{"id":"quinine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41906876","year":"2026","title":"Structural Profiling of Lipid Nanoparticles at Sub-10 nm Resolution via AF4 Coupled Online to SAXS and SANS.","finding":"","journal":"Small methods","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41906697","year":"2026","title":"Recommendations from the Clinical Toxicology Recommendations Collaborative on the administration of activated charcoal in acute oral overdose.","finding":"","journal":"Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41901075","year":"2026","title":"Beef-Derived Peptides Mediated Desensitization of Bitter Taste Receptor T2R14 Through GPCR Kinase 2.","finding":"","journal":"Nutrients","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41893522","year":"2026","title":"6-PPD Quinone Inhibits Phosphatidic Acid Synthesis Associated with an Increase in Intestinal Barrier Permeability in C. elegans.","finding":"","journal":"Toxics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41876668","year":"2026","title":"Identification of cellular ion channels that facilitate Hazara nairovirus infection enables selection of clinically approved compounds with anti-nairoviral properties.","finding":"","journal":"Scientific reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"1e686478-1e59-36cf-e063-6294a90a929a","set_id":"1e686478-1e58-36cf-e063-6294a90a929a","openfda":{"unii":["6DY04L71DR"],"route":["ORAL"],"spl_id":["1e686478-1e59-36cf-e063-6294a90a929a"],"brand_name":["Chininum salicylicum"],"spl_set_id":["1e686478-1e58-36cf-e063-6294a90a929a"],"package_ndc":["0220-1322-41"],"product_ndc":["0220-1322"],"generic_name":["QUININE SALICYLATE"],"product_type":["HUMAN OTC DRUG"],"substance_name":["QUININE SALICYLATE"],"manufacturer_name":["Boiron"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"purpose":[""],"version":"1","stop_use":["Stop use and ask a doctor if symptoms persist for more than 3 days or worsen."],"warnings":[""],"questions":["BoironUSA.com Info@boiron.com 1-800-BOIRON-1 (1-800-264-7661) Distributed by Boiron, Inc. 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NOT FDA EVALUATED. **C,K,CK, and X are homeopathic dilutions: see BoironUSA.com/info for details."],"dosage_and_administration":["Adults and children: At the onset of symptoms, dissolve 5 pellets under the tongue 3 times a day until symptoms are relieved or as directed by a doctor."],"spl_product_data_elements":["Chininum salicylicum QUININE SALICYLATE QUININE SALICYLATE QUININE SUCROSE LACTOSE, UNSPECIFIED FORM"],"pregnancy_or_breast_feeding":["If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use."],"keep_out_of_reach_of_children":["Keep out of reach of children."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["label"]},"tags":[{"label":"Antimalarial","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III)","category":"target"},{"label":"SCN1A","category":"gene"},{"label":"SCN2A","category":"gene"},{"label":"SCN3A","category":"gene"},{"label":"M09AA72","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Capsule","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"Chloroquine Resistant Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria","category":"indication"},{"label":"Falciparum malaria","category":"indication"},{"label":"Sun Pharm Industries","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 2000s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Analgesics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Analgesics, Non-Narcotic","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Infective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antimalarials","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antiparasitic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antiprotozoal Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Muscle Relaxants, Central","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sensory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"DRUG ABUSE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"718 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DYSPNOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"493 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"TOXICITY TO VARIOUS AGENTS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"483 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"NAUSEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"472 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"FALL","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"460 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"452 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DIARRHOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"405 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"VOMITING","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"377 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DIZZINESS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"361 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"322 reports"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/high-risk-qt-prolonging-agents","drug":"High Risk QT Prolonging Agents","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of other Highest Risk QTc-Prolonging Agents","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"high-risk-qt-prolonging-agents"},{"url":"/drug/p-glycoprotein-substrates","drug":"P-glycoprotein Substrates","action":"Use caution","effect":"P-glycoprotein Inhibitors - P-glycoprotein Substrates","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"p-glycoprotein-substrates"},{"url":"/drug/abarelix","drug":"abarelix","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Abarelix","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"abarelix"},{"url":"/drug/apomorphine","drug":"apomorphine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Apomorphine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"apomorphine"},{"url":"/drug/chloroquine","drug":"chloroquine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Chloroquine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"chloroquine"},{"url":"/drug/chlorpromazine","drug":"chlorpromazine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Chlorpromazine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"chlorpromazine"},{"url":"/drug/clarithromycin","drug":"clarithromycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Clarithromycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"clarithromycin"},{"url":"/drug/dasatinib","drug":"dasatinib","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Dasatinib","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"dasatinib"},{"url":"/drug/domperidone","drug":"domperidone","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Domperidone","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"domperidone"},{"url":"/drug/erythromycin","drug":"erythromycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Erythromycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"erythromycin"},{"url":"/drug/grepafloxacin","drug":"grepafloxacin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Grepafloxacin Hydrochloride","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"grepafloxacin"},{"url":"/drug/haloperidol","drug":"haloperidol","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Haloperidol","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"haloperidol"},{"url":"/drug/ibutilide","drug":"ibutilide","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ibutilide Fumarate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"ibutilide"},{"url":"/drug/isradipine","drug":"isradipine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Isradipine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"isradipine"},{"url":"/drug/methadone","drug":"methadone","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Methadone","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"methadone"},{"url":"/drug/nalidixic-acid","drug":"nalidixic acid","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Nalidixic Acid","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"nalidixic-acid"},{"url":"/drug/norfloxacin","drug":"norfloxacin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Norfloxacin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"norfloxacin"},{"url":"/drug/pentamidine","drug":"pentamidine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Pentamidine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"pentamidine"},{"url":"/drug/probucol","drug":"probucol","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Probucol","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"probucol"},{"url":"/drug/procaine","drug":"procaine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Procaine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"procaine"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vasodilation and sweating","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Tinnitus","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Hearing impairment","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vertigo or dizziness","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Blurred vision","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Disturbance in color perception","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Abdominal pain","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Deafness","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Blindness","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Disturbances in cardiac rhythm or conduction","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""}],"contraindications":["Acute nephropathy","Anemia due to enzyme deficiency","Atrial fibrillation","Atrial flutter","Black water fever","Congenital long QT syndrome","Disease of liver","End stage renal disease","Hemolytic uremic syndrome","Hypoglycemic disorder","Myasthenia gravis","Neuromuscular block, function","Optic neuritis","Prolonged QT interval","Thrombocytopenic disorder","Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","Torsades de pointes"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Reduce dose and dosing frequency for patients with severe chronic renal impairment. Prolonged experience with quinine in pregnant women over several decades, based on published prospective and retrospective observational studies, surveys, safety and efficacy studies, review articles, case reports and case series have not identified drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. In animal reproduction studies, administration of quinine by multiple routes of administration to pregnant rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs, rats, and monkeys during the period of organogenesis at doses of 0.25 to times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on body surface area (BSA), produced embryo-fetal toxicity including malformations. Offspring of pregnant rats administered oral quinine sulfate during mating, gestation, and lactation at dose approximately equivalent to 0.1 times the MRHD","Geriatric use":"Clinical studies of quinine sulfate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond to treatment differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.","Paediatric use":"The safety and efficacy of quinine sulfate in pediatric patients under the age of 16 has not been established.","Renal impairment":"Reduce dose and dosing frequency for patients with severe chronic renal impairment","Hepatic impairment":"Closely monitor for adverse reactions. Quinine should not be administered in patients with severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment"},"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Agranulocytosis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Hemolytic anemia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Stevens-Johnson syndrome","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Ventricular fibrillation","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Renal failure","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Cardiac arrest","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Sun Pharm Industries","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=QUININE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:06.050616+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:12.863223+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:04.682527+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=QUININE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:13.674795+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA 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(EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:22:15.165849+00:00"}},"allNames":"qualaquin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["quinine bisulfate heptahydrate","chinine","qualaquin","quinine","quinine sulfate"],"timeline":[{"date":"2005-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from MUTUAL PHARM CO INC to Sun Pharm Industries"},{"date":"2005-08-12","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Mutual Pharm Co Inc)"},{"date":"2015-04-24","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 3 manufacturers approved"}],"approvals":[{"date":"2005-08-12","orphan":false,"company":"MUTUAL PHARM CO INC","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Qualaquin","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Chloroquine Resistant Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria","otherDrugs":[{"name":"artemether","slug":"artemether","company":""},{"name":"mefloquine","slug":"mefloquine","company":""},{"name":"pyrimethamine","slug":"pyrimethamine","company":"Amedra Pharms"},{"name":"sulfadoxine","slug":"sulfadoxine","company":"Roche"}],"globalPrevalence":240000},{"indication":"Falciparum malaria","otherDrugs":[{"name":"artesunate","slug":"artesunate","company":"Amivas"},{"name":"atovaquone","slug":"atovaquone","company":""},{"name":"chloroquine","slug":"chloroquine","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"halofantrine","slug":"halofantrine","company":"Glaxosmithkline"}],"globalPrevalence":240000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III)","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"SCN1A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III)","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III)","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"SCN3A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel alpha subunits; brain (Types I, II, III)","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha"},{"gene":"ABCB1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Multidrug resistance protein 1","protein":"Multidrug resistance protein 1"},{"gene":"KCNB2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2","protein":"Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2"},{"gene":"SLC29A4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4","protein":"Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 4"},{"gene":"SLC22A1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Solute carrier family 22 member 1","protein":"Solute carrier family 22 member 1"},{"gene":"HBA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Hemoglobin subunit alpha","protein":"Hemoglobin subunit alpha"},{"gene":"KCNH2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Potassium voltage-gated 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patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"abemaciclib","brandName":"abemaciclib","genericName":"abemaciclib","approvalYear":"2017","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"alosetron","brandName":"alosetron","genericName":"alosetron","approvalYear":"2000","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"amiodarone","brandName":"amiodarone","genericName":"amiodarone","approvalYear":"1985","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"amitriptyline","brandName":"amitriptyline","genericName":"amitriptyline","approvalYear":"1961","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"amodiaquine","brandName":"amodiaquine","genericName":"amodiaquine","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"aripiprazole","brandName":"aripiprazole","genericName":"aripiprazole","approvalYear":"2002","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"arsenic-trioxide","brandName":"arsenic trioxide","genericName":"arsenic 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