used to sweeten products, such as drinks, candies, baked goods, tobacco products, excipients, and for masking the bitter taste of some medicines. It appears as white crystals and is odorless."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=saccharin","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=saccharin","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharin","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-31T10:36:39.724662","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:53:53.645307+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[],"genericName":"saccharin","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT05441982","phase":"NA","title":"Saccharin and Acesulfame Potassium Consumption and Glucose Homeostasis in Older Adults With Prediabetes","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","startDate":"2023-09-21","conditions":["Continuous Glucose Monitoring","Oral Glucose Tolerance","Insulin Sensitivity","Inflammatory Markers"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2026-11-28"},{"nctId":"NCT07361406","phase":"NA","title":"SweetSpot - The Effect of Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Health","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Wageningen University","startDate":"2026-02-23","conditions":["Healthy Adult"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2026-11-26"},{"nctId":"NCT07377097","phase":"NA","title":"Effects of Sweetener Consumption on Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Prediabetic Subjects","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Charite University, Berlin, Germany","startDate":"2026-01-05","conditions":["Prediabetic State","Metabolic Syndrome","Insulin Resistance","Thrombosis","Hypercoagulable State","Cardiovascular (CV) Risk","Cardiovascular Risk Factors","Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)","Prediabetes","Prediabetes / Type 2 Diabetes","Sweeteners"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2026-11-01"},{"nctId":"NCT07249229","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Oral L-carnitine and Inflammatory and Nutritional Biomarkers in Maintenance Hemodialysis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Darya Chamani","startDate":"2020-11-30","conditions":["End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD)","Hemodialysis"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2021-03-08"},{"nctId":"NCT07124585","phase":"NA","title":"Short-Term Effects of Sucralose and Saccharin on Blood Sugar and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"National University of Malaysia","startDate":"2026-01-30","conditions":["Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)"],"enrollment":33,"completionDate":"2027-07-31"},{"nctId":"NCT07270796","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Safety and Immunogenicity Study of the DuoChol Oral Cholera Vaccine in Healthy Participants","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"International Vaccine Institute","startDate":"2025-12","conditions":["Cholera Vaccination Reaction"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2026-03"},{"nctId":"NCT06990022","phase":"NA","title":"Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse (Small-Sided Soccer Games)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University","startDate":"2025-04-10","conditions":["Performance","Soccer","Carbohydrate","Mental Fatigue","Technical Skill"],"enrollment":16,"completionDate":"2025-04-26"},{"nctId":"NCT06703554","phase":"NA","title":"The Impact of Sage Extract on GTS B and D Gene Expression in S. 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