{"id":"racemic-adrenaline","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Tachycardia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypertension"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Tremor"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Anxiety"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Headache"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Palpitations"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Arrhythmias"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Racemic adrenaline is a non-selective adrenergic agonist that binds to both alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. This produces sympathomimetic effects including increased cardiac output and heart rate (beta-1), peripheral vasoconstriction (alpha-1), and bronchial smooth muscle relaxation (beta-2). The racemic form contains equal amounts of D- and L-enantiomers.","oneSentence":"Racemic adrenaline (epinephrine) activates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchial dilation.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:36:56.695Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) — inhalation therapy"},{"name":"Anaphylaxis"},{"name":"Cardiac arrest"},{"name":"Severe hypotension"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT01229384","phase":"NA","title":"Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Standard Versus Positive Pressure Nebulization in Infants With Bronchiolitis to Reduce Hospital Admissions","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Phoenix Children's Hospital","startDate":"2011-10","conditions":"Bronchiolitis","enrollment":""},{"nctId":"NCT04688346","phase":"PHASE2, PHASE3","title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Racemic Epinephrine Pellets","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Washington","startDate":"2019-06-10","conditions":"Epinephrine Causing Adverse Effects in Therapeutic Use","enrollment":13},{"nctId":"NCT01838551","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Treatment for Endogenous Cushing's Syndrome","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Cortendo AB","startDate":"2014-08","conditions":"Endogenous Cushing's Syndrome","enrollment":94},{"nctId":"NCT00116584","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Heliox-Driven Racemic Epinephrine in Treatment of Bronchiolitis in Pediatric ED Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Louisville","startDate":"2004-12","conditions":"Bronchiolitis","enrollment":72},{"nctId":"NCT03614273","phase":"NA","title":"Nebulized Hypertonic Saline (3%) Versus Nebulized Adrenaline for Treatment of Bronchiolitis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Maulana Azad Medical College","startDate":"2015-03-01","conditions":"Bronchiolitis","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT02724761","phase":"NA","title":"Prophylactic Racemic Epinephrine in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Andrew Chung","startDate":"2016-09","conditions":"Dysphagia, Dysphonia, Postoperative Pain","enrollment":90},{"nctId":"NCT00817466","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Bronchiolitis All-study, SE-Norway","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Oslo University Hospital","startDate":"2010-01","conditions":"Bronchiolitis","enrollment":500},{"nctId":"NCT01216553","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Home Oxygen Therapy in Bronchiolitis","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Meir Medical Center","startDate":"2011-10","conditions":"Bronchiolitis","enrollment":135}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":22,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["Racemic adrenaline, racemic epinephrine, S2, vaponefrin, micronefrin"],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Racemic adrenaline","genericName":"Racemic adrenaline","companyName":"Oslo University Hospital","companyId":"oslo-university-hospital","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Racemic adrenaline (epinephrine) activates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchial dilation. Used for Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) — inhalation therapy, Anaphylaxis, Cardiac arrest.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}