{"id":"propoxyphene","rwe":[{"pmid":"30000309","year":"2006","title":"Propoxyphene.","finding":"","journal":"","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41821430","year":"2026","title":"Periconceptional Use of Analgesics and Severity of Structural Birth Defects.","finding":"","journal":"Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41546846","year":"2026","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Patients Who Use Psychoactive Substances: Potential Drug Interactions and Substance Use Disorder Treatment Data.","finding":"","journal":"CNS drugs","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"36219164","year":"2022","title":"cardioToxCSM: A Web Server for Predicting Cardiotoxicity of Small Molecules.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of chemical information and modeling","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"33446314","year":"2021","title":"Cardiovascular Complications of Opioid Use: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Opioid Agonist","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A","category":"target"},{"label":"GRIN3A","category":"gene"},{"label":"OPRM1","category":"gene"},{"label":"SCN5A","category":"gene"},{"label":"N02AC04","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Capsule","category":"form"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Pain","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1950s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Analgesics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Analgesics, Opioid","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Depressants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Narcotics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sensory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":838.014,"date":"","count":289,"signal":"Drug hypersensitivity","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 289 times (LLR=838)"},{"llr":218.938,"date":"","count":118,"signal":"Toxicity to various agents","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 118 times (LLR=219)"},{"llr":74.819,"date":"","count":47,"signal":"Completed suicide","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 47 times (LLR=75)"},{"llr":45.687,"date":"","count":46,"signal":"Drug interaction","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 46 times (LLR=46)"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/rasagiline","drug":"rasagiline","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Rasagiline","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"rasagiline"},{"url":"/drug/ritonavir","drug":"ritonavir","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ritonavir","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"ritonavir"},{"url":"/drug/selegiline","drug":"selegiline","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Selegiline","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"selegiline"},{"url":"/drug/sodium-oxybate","drug":"sodium oxybate","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Sodium Oxybate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"sodium-oxybate"},{"url":"/drug/tranylcypromine","drug":"tranylcypromine","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Tranylcypromine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"tranylcypromine"}],"commonSideEffects":[],"contraindications":["Acute erosive gastritis","Acute exacerbation of asthma","Acute nephropathy","Acute pancreatitis","Agoraphobia","Alcohol intoxication","Alcoholism","Anemia","Anemia due to enzyme deficiency","Breastfeeding (mother)","Central nervous system depression","Chronic obstructive lung disease","Conduction disorder of the heart","Congenital long QT syndrome","Cor pulmonale","Decreased respiratory function","Depressive disorder","Disease of liver","Disorder of biliary tract","Exacerbation of asthma","Factor II deficiency","Gastrointestinal hemorrhage","Gastrointestinal ulcer","Gout","Hemophilia"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Safe use in pregnancy has not been established relative to possible adverse effects on fetal development. Instances of withdrawal symptoms in the neonate have been reported following usage during pregnancy. Therefore, propoxyphene should not be used in pregnant women unless, in the judgment of the physician, the potential benefits outweigh the possible hazards.","Geriatric use":"The rate of propoxyphene metabolism may be reduced in some patients. Increased dosing interval should be considered.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=PROPOXYPHENE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:32:40.569903+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:32:47.074099+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=PROPOXYPHENE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:32:47.455216+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Mu opioid receptor agonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:32:48.522589+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1237104/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:32:48.170029+00:00"}},"allNames":"propoxyphene compound 65","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["dextropropoxyphene","propoxyphene hydrochloride","dextropropoxyphen","propoxyphene","d-Propoxyphene","propoxyphene napsylate","propoxyphene HCl","destropropoxifene"],"timeline":[{"date":"1957-08-16","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Propoxyphene Compound 65, also known as PROPOXYPHENE, is a small molecule opioid agonist that targets the glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A. Originally developed in 1957, it is used to treat pain and is currently off-patent with 21 generic manufacturers. As an opioid agonist, it works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, leading to pain relief. However, its commercial status and safety considerations are not well-documented due to the lack of information on its bioavailability and half-life.","brandName":"Propoxyphene Compound 65","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Pain","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"bromfenac","slug":"bromfenac","company":"Bausch And Lomb Inc"},{"name":"butorphanol","slug":"butorphanol","company":""},{"name":"caffeine","slug":"caffeine","company":"Novartis"}],"globalPrevalence":1500000000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"GRIN3A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A","protein":"Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A"},{"gene":"OPRM1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Mu-type opioid receptor","protein":"Mu-type opioid receptor"},{"gene":"SCN5A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha"}],"moaClass":"Full Opioid Agonists","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Opioid Agonist","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Propoxyphene acts as a μ-opioid receptor agonist, activating the G-protein coupled receptor pathway to modulate pain transmission."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1957","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1957-08-16, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/844","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=PROPOXYPHENE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=PROPOXYPHENE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T02:53:56.870545","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:32:49.758249+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"methadone","drugSlug":"methadone","fdaApproval":"1947-08-13","genericCount":13,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic 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Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2010-06","conditions":["Healthy"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2010-11"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"administration":{"route":"Oral","formulation":"Capsule, Tablet","formulations":[{"form":"CAPSULE","route":"ORAL","productName":"Propoxyphene"},{"form":"TABLET","route":"ORAL","productName":"PROPOXYPHENE NAPSYLATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","productName":"PROPOXYPHENE NAPSYLATE AND ACETAMINOPHEN"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","productName":"Propoxyphene Napsylate and Acetaminophen"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","productName":"Propoxyphene and Acetaminophen"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM 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