{"id":"probenecid","rwe":[{"pmid":"41901232","year":"2026","title":"Multitargeting Pt(IV) Anticancer Prodrugs Bearing Mono- and Bis-Probenecid Ligands in Axial Positions: Synthesis and Evaluation of Biological Activity.","finding":"","journal":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41892400","year":"2026","title":"Evidentiary Standards for Newly Approved Antibiotics for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections.","finding":"","journal":"Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41877506","year":"2026","title":"p-Cresyl sulfate promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial dysfunction, leading to development of neointimal hyperplasia.","finding":"","journal":"Kidney research and clinical practice","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41821655","year":"2026","title":"18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuroinflammation via the PI3K/AKT-dependent pathway in MPTP/p-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model.","finding":"","journal":"3 Biotech","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41745708","year":"2026","title":"Consensus Molecules Associated with Parkinson's Disease.","finding":"","journal":"Neurology international","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"abcb22dd-7c10-4459-a98c-d03582b426a3","set_id":"24c451c0-4cfb-37f3-e063-6394a90a895e","openfda":{"unii":["PO572Z7917","492M3I304T"],"route":["ORAL"],"rxcui":["2717843","2717850"],"spl_id":["abcb22dd-7c10-4459-a98c-d03582b426a3"],"brand_name":["ORLYNVAH"],"spl_set_id":["24c451c0-4cfb-37f3-e063-6394a90a895e"],"package_ndc":["81153-100-01"],"product_ndc":["81153-100"],"generic_name":["SULOPENEM ETZADROXIL AND PROBENECID"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["PROBENECID","SULOPENEM ETZADROXIL"],"manufacturer_name":["ITERUM THERAPEUTICS US LIMITED"],"application_number":["NDA213972"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"6","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Sulopenem Etzadroxil There are no available data on sulopenem etzadroxil use in pregnant women to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Sulopenem etzadroxil was orally administered during organogenesis in embryo-fetal studies in mice, rats, and rabbits. In pregnant mice, maternal toxicity and an increased litter incidence of a fetal malformation, cleft palate, was observed with an oral dose of sulopenem etzadroxil associated with plasma sulopenem exposure approximately 23 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 1000 mg/day sulopenem etzadroxil. In pregnant rats and rabbits, orally administered sulopenem etzadroxil was not associated with fetal malformations at any dose, but in rats, maternal toxicity and reduced fetal body weights occurred at sulopenem etzadroxil doses associated with sulopenem plasma exposures approximately 2 and 6 times, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil. In rabbits, maternal toxicity and reduced fetal body weights occurred at sulopenem etzadroxil doses associated with sulopenem plasma exposures approximately 0.1 and 0.2 times, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil. Probenecid Available published data over several decades of probenecid use in pregnant woman have not identified a drug-associated risk of miscarriage, major birth defects, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Probenecid crosses the placental barrier and appears in cord blood. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data Sulopenem etzadroxil: In an embryo-fetal development (EFD) study in mice, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered to pregnant females in oral doses of 100, 400, and 2000 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis from GD 6 to GD 15. Reduced fetal body weights and a fetal malformation, cleft palate, occurred with an increased fetal and litter incidence in the 2000 mg/kg/day group (approximately 23 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). At the same dose, maternal clinical signs (rales, dyspnea, decreased motor activity) were observed, and maternal body weight gains were reduced. No maternal toxicity or fetal malformations occurred with doses ≤ 400 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). In an EFD study in rats, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered to pregnant females in oral doses of 100, 400, and 2000 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis from GD 6 to GD 17. Maternal body weights and food consumption were reduced in the 400 and 2000 mg/kg/day groups. No fetal malformations were observed at any sulopenem etzadroxil dose, but fetal body weights were reduced in the 2000 mg/kg/day group (approximately equal to 11 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). The doses at which no maternal toxicity or fetal toxicity occurred were, respectively, 100 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day (less than or equal to and approximately 2 times respectively the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). In an EFD study in rabbits, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered intravenously to pregnant females in doses of 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis from GD 7 to GD 19. Maternal body weight gain and food consumption were decreased in all the sulopenem etzadroxil dose groups. No fetal malformations occurred, but the number of fetal resorptions and postimplantation loss were increased and the number of viable fetuses and fetal body weights were decreased in the 15 and 50 mg/kg/day groups (approximately 0.2-times and equal to, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). The dose at which no fetal toxicity occurred was 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1-times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). In a pre- postnatal study in rats, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered by oral gavage to pregnant females from GD 6 through the lactation period to Lactation Day (LD) 20 in maternal doses of 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day. No adverse effects on the survival, growth, behavior, or reproduction of first-generation offspring occurred with any of the sulopenem etzadroxil doses up to the high dose of 1000 mg/kg/day (approximately 10-times the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on body surface area comparison)."],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE There is no information on clinical signs and symptoms associated with an overdose of ORLYNVAH. No clinical information is available on the use of hemodialysis to treat ORLYNVAH overdosage."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION ORLYNVAH (sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid) tablets contain sulopenem etzadroxil, a penem antibacterial drug, and probenecid, a renal tubular transport inhibitor. The chemical name of sulopenem etzadroxil is 4-Thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 6-[(1 R )-1- hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3-[[(1 R ,3 S )- tetrahydro-1-oxido-3-thienyl]thio]-, (2-ethyl-1-oxobutoxy)methyl ester, (5 R ,6 S )-. See Figure 1 for sulopenem etzadroxil chemical structure and chemical formula. The molecular weight of sulopenem etzadroxil is 477.61 g/mol. Figure 1. Sulopenem Etzadroxil Chemical Structure and Formula The chemical name for probenecid is 4-[(dipropylamino) sulfonyl] benzoic acid. See Figure 2 for probenecid chemical structure and chemical formula. The molecular weight of probenecid is 285.36 g/mol . Figure 2. Probenecid Chemical Structure and Formula ORLYNVAH are pink bilayer tablets for oral use containing 500 mg of sulopenem etzadroxil and 500 mg of probenecid and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropylcellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. The film coating contains carmine, lecithin polyvinyl alcohol, talc, titanium dioxide, and xanthan gum. Figure 1 Figure 2"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied ORLYNVAH tablets are supplied as pink, oval-shaped, film-coated, fixed-dose, bilayer combination tablets debossed with SULO on one side and plain on the other side, containing 500 mg of sulopenem etzadroxil and 500 mg of probenecid. They are supplied as follows: Bottles of 10 tablets with child-resistant caps (NDC 81153-100-01) 16.2 Storage and Handling Store ORLYNVAH tablets at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room temperature].","16.1 How Supplied ORLYNVAH tablets are supplied as pink, oval-shaped, film-coated, fixed-dose, bilayer combination tablets debossed with SULO on one side and plain on the other side, containing 500 mg of sulopenem etzadroxil and 500 mg of probenecid. They are supplied as follows: Bottles of 10 tablets with child-resistant caps (NDC 81153-100-01)"],"microbiology":["12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Sulopenem etzadroxil is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to the active drug sulopenem after oral administration. Sulopenem has in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of sulopenem results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through sulopenem binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). In Escherichia coli , sulopenem demonstrated binding affinity for PBPs in the following order: PBP2 > PBP1A > PBP1B > PBP4 > PBP3 > PBP5/6. Resistance Resistance to sulopenem is caused by certain extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) including carbapenemases, alteration of PBPs, over expression of efflux pumps and loss of outer membrane porins. Sulopenem demonstrated activity against Enterobacterales in the presence of certain beta-lactamases and ESBLs, e.g., AmpC, CTX-M, TEM, SHV. Sulopenem resistant mutants were selected in vitro at a frequency of 1×10 - 8 . Interaction with Other Antimicrobials In vitro studies with sulopenem did not demonstrate antagonism with any of the following antimicrobials: amoxicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, gentamicin, levofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The clinical significance of these in vitro findings is unknown. Antimicrobial Activity Sulopenem has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 )]: Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for sulopenem against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of sulopenem in treating clinical infections caused by these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus Streptococcus agalactiae Gram-negative bacteria Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter koseri Enterobacter cloacae species Complex Klebsiella aerogenes Klebsiella oxytoca Proteus vulgaris Providencia alcalifaciens Providencia stuartii Susceptibility Testing For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria, and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see https://www.fda.gov/STIC ."],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use In uUTI Trial 1, there were 436 patients 65 years of age and older [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )]. Of the total number of ORLYNVAH-treated patients in this study, 224 (20.2%) were 65 years of age and older, while 80 (7.2%) were 75 years of age and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of ORLYNVAH were observed between patients 65 years and older and younger adult patients. In uUTI Trial 2, there were 452 patients 65 years of age and older [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )]. Of the total number of ORLYNVAH-treated patients in this study, 218 (26.2%) were 65 years of age and older, while 86 (10.3%) were 75 years of age and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of ORLYNVAH were observed between patients 65 years and older and younger adult patients. No clinically meaningful differences in the pharmacokinetics of ORLYNVAH were observed in geriatric patients compared to younger adult patients [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. No dosage adjustment based on age is required. ORLYNVAH is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and geriatric patients are anticipated to have reduced renal function. Recommendations for use in elderly patients should be based on renal function [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of ORLYNVAH in pediatric patients have not been established. Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data In a toxicology study with juvenile rats, sulopenem etzadroxil was orally administered from postnatal day (PND) 5 to PND 90 (85 days of dosing) in doses of 25, 75, and 225 mg/kg/day. Juvenile rats exhibited kidney toxicity including tubular epithelial degeneration and tubule concretions at doses ≥ 25 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.3 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison)."],"effective_time":"20251206","clinical_studies":["6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice. ORLYNVAH was evaluated in two Phase 3 controlled, multinational, randomized, double blind, double dummy clinical trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) in adult women with uUTI. Therapy with oral ORLYNVAH tablets was administered as one tablet twice daily for 5 days [see Clinical Studies ( 14 )]. The trials included 1932 patients treated with ORLYNVAH and 1929 patients treated with comparator antibacterial drugs (ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin/clavulanate). The median age of patients treated with ORLYNVAH was 50 years, ranging between 18 and 91 years old. Patients treated with ORLYNVAH were all female (100%), predominantly White (83%) and from the United States (83%). Serious Adverse Reactions and Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation Serious adverse reactions occurred in 6/1932 (0.3%) of uUTI patients treated with ORLYNVAH and in 2/822 (0.2%) and 5/1107 (0.5%) of patients treated with ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin/clavulanate, respectively. Treatment discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 21/1932 (1%) of patients treated with ORLYNVAH, 8/822 (1%) of patients treated with ciprofloxacin, and 4/1107 (0.4%) of patients treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate. The most commonly reported adverse reactions leading to discontinuation of ORLYNVAH were nausea (6/1932; 0.3%), diarrhea (5/1932; 0.3%), as well as abdominal pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, and dizziness, each 0.2% (3/1932). Most Common Adverse Reactions Adverse reactions occurring at 2% or greater in patients receiving ORLYNVAH were diarrhea, nausea, vulvovaginal mycotic infection, headache, and vomiting. Table 1 lists adverse reactions reported in ≥1% of patients receiving ORLYNVAH in the phase 3 uUTI trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2). The most common adverse reactions in patients treated with ORLYNVAH were diarrhea (10%) and nausea (4%). Table 1. Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% of Patients Receiving ORLYNVAH in the Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Clinical Trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) Adverse Reaction ORLYNVAH a N=1932 n (%) Amoxicillin/Clavulanate b N=1107 n (%) Ciprofloxacin c N=822 n (%) Diarrhea 1 194 (10) 45 (4) 21 (3) Nausea 80 (4) 32 (3) 30 (4) Vulvovaginal mycotic infection 2 46 (2) 13 (1) 7 (1) Headache 42 (2) 17 (2) 18 (2) Vomiting 29 (2) 4 (0.4) 11 (1) Abdominal pain 3 22 (1) 11 (1) 9 (1) a ORLYNVAH tablets (sulopenem etzadroxil 500mg / probenecid 500mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days; b Amoxicillin/clavulanate tablets (875 mg /125 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days cCiprofloxacin tablets (250 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 3 days. 1 Diarrhea includes diarrhea and loose stools. 2 Vulvovaginal mycotic infection includes vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal infection, fungal infection, genital infection fungal, and yeast infection. 3 Abdominal pain includes abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower, abdominal pain upper, and abdominal discomfort. Other Adverse Reactions of ORLYNVAH The following selected adverse reactions were reported in the ORLYNVAH-treated patients at a rate of <1% in the uUTI Trial 1 and Trial 2: Cardiac disorders: tachycardia Ear and labyrinth disorders: vertigo Gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal distension, abnormal feces, constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, eructation, feces discolored, feces soft, flatulence, gastroesophageal reflux disease General disorders: asthenia , fatigue, malaise, peripheral edema, pain, pyrexia Hepatobiliary disorders: elevated transaminases, hepatomegaly Infections and infestations: bacterial vaginosis, Candida infection, candiduria Metabolism and nutrition disorders: polydipsia Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: arthralgia, back pain, myositis Nervous system disorders: ageusia, dizziness, dysgeusia, dystonia, migraine, paresthesia, presyncope, somnolence, syncope Psychiatric disorders: confusion Renal and urinary disorders: urine odor abnormal Reproductive system and breast disorders: perineal pain, vaginal discharge, vulvovaginal pruritus Respiratory disorders: cough, dyspnea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: angioedema, pruritus, rash Vascular disorders: flushing, hypertension Adverse Reactions Occurring with Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) The following adverse reactions associated with the use of probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) were identified in clinical studies or postmarketing reports. Because some of these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Adverse reactions not observed in clinical studies of ORLYNVAH that have been observed with probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) include: Gastrointestinal disorders : hepatic necrosis, anorexia, sore gums Hematologic : aplastic anemia, leukopenia, and hemolytic anemia which in some patients could be related to genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells, anemia Immune system disorders: anaphylaxis, urticaria Metabolism and nutrition disorders: precipitation of acute gouty arthritis Renal and urinary disorders: nephrotic syndrome, uric acid stones with or without hematuria, renal colic, costovertebral pain, urinary frequency Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: alopecia","14 CLINICAL STUDIES 14.1 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Trial 1 A total of 2222 adult women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTI) were randomized and 2214 received trial medications in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial (Trial 1) (NCT05584657) comparing oral ORLYNVAH (sulopenem etzadroxil 500 mg and probenecid 500 mg) twice daily for 5 days to oral amoxicillin/clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg twice daily for 5 days. The microbiological modified intent-to-treat (micro-MITT) population, which included all patients who had at least one uropathogen isolated at baseline (≥10 5 CFU/mL) and received at least one dose of study drug, consisted of 990 patients; the median age was 51 years and median weight was 73.5 kg. Patients were enrolled only from the United States. Patients were Caucasian (79.7%), African American (17.0%) or of another race (3.3%). Composite response (combined microbiological response and clinical cure rates) was determined by comparing the response rate of ORLYNVAH to amoxicillin/clavulanate at the TOC visit (12 days after randomization) in the micro-MITT population as well as in two sub-populations: a) micro-MITTS (micro-MITT population with baseline pathogens susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, MIC ≤8/4 g/mL) and b) micro-MITTR (micro-MITT population with baseline pathogens non-susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, MIC ≥16/8 g/mL). Clinical cure was defined as the resolution of patient-reported uUTI symptoms and no new uUTI symptoms. Microbiological response was defined as a reduction of all baseline uropathogens to less than 10 3 CFU/mL in the urine. ORLYNVAH demonstrated efficacy in the micro-MITTS population. The micro-MITTR population was small (N=67) and had insufficient power to draw conclusions regarding efficacy (Table 4). Table 4. Composite Response 1 at the Test of Cure Visit in Patients with uUTI, Trial 1 Study Population ORLYNVAH a n/N (%) Amoxicillin/ clavulanate b n/N (%) Treatment Difference (95% CI) c micro-MITTS d Population Composite response 296/480 (61.7) 243/442 (55.0) 6.7 (0.3, 13.0) Clinical cure 371/480 (77.3) 339/442 (76.7) 0.6 (-4.8, 6.1) Microbiological response 361/480 (75.2) 295/442 (66.7) 8.5 (2.6, 14.3) micro-MITTR e population Composite response 22/42 (52.4) 17/25 (68.0) -15.6 (-37.5, 9.1) Clinical cure 26/42 (61.9) 18/25 (72.0) -10.1 (-31.5, 14.0) Microbiological response 29/42 (69.0) 20/25 (80.0) -11.0 (-30.7, 12.0) 1 Combined Clinical and Microbiological Success; a 500 mg/500 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; b 875 mg/125 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; c The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the unstratified Miettinen and Nurminen method; d microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens susceptible (MIC ≤8/4 g/mL) to amoxicillin/clavulanate; e microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens nonsusceptible (MIC ≥16/8 g/mL) to amoxicillin/clavulanate. Composite response rates by pathogen are presented in Table 5. Table 5. Composite Response Rate at Test of Cure by Baseline Pathogen from Patients with uUTI, Trial 1 Study Population ORLYNVAH a n/N (%) Amoxicillin/clavulanate b n/N (%) micro-MITTS Population Escherichia coli 251/400 (62.8) 210/374 (56.1) Klebsiella pneumoniae 31/57 (54.4) 22/50 (44.0) Proteus mirabilis 5/13 (38.5) 6/13 (46.2) micro-MITTR Population Escherichia coli 12/23 (52.2) 9/12 (75.0) Klebsiella pneumoniae 0 0 Proteus mirabilis 0 0 a 500 mg/500 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; b 875 mg /125 mg orally twice daily for 5 days Trial 2 A total of 1660 adult women with uUTI were randomized and received trial medications in a multinational randomized, double-blind clinical trial (Trial 2) (NCT03354598) comparing oral ORLYNVAH (sulopenem etzadroxil 500 mg and probenecid 500 mg) twice daily for 5 days to oral ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily for 3 days. The micro-MITT population, which included all patients who had at least one uropathogen isolated at baseline (≥10 5 CFU/mL), consisted of 1105 patients; the median age was 53 years; median weight in the randomized population was 70.4 kg. Patients were enrolled from the United States (55%) and Eastern Europe (45%). Patients were Caucasian (90%), African American (9%) or of other races (1%). Composite response (combined microbiological response and clinical cure) was determined by comparing the response rate of ORLYNVAH to ciprofloxacin at the TOC visit (12 days after randomization) in two primary populations: micro-MITTS (micro-MITT population with baseline pathogens susceptible to ciprofloxacin, MIC ≤1 g/mL) and micro-MITTR (micro-MITT population with baseline pathogens non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin, MIC ≥2 g/mL). Clinical cure was defined as the resolution of patient-reported uUTI symptoms and no new uUTI symptoms. Microbiological response was defined as a reduction of all baseline uropathogens to less than 10 3 CFU/mL in the urine. ORLYNVAH demonstrated efficacy in the micro-MITTR population but did not demonstrate efficacy in the micro-MITTS population (Table 6). Table 6. Composite Response 1 at the Test of Cure Visit in Patients with uUTI, Trial 2 Study Population ORLYNVAH a n/N (%) Ciprofloxacin b n/N (%) Treatment Difference (95% CI) c P value d micro-MITTR e Population Composite response 78/162 (48.1) 49/149 (32.9) 15.3 (4.3, 25.8) 0.006 Clinical cure 136/162 (84.0) 96/149 (64.4) 19.5 (10.0, 29.0) Microbiological response 92/162 (56.8) 66/149 (44.3) 12.5 (1.4, 23.3) micro-MITTS f Population Composite response 227/376 (60.4) 300/418 (71.8) -11.4 (-17.9, -4.8) Clinical cure 305/376 (81.1) 351/418 (84.0) -2.9 (-8.2, 2.4) Microbiological response 262/376 (69.7) 336/418 (80.4) -10.7 (-16.7, -4.7) 1 Combined Clinical Cure and Microbiological Response; a 500 mg/500 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; b 250 mg PO twice daily for 3 days; c The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the unstratified Miettinen and Nurminen method; d The P value was calculated using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test; e microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens nonsusceptible (MIC ≥2 g/mL) to ciprofloxacin; f microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens susceptible (MIC ≤1 g/mL) to ciprofloxacin Composite response rates by pathogen are presented in Table 7. Table 7. Composite Response Rate at Test of Cure by Baseline Pathogen from uUTI Trial 2 ORLYNVAH a n/N (%) Ciprofloxacin b n/N (%) micro-MITTR Population Escherichia coli 63/141 (44.7) 41/131 (31.3) Klebsiella pneumoniae 9/15 (60.0) 7/14 (50.0) Proteus mirabilis 8/9 (88.9) 3/6 (50.0) micro-MITTS Population Escherichia coli 187/316 (59.2) 244/348 (70.1) Klebsiella pneumoniae 23/37 (62.2) 24/35 (68.6) Proteus mirabilis 5/9 (55.6) 10/11 (90.9) a 500 mg/500 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; b 250 mg PO twice daily for 3 days 14.2 Complicated Urinary Tract Infections - Lack of Efficacy ORLYNVAH is not indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Trial 3 (NCT03357614) was a phase 3, multi-center, double-blind, randomized trial designed to compare the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of IV sulopenem followed by oral sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid with that of IV ertapenem followed by oral ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI). Trial 3 did not demonstrate the efficacy of sulopenem IV followed by oral sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid for the primary endpoint of composite response (combined clinical and microbiologic response) in the microbiologic modified intent-to-treat (micro-MITT) population at the test-of-cure visit on Day 21 [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 )]. 14.3 Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections - Lack of Efficacy ORLYNVAH is not indicated for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections. Trial 4 (NCT03358576) was a phase 3, multi-center, double-blind, randomized trial designed to compare the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of IV sulopenem followed by oral sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid with that of IV ertapenem followed by oral ciprofloxacin and metronidazole or amoxicillin/clavulanate for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI). Trial 4 did not demonstrate the efficacy of IV sulopenem followed by oral sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid for the primary endpoint of clinical response in the micro-MITT at the test-of-cure visit on Day 28 [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 )] ."],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics Similar to other beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs, the percentage of time that unbound plasma concentrations of sulopenem exceed the sulopenem minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the infecting organism has been shown to best correlate with efficacy in in vitro models of infection. Cardiac Electrophysiology At a concentration of 40 times or greater than that achieved after a single oral administration of ORLYNVAH, sulopenem does not prolong the QTc interval to a clinically relevant extent."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics Sulopenem etzadroxil is a prodrug [see Microbiology 12.4 ]. The pharmacokinetics of sulopenem and probenecid were characterized in healthy subjects following single oral administration of ORLYNVAH (500 mg sulopenem etzadroxil and 500 mg probenecid). Pharmacokinetic parameters are presented in Table 3 as mean [coefficient of variation (%CV)] unless otherwise specified. Table 3. Pharmacokinetics of Sulopenem and Probenecid in Plasma after Single Oral Dose Administration of ORLYNVAH in Healthy Subjects Parameter Sulopenem Probenecid Fasted Fed a Fasted Fed a General Information Exposure b C max 1.84 (39.1) 2.66 (43.6) 41.2 (38.2) 30.4 (30.9) AUC 0-inf 4.85 (25.3) 7.41 (22.7) 255 (35.6) 237 (35.2) Dose Proportionality b Dose Proportional unknown Accumulation None unknown Absorption Bioavailability 40% 64% unknown T max Median (range) 1.0 (0.5 to 3.0) 2.0 (1.0 -3.0) 3.0 (1.0 – 10.0) 2.0 (1.50 to 6.0) Effect of Food High fat meal a (Fed:Fasted ratio) C max Increased 45% Decreased 27% AUC 0-inf Increased 48% Decreased 8% Distribution Apparent Volume of Distribution (Liters) (mean (SD)) 134 (51.36) 92.09 (33.43) 8.81 (3.91) 11.94 (3.46) Protein Binding c 11% Unknown Elimination Half-Life (hours) (mean (SD)) 1.18 (0.24) 1.28 (0.49) 2.93 (0.83) 3.83 (0.50) Apparent Clearance (L/hour) (mean (SD)) 77.6 (19.77) 50.55 (11.60) 2.06 (0.70) 2.22 (0.76) Metabolism Primary Pathway Sulopenem etzadroxil is hydrolyzed by esterases to active sulopenem then further metabolized by hydrolysis followed by dehydrogenation unknown Major Metabolites M1a and M1b d (inactive) unknown Excretion e Feces 44.3% (26.9% unchanged) unknown Urine 40.8% (3.1% unchanged) unknown Abbreviations : C max = maximum plasma concentration; AUC= area under the time concentration curve; T max = time to peak concentration a A high fat meal is 800-1000 calories, approximately 50% of total calories from fat b No clinically significant sulopenem divergence from dose-proportionally was observed over a dose range of 400 mg to 2000 mg (0.8 to 4 times the approved recommended sulopenem etzadroxil dosage) c Independent of concentration over a range of 1 to 100 µg/mL d Sulopenem, M1a and M1b, accounted for 32%, 21.8% and 43.6% of circulating radioactivity, respectively e After a single oral dose of radiolabeled sulopenem etzadroxil 2000 mg healthy adult subjects Specific Populations No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of sulopenem were observed based on age, sex or weight. The effect of hepatic impairment on sulopenem pharmacokinetics is unknown. Patients with Renal Impairment Sulopenem mean plasma AUC 0-inf increased by 2-fold in patients with mild (CrCL 60 to 89 mL/min), estimated by Cockcroft-Gault equation), by 3-fold in patients with moderate (CrCL 30 to 59 mL/min) and by 7.4-fold in patients with severe (CrCL15 to 29 mL/min) renal impairment following administration of 1000 mg oral sulopenem etzadroxil (not a recommended dosing regimen) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )]. The effect of kidney failure (CrCL<15 mL/min) or hemodialysis on sulopenem pharmacokinetics is unknown. Drug Interaction Studies Clinical Studies Effect of Other Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of ORLYNVAH: No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of sulopenem were observed when ORLYNVAH was administered concomitantly with oral itraconazole (P-gp inhibitor), pantoprazole (gastric-acid reducing agent) or aluminum hydroxide (gastric acid-reducing agent). No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid were observed when used concomitantly with ORLYNVAH. Although there are case reports in the published literature that suggest concomitant use of carbapenems result in a reduction in valproic acid concentrations, the probenecid component of ORLYNVAH appears to counteract any potential effect of sulopenem on valproic acid [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )]. Effect of ORLYNVAH on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs: Coadministration of multiple doses of 500 mg sulopenem etzadroxil with valproic acid decreased valproic acid plasma AUC 0-tau and C max by approximately 25% and 19%, respectively. However, no clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid were observed when administered concomitantly with ORLYNVAH. AUC 0-tau and C max decreased by 8.4% and 7%, respectively, with concomitant administration of ORLYNVAH. In Vitro Studies CYP450 Enzymes: Sulopenem does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or CYP3A or induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4/5. Transporter Systems: Sulopenem is a substrate of OAT3 and does not inhibit BCRP, P-gp, BSEP, MATE1, MATE2K, OAT1, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, or OCT2. Probenecid is a substrate for BCRP and an inhibitor of OAT1/3, but does not inhibit BSEP, P-gp, or MRP2."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are described in greater detail in the Warnings and Precautions section. Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Risk of Uric Acid Kidney Stone Development [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Exacerbation of Gout [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] The most common adverse reactions (≥2%) in patients treated with ORLYNVAH were diarrhea, nausea, vulvovaginal mycotic infection, headache, and vomiting. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Iterum Therapeutics at 1-866-414-SULO or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice. ORLYNVAH was evaluated in two Phase 3 controlled, multinational, randomized, double blind, double dummy clinical trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) in adult women with uUTI. Therapy with oral ORLYNVAH tablets was administered as one tablet twice daily for 5 days [see Clinical Studies ( 14 )]. The trials included 1932 patients treated with ORLYNVAH and 1929 patients treated with comparator antibacterial drugs (ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin/clavulanate). The median age of patients treated with ORLYNVAH was 50 years, ranging between 18 and 91 years old. Patients treated with ORLYNVAH were all female (100%), predominantly White (83%) and from the United States (83%). Serious Adverse Reactions and Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation Serious adverse reactions occurred in 6/1932 (0.3%) of uUTI patients treated with ORLYNVAH and in 2/822 (0.2%) and 5/1107 (0.5%) of patients treated with ciprofloxacin or amoxicillin/clavulanate, respectively. Treatment discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 21/1932 (1%) of patients treated with ORLYNVAH, 8/822 (1%) of patients treated with ciprofloxacin, and 4/1107 (0.4%) of patients treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate. The most commonly reported adverse reactions leading to discontinuation of ORLYNVAH were nausea (6/1932; 0.3%), diarrhea (5/1932; 0.3%), as well as abdominal pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, and dizziness, each 0.2% (3/1932). Most Common Adverse Reactions Adverse reactions occurring at 2% or greater in patients receiving ORLYNVAH were diarrhea, nausea, vulvovaginal mycotic infection, headache, and vomiting. Table 1 lists adverse reactions reported in ≥1% of patients receiving ORLYNVAH in the phase 3 uUTI trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2). The most common adverse reactions in patients treated with ORLYNVAH were diarrhea (10%) and nausea (4%). Table 1. Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% of Patients Receiving ORLYNVAH in the Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Clinical Trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2) Adverse Reaction ORLYNVAH a N=1932 n (%) Amoxicillin/Clavulanate b N=1107 n (%) Ciprofloxacin c N=822 n (%) Diarrhea 1 194 (10) 45 (4) 21 (3) Nausea 80 (4) 32 (3) 30 (4) Vulvovaginal mycotic infection 2 46 (2) 13 (1) 7 (1) Headache 42 (2) 17 (2) 18 (2) Vomiting 29 (2) 4 (0.4) 11 (1) Abdominal pain 3 22 (1) 11 (1) 9 (1) a ORLYNVAH tablets (sulopenem etzadroxil 500mg / probenecid 500mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days; b Amoxicillin/clavulanate tablets (875 mg /125 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days cCiprofloxacin tablets (250 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 3 days. 1 Diarrhea includes diarrhea and loose stools. 2 Vulvovaginal mycotic infection includes vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal infection, fungal infection, genital infection fungal, and yeast infection. 3 Abdominal pain includes abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower, abdominal pain upper, and abdominal discomfort. Other Adverse Reactions of ORLYNVAH The following selected adverse reactions were reported in the ORLYNVAH-treated patients at a rate of <1% in the uUTI Trial 1 and Trial 2: Cardiac disorders: tachycardia Ear and labyrinth disorders: vertigo Gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal distension, abnormal feces, constipation, dry mouth, dyspepsia, eructation, feces discolored, feces soft, flatulence, gastroesophageal reflux disease General disorders: asthenia , fatigue, malaise, peripheral edema, pain, pyrexia Hepatobiliary disorders: elevated transaminases, hepatomegaly Infections and infestations: bacterial vaginosis, Candida infection, candiduria Metabolism and nutrition disorders: polydipsia Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: arthralgia, back pain, myositis Nervous system disorders: ageusia, dizziness, dysgeusia, dystonia, migraine, paresthesia, presyncope, somnolence, syncope Psychiatric disorders: confusion Renal and urinary disorders: urine odor abnormal Reproductive system and breast disorders: perineal pain, vaginal discharge, vulvovaginal pruritus Respiratory disorders: cough, dyspnea Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: angioedema, pruritus, rash Vascular disorders: flushing, hypertension Adverse Reactions Occurring with Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) The following adverse reactions associated with the use of probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) were identified in clinical studies or postmarketing reports. Because some of these reactions were reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Adverse reactions not observed in clinical studies of ORLYNVAH that have been observed with probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) include: Gastrointestinal disorders : hepatic necrosis, anorexia, sore gums Hematologic : aplastic anemia, leukopenia, and hemolytic anemia which in some patients could be related to genetic deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells, anemia Immune system disorders: anaphylaxis, urticaria Metabolism and nutrition disorders: precipitation of acute gouty arthritis Renal and urinary disorders: nephrotic syndrome, uric acid stones with or without hematuria, renal colic, costovertebral pain, urinary frequency Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: alopecia"],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS ORLYNVAH is contraindicated in patients with: • A history of hypersensitivity to the components of ORLYNVAH (sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid) or other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] • Known uric acid kidney stones [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Concomitant use of ORLYNVAH and ketorolac tromethamine is contraindicated [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] Patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the components of ORLYNVAH (sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid) or other beta- lactam antibacterial drugs. ( 4 ) Patients with known uric acid kidney stones. ( 4 ) Concomitant use of ORLYNVAH and ketorolac tromethamine is contraindicated. ( 4 )"],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Ketoprofen : Concomitant use is not recommended ( 7.1 ) See full prescribing information for additional clinically significant drug interactions with ORLYNVAH ( 7.1 ) 7.1 Potential for ORLYNVAH to Affect Other Drugs Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) is an inhibitor of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1/3) and may increase plasma concentrations of drugs that are dependent on OAT1/3 for elimination. Table 2 provides a list of established or potentially clinically significant drug interactions. Table 2. Established and Other Potentially Clinically Significant Drug Interactions Concomitant Drug/Drug Class Effect on Drug Concentration Recommendation Ketorolac tromethamine ↑ ketorolac tromethamine Contraindicated Ketoprofen ↑ ketoprofen Concomitant use is not recommended. Indomethacin ↑ indomethacin May increase the risk of adverse reactions. Refer to drug-specific prescribing information for dosage adjustment instructions. Naproxen ↑ naproxen May increase the risk of adverse reactions. Refer to drug-specific prescribing information for dosage adjustment instructions. Methotrexate ↑ methotrexate If concomitant use cannot be avoided, monitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with methotrexate as recommended in its prescribing information. Rifampin ↑ rifampin Monitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with rifampin as recommended in its prescribing information. Lorazepam ↑ lorazepam Follow the recommended lorazepam dosage modifications outlined in its prescribing information. Oral Sulfonylureas ↑ antidiabetic Monitor more frequently for hypoglycemia. Follow recommended sulfonylurea dosage modifications in its prescribing information. Valproic Acid No valproic acid dosage adjustment is recommended when used concomitantly with ORLYNVAH. No clinically significant reduction in plasma valproic acid concentrations was observed following concomitant use with ORLYNVAH [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . 7.2 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect ORLYNVAH Sulopenem is a substrate of OAT3; therefore, drugs that inhibit OAT3 may increase sulopenem plasma concentrations [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. If concomitant use with ORLYNVAH is necessary, monitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with ORLYNVAH (e.g., diarrhea and nausea) [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]. 7.3 Drug/Laboratory Interactions Treatment with ORLYNVAH may interfere with copper sulfate urine glucose tests, resulting in false-positive readings for glycosuria. Suspected glycosuria should be confirmed by using a test specific for glucose. Falsely high readings for theophylline have been reported in an in vitro study, using the Schack and Waxler technique, when therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) were added to human plasma."],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action ORLYNVAH is a combination of sulopenem etzadroxil, a penem antibacterial drug [see Microbiology 12.4 ] and probenecid, a renal tubular transport inhibitor. Probenecid inhibits OAT3-mediated renal clearance of sulopenem, resulting in increased plasma concentrations of sulopenem ."],"recent_major_changes":["Contraindications, ( 4 ) Removed 12/2025 Warnings and Precautions, Uric Acid Nephropathy in Patients at Risk for Tumor Lysis Syndrome ( 5.5 ) 12/2025"],"storage_and_handling":["16.2 Storage and Handling Store ORLYNVAH tablets at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room temperature]."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action ORLYNVAH is a combination of sulopenem etzadroxil, a penem antibacterial drug [see Microbiology 12.4 ] and probenecid, a renal tubular transport inhibitor. Probenecid inhibits OAT3-mediated renal clearance of sulopenem, resulting in increased plasma concentrations of sulopenem . 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Similar to other beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs, the percentage of time that unbound plasma concentrations of sulopenem exceed the sulopenem minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the infecting organism has been shown to best correlate with efficacy in in vitro models of infection. Cardiac Electrophysiology At a concentration of 40 times or greater than that achieved after a single oral administration of ORLYNVAH, sulopenem does not prolong the QTc interval to a clinically relevant extent. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Sulopenem etzadroxil is a prodrug [see Microbiology 12.4 ]. The pharmacokinetics of sulopenem and probenecid were characterized in healthy subjects following single oral administration of ORLYNVAH (500 mg sulopenem etzadroxil and 500 mg probenecid). Pharmacokinetic parameters are presented in Table 3 as mean [coefficient of variation (%CV)] unless otherwise specified. Table 3. Pharmacokinetics of Sulopenem and Probenecid in Plasma after Single Oral Dose Administration of ORLYNVAH in Healthy Subjects Parameter Sulopenem Probenecid Fasted Fed a Fasted Fed a General Information Exposure b C max 1.84 (39.1) 2.66 (43.6) 41.2 (38.2) 30.4 (30.9) AUC 0-inf 4.85 (25.3) 7.41 (22.7) 255 (35.6) 237 (35.2) Dose Proportionality b Dose Proportional unknown Accumulation None unknown Absorption Bioavailability 40% 64% unknown T max Median (range) 1.0 (0.5 to 3.0) 2.0 (1.0 -3.0) 3.0 (1.0 – 10.0) 2.0 (1.50 to 6.0) Effect of Food High fat meal a (Fed:Fasted ratio) C max Increased 45% Decreased 27% AUC 0-inf Increased 48% Decreased 8% Distribution Apparent Volume of Distribution (Liters) (mean (SD)) 134 (51.36) 92.09 (33.43) 8.81 (3.91) 11.94 (3.46) Protein Binding c 11% Unknown Elimination Half-Life (hours) (mean (SD)) 1.18 (0.24) 1.28 (0.49) 2.93 (0.83) 3.83 (0.50) Apparent Clearance (L/hour) (mean (SD)) 77.6 (19.77) 50.55 (11.60) 2.06 (0.70) 2.22 (0.76) Metabolism Primary Pathway Sulopenem etzadroxil is hydrolyzed by esterases to active sulopenem then further metabolized by hydrolysis followed by dehydrogenation unknown Major Metabolites M1a and M1b d (inactive) unknown Excretion e Feces 44.3% (26.9% unchanged) unknown Urine 40.8% (3.1% unchanged) unknown Abbreviations : C max = maximum plasma concentration; AUC= area under the time concentration curve; T max = time to peak concentration a A high fat meal is 800-1000 calories, approximately 50% of total calories from fat b No clinically significant sulopenem divergence from dose-proportionally was observed over a dose range of 400 mg to 2000 mg (0.8 to 4 times the approved recommended sulopenem etzadroxil dosage) c Independent of concentration over a range of 1 to 100 µg/mL d Sulopenem, M1a and M1b, accounted for 32%, 21.8% and 43.6% of circulating radioactivity, respectively e After a single oral dose of radiolabeled sulopenem etzadroxil 2000 mg healthy adult subjects Specific Populations No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of sulopenem were observed based on age, sex or weight. The effect of hepatic impairment on sulopenem pharmacokinetics is unknown. Patients with Renal Impairment Sulopenem mean plasma AUC 0-inf increased by 2-fold in patients with mild (CrCL 60 to 89 mL/min), estimated by Cockcroft-Gault equation), by 3-fold in patients with moderate (CrCL 30 to 59 mL/min) and by 7.4-fold in patients with severe (CrCL15 to 29 mL/min) renal impairment following administration of 1000 mg oral sulopenem etzadroxil (not a recommended dosing regimen) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )]. The effect of kidney failure (CrCL<15 mL/min) or hemodialysis on sulopenem pharmacokinetics is unknown. Drug Interaction Studies Clinical Studies Effect of Other Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of ORLYNVAH: No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of sulopenem were observed when ORLYNVAH was administered concomitantly with oral itraconazole (P-gp inhibitor), pantoprazole (gastric-acid reducing agent) or aluminum hydroxide (gastric acid-reducing agent). No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid were observed when used concomitantly with ORLYNVAH. Although there are case reports in the published literature that suggest concomitant use of carbapenems result in a reduction in valproic acid concentrations, the probenecid component of ORLYNVAH appears to counteract any potential effect of sulopenem on valproic acid [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )]. Effect of ORLYNVAH on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs: Coadministration of multiple doses of 500 mg sulopenem etzadroxil with valproic acid decreased valproic acid plasma AUC 0-tau and C max by approximately 25% and 19%, respectively. However, no clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid were observed when administered concomitantly with ORLYNVAH. AUC 0-tau and C max decreased by 8.4% and 7%, respectively, with concomitant administration of ORLYNVAH. In Vitro Studies CYP450 Enzymes: Sulopenem does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or CYP3A or induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4/5. Transporter Systems: Sulopenem is a substrate of OAT3 and does not inhibit BCRP, P-gp, BSEP, MATE1, MATE2K, OAT1, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, or OCT2. Probenecid is a substrate for BCRP and an inhibitor of OAT1/3, but does not inhibit BSEP, P-gp, or MRP2. 12.4 Microbiology Mechanism of Action Sulopenem etzadroxil is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed to the active drug sulopenem after oral administration. Sulopenem has in vitro activity against gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The bactericidal activity of sulopenem results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis and is mediated through sulopenem binding to penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). In Escherichia coli , sulopenem demonstrated binding affinity for PBPs in the following order: PBP2 > PBP1A > PBP1B > PBP4 > PBP3 > PBP5/6. Resistance Resistance to sulopenem is caused by certain extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) including carbapenemases, alteration of PBPs, over expression of efflux pumps and loss of outer membrane porins. Sulopenem demonstrated activity against Enterobacterales in the presence of certain beta-lactamases and ESBLs, e.g., AmpC, CTX-M, TEM, SHV. Sulopenem resistant mutants were selected in vitro at a frequency of 1×10 - 8 . Interaction with Other Antimicrobials In vitro studies with sulopenem did not demonstrate antagonism with any of the following antimicrobials: amoxicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, gentamicin, levofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The clinical significance of these in vitro findings is unknown. Antimicrobial Activity Sulopenem has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 )]: Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus mirabilis The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for sulopenem against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of sulopenem in treating clinical infections caused by these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials. Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus saprophyticus Streptococcus agalactiae Gram-negative bacteria Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter koseri Enterobacter cloacae species Complex Klebsiella aerogenes Klebsiella oxytoca Proteus vulgaris Providencia alcalifaciens Providencia stuartii Susceptibility Testing For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria, and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see https://www.fda.gov/STIC ."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE ORLYNVAH, a combination of sulopenem etzadroxil, a penem antibacterial, and probenecid, a renal tubular transport inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTI) caused by the designated microorganisms Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Proteus mirabilis in adult women who have limited or no alternative oral antibacterial treatment options. ( 1.1 ) Limitations of Use ORLYNVAH is not indicated for the treatment of: Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) or as step-down treatment after intravenous antibacterial treatment of cUTI. ( 1.1 , 14.2 ) Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) or as step-down treatment after intravenous antibacterial treatment of cIAI. ( 1.1 , 14.3 ) Usage to Reduce Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ORLYNVAH and other antibacterial drugs, ORLYNVAH should be used only to treat uUTI that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. Culture and susceptibility information should be utilized in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. ( 1.2 , 5.5 ) 1.1 Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections ORLYNVAH is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTI) caused by the designated microorganisms Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Proteus mirabilis in adult women who have limited or no alternative oral antibacterial treatment options. Limitations of Use ORLYNVAH is not indicated for the treatment of: Complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) or as step-down treatment after intravenous antibacterial treatment of cUTI [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )]. Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI)) or as step-down treatment after intravenous antibacterial treatment of cIAI [see Clinical Studies ( 14.3 )]. 1.2 Usage to Reduce Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ORLYNVAH and other antibacterial drugs, ORLYNVAH should be used only to treat uUTI that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. Culture and susceptibility information should be utilized in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]."],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Hypersensitivity Reactions : Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in patients treated with ORLYNVAH. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported with beta-lactam antibacterial drugs. Severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis have been reported with the use of probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH). If an allergic reaction to ORLYNVAH occurs, discontinue the drug and institute appropriate therapy. ( 5.1 ) Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea (CDAD) : This has been reported with nearly all systemic antibacterial agents. Evaluate if diarrhea occurs. ( 5.2 ) Exacerbation of Gout : When prescribing ORLYNVAH to patients with a known history of gout, ensure appropriate therapy of gout is instituted. ( 5.4 ) Uric Acid Nephropathy in Patients at Risk for Tumor Lysis Syndrome : When prescribing ORLYNVAH to patients with risk factors for tumor lysis syndrome, take appropriate measures to reduce the risk. ( 5.5 ) 5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions Hypersensitivity reactions, specifically cases of angioedema, have been reported in patients treated with ORLYNVAH [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]. Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, and serious skin reactions have been reported in patients receiving beta-lactam antibacterial drugs [see Contraindications ( 4 )]. Before therapy with ORLYNVAH is instituted, carefully inquire about previous hypersensitivity reactions to other carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillins, or other beta-lactams because cross- hypersensitivity among beta-lactam antibacterial drugs has been reported. Severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis have been reported with the use of probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH). If an allergic reaction to ORLYNVAH occurs, discontinue the drug and institute appropriate supportive measures. 5.2 Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea Clostridioides difficile -associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported in users of nearly all systemic antibacterial drugs with severity ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents can alter the normal flora of the colon and may permit overgrowth of C. difficile . C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antibacterial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile should be discontinued, if possible. Appropriate measures such as fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile , and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated. 5.3 Risk of Uric Acid Kidney Stone Development When prescribing ORLYNVAH to patients with a history of gout, appropriate measures to reduce the risk of uric acid kidney stone development should be instituted, such as increased fluid intake and alkalization of the urine. ORLYNVAH is contraindicated in patients with known uric acid kidney stones [see Contraindications ( 4 )] . 5.4 Exacerbation of Gout ORLYNVAH may cause exacerbation of gout. When prescribing ORLYNVAH to patients with a known history of gout, ensure appropriate therapy of gout is instituted. 5.5 Uric Acid Nephropathy in Patients at Risk for Tumor Lysis Syndrome The probenecid component of ORLYNVAH may increase the risk of uric acid nephropathy in patients at risk for tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). When prescribing ORLYNVAH to patients with risk factors for TLS, take appropriate measures to reduce the risk. 5.6 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria Prescribing ORLYNVAH in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected susceptible uUTI is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria [see Indications and Usage ( 1.2 )]."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 1. Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% of Patients Receiving ORLYNVAH in the Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Clinical Trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2)
Adverse ReactionORLYNVAHa N=1932 n (%)Amoxicillin/Clavulanateb N=1107 n (%)Ciprofloxacinc N=822 n (%)
Diarrhea1194 (10)45 (4)21 (3)
Nausea80 (4)32 (3)30 (4)
Vulvovaginal mycotic infection246 (2)13 (1)7 (1)
Headache42 (2)17 (2)18 (2)
Vomiting29 (2)4 (0.4)11 (1)
Abdominal pain322 (1)11 (1)9 (1)
a ORLYNVAH tablets (sulopenem etzadroxil 500mg / probenecid 500mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days; bAmoxicillin/clavulanate tablets (875 mg /125 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days cCiprofloxacin tablets (250 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 3 days. 1 Diarrhea includes diarrhea and loose stools. 2 Vulvovaginal mycotic infection includes vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal infection, fungal infection, genital infection fungal, and yeast infection. 3Abdominal pain includes abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower, abdominal pain upper, and abdominal discomfort.
","
Table 4. Composite Response1 at the Test of Cure Visit in Patients with uUTI, Trial 1
Study PopulationORLYNVAHa n/N (%)Amoxicillin/ clavulanateb n/N (%)Treatment Difference (95% CI)c
micro-MITTSd Population
Composite response296/480 (61.7)243/442 (55.0)6.7 (0.3, 13.0)
Clinical cure371/480 (77.3)339/442 (76.7)0.6 (-4.8, 6.1)
Microbiological response361/480 (75.2)295/442 (66.7)8.5 (2.6, 14.3)
micro-MITTRe population
Composite response22/42 (52.4)17/25 (68.0)-15.6 (-37.5, 9.1)
Clinical cure26/42 (61.9)18/25 (72.0)-10.1 (-31.5, 14.0)
Microbiological response29/42 (69.0)20/25 (80.0)-11.0 (-30.7, 12.0)
1 Combined Clinical and Microbiological Success; a 500 mg/500 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; b 875 mg/125 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; c The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the unstratified Miettinen and Nurminen method; d microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens susceptible (MIC ≤8/4 g/mL) to amoxicillin/clavulanate; e microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens nonsusceptible (MIC ≥16/8 g/mL) to amoxicillin/clavulanate.
","
Table 5. Composite Response Rate at Test of Cure by Baseline Pathogen from Patients with uUTI, Trial 1
Study PopulationORLYNVAHa n/N (%)Amoxicillin/clavulanateb n/N (%)
micro-MITTS Population
Escherichia coli251/400 (62.8)210/374 (56.1)
Klebsiella pneumoniae31/57 (54.4)22/50 (44.0)
Proteus mirabilis5/13 (38.5)6/13 (46.2)
micro-MITTR Population
Escherichia coli12/23 (52.2)9/12 (75.0)
Klebsiella pneumoniae00
Proteus mirabilis00
","
Table 6. Composite Response1 at the Test of Cure Visit in Patients with uUTI, Trial 2
Study PopulationORLYNVAHa n/N (%)Ciprofloxacinb n/N (%)Treatment Difference (95% CI)cP valued
micro-MITTRe Population
Composite response78/162 (48.1)49/149 (32.9)15.3 (4.3, 25.8)0.006
Clinical cure136/162 (84.0)96/149 (64.4)19.5 (10.0, 29.0)
Microbiological response92/162 (56.8)66/149 (44.3)12.5 (1.4, 23.3)
micro-MITTSf Population
Composite response227/376 (60.4)300/418 (71.8)-11.4 (-17.9, -4.8)
Clinical cure305/376 (81.1)351/418 (84.0)-2.9 (-8.2, 2.4)
Microbiological response262/376 (69.7)336/418 (80.4)-10.7 (-16.7, -4.7)
1Combined Clinical Cure and Microbiological Response; a 500 mg/500 mg orally twice daily for 5 days; b 250 mg PO twice daily for 3 days; c The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the unstratified Miettinen and Nurminen method; d The P value was calculated using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test; e microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens nonsusceptible (MIC ≥2 g/mL) to ciprofloxacin; f microbiological modified intent-to-treat population with baseline pathogens susceptible (MIC ≤1 g/mL) to ciprofloxacin
","
Table 7. Composite Response Rate at Test of Cure by Baseline Pathogen from uUTI Trial 2
ORLYNVAHa n/N (%)Ciprofloxacinb n/N (%)
micro-MITTR Population
Escherichia coli63/141 (44.7)41/131 (31.3)
Klebsiella pneumoniae9/15 (60.0)7/14 (50.0)
Proteus mirabilis8/9 (88.9)3/6 (50.0)
micro-MITTS Population
Escherichia coli187/316 (59.2)244/348 (70.1)
Klebsiella pneumoniae23/37 (62.2)24/35 (68.6)
Proteus mirabilis5/9 (55.6)10/11 (90.9)
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis Carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been conducted with ORLYNVAH. Mutagenesis Sulopenem Etzadroxil Sulopenem etzadroxil was negative for mutations in an in vitro Ames assay with and without metabolic activation but positive for chromosome aberrations with and without metabolic activation in vitro in peripheral human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells. In vivo, sulopenem etzadroxil was negative for genetic toxicity in a bone marrow micronucleus assay in rats. Sulopenem Sulopenem did not induce mutations in a reverse mutation assay in bacterial cells with and without metabolic activation or in a CHO HGPRT mammalian cell mutation assay with and without metabolic activation. Sulopenem was positive for chromosome aberrations in vitro in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells, but negative for genetic toxicity in vivo in bone marrow micronucleus assays in mice and rats. Probenecid Probenecid was shown to be negative for mutagenicity in an in vitro Ames assay with and without metabolic activation and negative for chromosome aberrations in an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without metabolic activation. Impairment of Fertility Sulopenem etzadroxil Male and female fertility and early embryonic development were examined in rats (20/sex/group) orally administered sulopenem etzadroxil in daily doses of 100, 400, or 2000 mg/kg beginning 28 days prior to mating and throughout the mating period in males and for 14 days before mating, throughout the mating period, and until Gestation Day (GD) 7 in females. There were no treatment-related effects on estrous cycle length, mating and fertility rates, implantation, conceptus viability, sperm concentration and motility, or accessory male sex glands weights. No adverse effects on male and female fertility or early embryonic development in female rats were observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day (approximately 10- and 12-times in male and female rats, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). Probenecid No fertility studies have been conducted with probenecid. 13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology In a toxicology study in monkeys, daily oral administration of sulopenem etzadroxil for 30 days was associated with reduced red blood cell counts and increased reticulocytes at doses of ≥ 400 mg/kg/day (approximately 6-times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on AUC comparison). In the same animals, positive Coomb’s assay results demonstrated positive reactions for polyspecific anti-human globulin and anti-IgG suggesting red cell loss may have been mediated by antibodies. Similar findings were also observed in toxicology studies with sulopenem administered intravenously to monkeys."],"pharmacokinetics_table":["
Table 3. Pharmacokinetics of Sulopenem and Probenecid in Plasma after Single Oral Dose Administration of ORLYNVAH in Healthy Subjects
ParameterSulopenemProbenecid
FastedFedaFastedFeda
General Information
Exposureb
Cmax1.84 (39.1)2.66 (43.6)41.2 (38.2)30.4 (30.9)
AUC0-inf4.85 (25.3)7.41 (22.7)255 (35.6)237 (35.2)
Dose ProportionalitybDose Proportionalunknown
AccumulationNoneunknown
Absorption
Bioavailability40%64%unknown
Tmax Median (range)1.0 (0.5 to 3.0)2.0 (1.0 -3.0)3.0 (1.0 – 10.0)2.0 (1.50 to 6.0)
Effect of Food
High fat meala (Fed:Fasted ratio) CmaxIncreased 45%Decreased 27%
AUC0-infIncreased 48%Decreased 8%
Distribution
Apparent Volume of Distribution (Liters) (mean (SD)) 134 (51.36) 92.09 (33.43) 8.81 (3.91) 11.94 (3.46)
Protein Bindingc11%Unknown
Elimination
Half-Life (hours) (mean (SD))1.18 (0.24)1.28 (0.49)2.93 (0.83)3.83 (0.50)
Apparent Clearance (L/hour) (mean (SD))77.6 (19.77)50.55 (11.60)2.06 (0.70)2.22 (0.76)
Metabolism
Primary PathwaySulopenem etzadroxil is hydrolyzed by esterases to active sulopenem then further metabolized by hydrolysis followed by dehydrogenation unknown
Major MetabolitesM1a and M1bd (inactive)unknown
Excretione
Feces44.3% (26.9% unchanged)unknown
Urine40.8% (3.1% unchanged)unknown
Abbreviations: Cmax = maximum plasma concentration; AUC= area under the time concentration curve; Tmax = time to peak concentration a A high fat meal is 800-1000 calories, approximately 50% of total calories from fat b No clinically significant sulopenem divergence from dose-proportionally was observed over a dose range of 400 mg to 2000 mg (0.8 to 4 times the approved recommended sulopenem etzadroxil dosage) c Independent of concentration over a range of 1 to 100 µg/mL d Sulopenem, M1a and M1b, accounted for 32%, 21.8% and 43.6% of circulating radioactivity, respectively e After a single oral dose of radiolabeled sulopenem etzadroxil 2000 mg healthy adult subjects
"],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Table 1. Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 1% of Patients Receiving ORLYNVAH in the Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection Clinical Trials (Trial 1 and Trial 2)
Adverse ReactionORLYNVAHa N=1932 n (%)Amoxicillin/Clavulanateb N=1107 n (%)Ciprofloxacinc N=822 n (%)
Diarrhea1194 (10)45 (4)21 (3)
Nausea80 (4)32 (3)30 (4)
Vulvovaginal mycotic infection246 (2)13 (1)7 (1)
Headache42 (2)17 (2)18 (2)
Vomiting29 (2)4 (0.4)11 (1)
Abdominal pain322 (1)11 (1)9 (1)
a ORLYNVAH tablets (sulopenem etzadroxil 500mg / probenecid 500mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days; bAmoxicillin/clavulanate tablets (875 mg /125 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 5 days cCiprofloxacin tablets (250 mg) 1 tablet twice daily for 3 days. 1 Diarrhea includes diarrhea and loose stools. 2 Vulvovaginal mycotic infection includes vulvovaginal mycotic infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, vaginal infection, fungal infection, genital infection fungal, and yeast infection. 3Abdominal pain includes abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower, abdominal pain upper, and abdominal discomfort.
"],"drug_interactions_table":["
Table 2. Established and Other Potentially Clinically Significant Drug Interactions
Concomitant Drug/Drug ClassEffect on Drug ConcentrationRecommendation
Ketorolac tromethamine↑ ketorolac tromethamineContraindicated
Ketoprofen↑ ketoprofenConcomitant use is not recommended.
Indomethacin↑ indomethacinMay increase the risk of adverse reactions. Refer to drug-specific prescribing information for dosage adjustment instructions.
Naproxen↑ naproxenMay increase the risk of adverse reactions. Refer to drug-specific prescribing information for dosage adjustment instructions.
Methotrexate↑ methotrexateIf concomitant use cannot be avoided, monitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with methotrexate as recommended in its prescribing information.
Rifampin↑ rifampinMonitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with rifampin as recommended in its prescribing information.
Lorazepam↑ lorazepamFollow the recommended lorazepam dosage modifications outlined in its prescribing information.
Oral Sulfonylureas↑ antidiabeticMonitor more frequently for hypoglycemia. Follow recommended sulfonylurea dosage modifications in its prescribing information.
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Allergic Reactions Advise patients that allergic reactions, including serious allergic reactions, could occur, and that serious allergic reactions require immediate treatment. Patients should inform their healthcare provider about any previous hypersensitivity reactions to ORLYNVAH, other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs or probenecid [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. Diarrhea Advise patients that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterial drugs, including ORLYNVAH, and usually resolves when the drug is discontinued. Sometimes, frequent watery or bloody diarrhea may occur and may be a sign of a more serious intestinal infection. If severe watery or bloody diarrhea develops, patients should contact their healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 ) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )]. Antibacterial Resistance Patients should be counseled that ORLYNVAH should only be used to treat proven or strongly suspected susceptible uUTI. Antibacterial drugs do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When ORLYNVAH is prescribed to treat proven or strongly suspected susceptible uUTI, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, ORLYNVAH should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by ORLYNVAH or other antibacterial drugs in the future [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )]. Ketoprofen Advise patients that concomitant use of ketoprofen with ORLYNVAH is not recommended [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )]. Manufactured for: Iterum Therapeutics U.S. Limited, Chicago, IL 60606 US Patent Numbers: Available online at https://www.iterumtx.com / ORLYNVAH TM is a registered trademark of Iterum Therapeutics"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The recommended dosage of ORLYNVAH is one tablet orally twice daily for 5 days. ( 2.1 ) Administration of ORLYNVAH with food is recommended. ( 2.1 ) 2.1 Recommended Dosage The recommended dosage of ORLYNVAH is one tablet (sulopenem etzadroxil 500 mg and probenecid 500 mg) orally twice daily for 5 days. Administration of ORLYNVAH with food is recommended [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. 2.2 Recommended Dosage in Patients with Renal Impairment Administration of ORLYNVAH is not recommended in patients with creatinine clearance (CrCL) less than 15 mL/min or patients on hemodialysis. No dosage adjustment is required for ORLYNVAH in patients with CrCL greater than or equal to15 mL/min [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. 2.3 Recommendations Regarding Missed Dose(s) If a dose of ORLYNVAH is missed, instruct patients to take the dose as soon as possible. Do not double the dose to make up for the missed dose."],"spl_product_data_elements":["ORLYNVAH sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid SULOPENEM ETZADROXIL SULOPENEM PROBENECID PROBENECID CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE, UNSPECIFIED LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE COCHINEAL LECITHIN, SOYBEAN POLYVINYL ALCOHOL TALC TITANIUM DIOXIDE XANTHAN GUM ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE SULO"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS ORLYNVAH (sulopenem etzadroxil 500 mg and probenecid 500 mg) tablets are supplied as pink, oval-shaped, film-coated, fixed-dose, bilayer combination tablets debossed with SULO on one side and plain on the other side. ORLYNVAH Tablets : 500 mg sulopenem etzadroxil and 500 mg probenecid. ( 3 )"],"recent_major_changes_table":["
Contraindications, (4) Removed 12/2025
Warnings and Precautions, Uric Acid Nephropathy in Patients at Risk for Tumor Lysis Syndrome (5.5) 12/2025
"],"clinical_pharmacology_table":["
Table 3. Pharmacokinetics of Sulopenem and Probenecid in Plasma after Single Oral Dose Administration of ORLYNVAH in Healthy Subjects
ParameterSulopenemProbenecid
FastedFedaFastedFeda
General Information
Exposureb
Cmax1.84 (39.1)2.66 (43.6)41.2 (38.2)30.4 (30.9)
AUC0-inf4.85 (25.3)7.41 (22.7)255 (35.6)237 (35.2)
Dose ProportionalitybDose Proportionalunknown
AccumulationNoneunknown
Absorption
Bioavailability40%64%unknown
Tmax Median (range)1.0 (0.5 to 3.0)2.0 (1.0 -3.0)3.0 (1.0 – 10.0)2.0 (1.50 to 6.0)
Effect of Food
High fat meala (Fed:Fasted ratio) CmaxIncreased 45%Decreased 27%
AUC0-infIncreased 48%Decreased 8%
Distribution
Apparent Volume of Distribution (Liters) (mean (SD)) 134 (51.36) 92.09 (33.43) 8.81 (3.91) 11.94 (3.46)
Protein Bindingc11%Unknown
Elimination
Half-Life (hours) (mean (SD))1.18 (0.24)1.28 (0.49)2.93 (0.83)3.83 (0.50)
Apparent Clearance (L/hour) (mean (SD))77.6 (19.77)50.55 (11.60)2.06 (0.70)2.22 (0.76)
Metabolism
Primary PathwaySulopenem etzadroxil is hydrolyzed by esterases to active sulopenem then further metabolized by hydrolysis followed by dehydrogenation unknown
Major MetabolitesM1a and M1bd (inactive)unknown
Excretione
Feces44.3% (26.9% unchanged)unknown
Urine40.8% (3.1% unchanged)unknown
Abbreviations: Cmax = maximum plasma concentration; AUC= area under the time concentration curve; Tmax = time to peak concentration a A high fat meal is 800-1000 calories, approximately 50% of total calories from fat b No clinically significant sulopenem divergence from dose-proportionally was observed over a dose range of 400 mg to 2000 mg (0.8 to 4 times the approved recommended sulopenem etzadroxil dosage) c Independent of concentration over a range of 1 to 100 µg/mL d Sulopenem, M1a and M1b, accounted for 32%, 21.8% and 43.6% of circulating radioactivity, respectively e After a single oral dose of radiolabeled sulopenem etzadroxil 2000 mg healthy adult subjects
"],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Sulopenem Etzadroxil There are no available data on sulopenem etzadroxil use in pregnant women to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Sulopenem etzadroxil was orally administered during organogenesis in embryo-fetal studies in mice, rats, and rabbits. In pregnant mice, maternal toxicity and an increased litter incidence of a fetal malformation, cleft palate, was observed with an oral dose of sulopenem etzadroxil associated with plasma sulopenem exposure approximately 23 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 1000 mg/day sulopenem etzadroxil. In pregnant rats and rabbits, orally administered sulopenem etzadroxil was not associated with fetal malformations at any dose, but in rats, maternal toxicity and reduced fetal body weights occurred at sulopenem etzadroxil doses associated with sulopenem plasma exposures approximately 2 and 6 times, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil. In rabbits, maternal toxicity and reduced fetal body weights occurred at sulopenem etzadroxil doses associated with sulopenem plasma exposures approximately 0.1 and 0.2 times, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil. Probenecid Available published data over several decades of probenecid use in pregnant woman have not identified a drug-associated risk of miscarriage, major birth defects, or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Probenecid crosses the placental barrier and appears in cord blood. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Data Animal Data Sulopenem etzadroxil: In an embryo-fetal development (EFD) study in mice, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered to pregnant females in oral doses of 100, 400, and 2000 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis from GD 6 to GD 15. Reduced fetal body weights and a fetal malformation, cleft palate, occurred with an increased fetal and litter incidence in the 2000 mg/kg/day group (approximately 23 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). At the same dose, maternal clinical signs (rales, dyspnea, decreased motor activity) were observed, and maternal body weight gains were reduced. No maternal toxicity or fetal malformations occurred with doses ≤ 400 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). In an EFD study in rats, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered to pregnant females in oral doses of 100, 400, and 2000 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis from GD 6 to GD 17. Maternal body weights and food consumption were reduced in the 400 and 2000 mg/kg/day groups. No fetal malformations were observed at any sulopenem etzadroxil dose, but fetal body weights were reduced in the 2000 mg/kg/day group (approximately equal to 11 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). The doses at which no maternal toxicity or fetal toxicity occurred were, respectively, 100 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day (less than or equal to and approximately 2 times respectively the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). In an EFD study in rabbits, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered intravenously to pregnant females in doses of 5, 15, and 50 mg/kg/day during the period of organogenesis from GD 7 to GD 19. Maternal body weight gain and food consumption were decreased in all the sulopenem etzadroxil dose groups. No fetal malformations occurred, but the number of fetal resorptions and postimplantation loss were increased and the number of viable fetuses and fetal body weights were decreased in the 15 and 50 mg/kg/day groups (approximately 0.2-times and equal to, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). The dose at which no fetal toxicity occurred was 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.1-times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). In a pre- postnatal study in rats, sulopenem etzadroxil was administered by oral gavage to pregnant females from GD 6 through the lactation period to Lactation Day (LD) 20 in maternal doses of 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day. No adverse effects on the survival, growth, behavior, or reproduction of first-generation offspring occurred with any of the sulopenem etzadroxil doses up to the high dose of 1000 mg/kg/day (approximately 10-times the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on body surface area comparison). 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary There are no data on the presence of sulopenem etzadroxil or its metabolite in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. The active metabolite of sulopenem etzadroxil, sulopenem, was present in rat milk after oral dosing of sulopenem etzadroxil to lactating female rats. When a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that the drug will be present in human milk. Probenecid is present in human milk based on a case report. There are no reports of adverse effects in infants associated with probenecid exposure through breastmilk. There is no information on the effects of probenecid on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for ORLYNVAH and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed child from ORLYNVAH or from the underlying maternal condition. 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of ORLYNVAH in pediatric patients have not been established. Juvenile Animal Toxicity Data In a toxicology study with juvenile rats, sulopenem etzadroxil was orally administered from postnatal day (PND) 5 to PND 90 (85 days of dosing) in doses of 25, 75, and 225 mg/kg/day. Juvenile rats exhibited kidney toxicity including tubular epithelial degeneration and tubule concretions at doses ≥ 25 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.3 times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). 8.5 Geriatric Use In uUTI Trial 1, there were 436 patients 65 years of age and older [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )]. Of the total number of ORLYNVAH-treated patients in this study, 224 (20.2%) were 65 years of age and older, while 80 (7.2%) were 75 years of age and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of ORLYNVAH were observed between patients 65 years and older and younger adult patients. In uUTI Trial 2, there were 452 patients 65 years of age and older [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )]. Of the total number of ORLYNVAH-treated patients in this study, 218 (26.2%) were 65 years of age and older, while 86 (10.3%) were 75 years of age and older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness of ORLYNVAH were observed between patients 65 years and older and younger adult patients. No clinically meaningful differences in the pharmacokinetics of ORLYNVAH were observed in geriatric patients compared to younger adult patients [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. No dosage adjustment based on age is required. ORLYNVAH is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and geriatric patients are anticipated to have reduced renal function. Recommendations for use in elderly patients should be based on renal function [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. 8.6 Renal Impairment Increases in sulopenem plasma concentrations were observed with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment; however, the available safety information does not suggest a need for dosage adjustments in these patients [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Administration of ORLYNVAH is not recommended in patients with CrCL less than 15 mL/min and patients on hemodialysis because the pharmacokinetics of sulopenem have not been studied in this population."],"animal_pharmacology_and_or_toxicology":["13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology In a toxicology study in monkeys, daily oral administration of sulopenem etzadroxil for 30 days was associated with reduced red blood cell counts and increased reticulocytes at doses of ≥ 400 mg/kg/day (approximately 6-times the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on AUC comparison). In the same animals, positive Coomb’s assay results demonstrated positive reactions for polyspecific anti-human globulin and anti-IgG suggesting red cell loss may have been mediated by antibodies. Similar findings were also observed in toxicology studies with sulopenem administered intravenously to monkeys."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANAL NDC 81153-100-01 Rx Only Orlynvah™ (sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid) tablets 500 mg/500 mg 10 Tablets PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANAL NDC 81153-100-01 Rx Only Orlynvah™ (sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid) tablets 500 mg/500 mg 10 Tablets"],"drug_and_or_laboratory_test_interactions":["7.3 Drug/Laboratory Interactions Treatment with ORLYNVAH may interfere with copper sulfate urine glucose tests, resulting in false-positive readings for glycosuria. Suspected glycosuria should be confirmed by using a test specific for glucose. Falsely high readings for theophylline have been reported in an in vitro study, using the Schack and Waxler technique, when therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) were added to human plasma."],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis Carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been conducted with ORLYNVAH. Mutagenesis Sulopenem Etzadroxil Sulopenem etzadroxil was negative for mutations in an in vitro Ames assay with and without metabolic activation but positive for chromosome aberrations with and without metabolic activation in vitro in peripheral human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells. In vivo, sulopenem etzadroxil was negative for genetic toxicity in a bone marrow micronucleus assay in rats. Sulopenem Sulopenem did not induce mutations in a reverse mutation assay in bacterial cells with and without metabolic activation or in a CHO HGPRT mammalian cell mutation assay with and without metabolic activation. Sulopenem was positive for chromosome aberrations in vitro in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells, but negative for genetic toxicity in vivo in bone marrow micronucleus assays in mice and rats. Probenecid Probenecid was shown to be negative for mutagenicity in an in vitro Ames assay with and without metabolic activation and negative for chromosome aberrations in an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells with and without metabolic activation. Impairment of Fertility Sulopenem etzadroxil Male and female fertility and early embryonic development were examined in rats (20/sex/group) orally administered sulopenem etzadroxil in daily doses of 100, 400, or 2000 mg/kg beginning 28 days prior to mating and throughout the mating period in males and for 14 days before mating, throughout the mating period, and until Gestation Day (GD) 7 in females. There were no treatment-related effects on estrous cycle length, mating and fertility rates, implantation, conceptus viability, sperm concentration and motility, or accessory male sex glands weights. No adverse effects on male and female fertility or early embryonic development in female rats were observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day (approximately 10- and 12-times in male and female rats, respectively, the clinical sulopenem exposure for the MRHD of sulopenem etzadroxil based on plasma AUC comparison). Probenecid No fertility studies have been conducted with probenecid."]},"tags":[{"label":"probenecid","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Carbonic anhydrase 9","category":"target"},{"label":"CA9","category":"gene"},{"label":"CA2","category":"gene"},{"label":"CA12","category":"gene"},{"label":"M04AB01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Adjunct Treatment to Inhibit Renal Drug Excretion","category":"indication"},{"label":"Articular gout","category":"indication"},{"label":"Chronic gouty arthritis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Hyperuricemia","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1950s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antirheumatic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Gout Suppressants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Pharmaceutic Aids","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Uricosuric Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"DIARRHOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"105 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"66 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OFF LABEL USE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"58 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DYSPNOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"53 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"NAUSEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"49 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"VOMITING","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"49 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ASTHENIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"48 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ADENOVIRUS INFECTION","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"47 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"46 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"TOXICITY TO VARIOUS AGENTS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"44 reports"}],"drugInteractions":[{"drug":"Ketorolac tromethamine","severity":"major","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of ketorolac tromethamine","management":"Contraindicated","clinicalEffect":"Increased risk of adverse reactions"},{"drug":"Ketoprofen","severity":"major","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of ketoprofen","management":"Concomitant use is not recommended","clinicalEffect":"Increased risk of adverse reactions"},{"drug":"Indomethacin","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of indomethacin","management":"Refer to drug-specific prescribing information for dosage adjustment instructions","clinicalEffect":"May increase the risk of adverse reactions"},{"drug":"Naproxen","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of naproxen","management":"Refer to drug-specific prescribing information for dosage adjustment instructions","clinicalEffect":"May increase the risk of adverse reactions"},{"drug":"Methotrexate","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of methotrexate","management":"If concomitant use cannot be avoided, monitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with methotrexate as recommended in its prescribing information","clinicalEffect":"Increased risk of adverse reactions"},{"drug":"Rifampin","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of rifampin","management":"Monitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with rifampin as recommended in its prescribing information","clinicalEffect":"Increased risk of adverse reactions"},{"drug":"Lorazepam","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of lorazepam","management":"Follow the recommended lorazepam dosage modifications outlined in its prescribing information","clinicalEffect":"Increased risk of adverse reactions"},{"drug":"Oral Sulfonylureas","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"Probenecid (a component of ORLYNVAH) inhibits OAT1/3, increasing plasma concentrations of antidiabetic agents","management":"Monitor more frequently for hypoglycemia. Follow recommended sulfonylurea dosage modifications in its prescribing information","clinicalEffect":"Increased risk of hypoglycemia"},{"drug":"Valproic Acid","severity":"minor","mechanism":"No clinically significant reduction in plasma valproic acid concentrations was observed following concomitant use with ORLYNVAH","management":"No valproic acid dosage adjustment is recommended when used concomitantly with ORLYNVAH","clinicalEffect":"No significant clinical effect"},{"drug":"Sulopenem","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"Sulopenem is a substrate of OAT3; drugs that inhibit OAT3 (like ORLYNVAH) may increase sulopenem plasma concentrations","management":"If concomitant use with ORLYNVAH is necessary, monitor more frequently for adverse reactions associated with ORLYNVAH (e.g., diarrhea and nausea)","clinicalEffect":"Increased risk of adverse reactions"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"diarrhea","drugRate":"10%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"4%"},{"effect":"nausea","drugRate":"4%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"3%"},{"effect":"vulvovaginal mycotic infection","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"1%"},{"effect":"headache","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2%"},{"effect":"vomiting","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"1%"}],"contraindications":["Patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the components of ORLYNVAH (sulopenem etzadroxil and probenecid) or other beta-lactam antibacterial drugs.","Patients with known uric acid kidney stones.","Concomitant use of ORLYNVAH and ketorolac tromethamine is contraindicated."],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Use in Pregnancy:. Probenecid crosses the placenta barrier and appears in cord blood. The use of any drug in women of childbearing potential requires that the anticipated benefit be weighed against the possible hazards."},"discontinuationRates":[{"trial":"uUTI trials","drugArm":"1%","placeboArm":"1% (ciprofloxacin), 0.4% (amoxicillin/clavulanate)","commonReason":"nausea (0.3%), diarrhea (0.3%), abdominal pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, and dizziness (each 0.2%)"}],"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"event":"serious adverse reactions","detail":"occurred in 6/1932 of uUTI patients treated with ORLYNVAH","severity":"serious","incidence":"0.3%"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$1.3147/EA","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$480","description":"PROBENECID 500 MG TABLET","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=probenecid","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:06.727933+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probenecid","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:16.325391+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:14.950766+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:05.846814+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=probenecid","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:15.277878+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:02.396227+00:00"},"indications.approved":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:47:51.238020+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:02.396260+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:16.972991+00:00"},"mechanism.oneSentence":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"12.1 Mechanism of Action ORLYNVAH is a combination of sulopenem etzadroxil, a penem antibacterial drug [see Microbiology 12.4 ] and probenecid, a renal tubular transport inhibitor. Probenecid inhibits OAT3-mediated renal clearance of sulopenem, resulting in increased plasma concentrations of sulopenem .","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:27.540946+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Solute carrier family 22 member 11 inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:16.325349+00:00"},"safety.drugInteractions":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:47:43.221537+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL897/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:15.986947+00:00"},"safety.commonSideEffects":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are described in greater detail in the Warnings and Precautions section. Hypersensitivity Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] Clostridioides difficile -Associated Diarrhea [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] Risk of Uric Acid Kidney Stone Development [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] Exacerbation of Gout [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] The most common adverse reactions (≥2%) in patients treated with ORLYNVAH were dia","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:44.031505+00:00"},"safety.contraindications":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:49.383557+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"NDA213972","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:46:02.396264+00:00"}},"allNames":"col-probenecid","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["probenecid","benecid","probecid","probenecid acid"],"timeline":[{"date":"1951-04-26","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Col-Probenecid, also known as probenecid, is a small molecule drug developed by Merck that targets carbonic anhydrase 9. It is classified as a probenecid drug and was FDA approved in 1951 for indications such as articular gout, chronic gouty arthritis, and hyperuricemia. Probenecid is now off-patent and has multiple generic manufacturers. It has a bioavailability of 99% and a half-life of 5.9 hours. As an off-patent drug, it is widely available in the market.","brandName":"Col-Probenecid","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Adjunct Treatment to Inhibit Renal Drug Excretion","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Articular gout","otherDrugs":[{"name":"allopurinol","slug":"allopurinol","company":"Prometheus Labs"},{"name":"betamethasone","slug":"betamethasone","company":""},{"name":"betamethasone acetate","slug":"betamethasone-acetate","company":""},{"name":"canakinumab","slug":"canakinumab","company":"Novartis Pharms"}],"globalPrevalence":41000000},{"indication":"Chronic gouty arthritis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"colchicine","slug":"colchicine","company":"Merck"},{"name":"sulfinpyrazone","slug":"sulfinpyrazone","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":41000000},{"indication":"Hyperuricemia","otherDrugs":[{"name":"allopurinol","slug":"allopurinol","company":"Prometheus Labs"},{"name":"febuxostat","slug":"febuxostat","company":"Takeda Pharms Usa"},{"name":"lesinurad","slug":"lesinurad","company":"Ardea Biosciences Inc"},{"name":"rasburicase","slug":"rasburicase","company":"Sanofi Synthelabo"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Carbonic anhydrase 9","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"CA9","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 9","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 9"},{"gene":"CA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 2","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 2"},{"gene":"CA12","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Carbonic anhydrase 12","protein":"Carbonic anhydrase 12"},{"gene":"SLC22A8","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Solute carrier family 22 member 8","protein":"Solute carrier family 22 member 8"},{"gene":"SLC22A6","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Solute carrier family 22 member 6","protein":"Solute carrier family 22 member 6"},{"gene":"SLC22A12","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Solute carrier family 22 member 12","protein":"Solute carrier family 22 member 12"},{"gene":"SLC22A11","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Solute carrier family 22 member 11","protein":"Solute carrier family 22 member 11"},{"gene":"UGT1A7","source":"DrugCentral","target":"UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-7","protein":"UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-7"}],"modality":"Small molecule","drugClass":"probenecid","explanation":"ORLYNVAH is a combination drug that includes sulopenem etzadroxil, which fights bacterial infections, and probenecid, which prevents the kidneys from removing sulopenem too quickly. This results in higher levels of sulopenem in the blood, enhancing its effectiveness.","oneSentence":"ORLYNVAH combines sulopenem etzadroxil, a penem antibacterial, with probenecid to increase sulopenem's plasma concentration by inhibiting its renal clearance.","technicalDetail":"Probenecid inhibits OAT3-mediated renal clearance of sulopenem, leading to increased plasma concentrations of sulopenem.","_target_confidence":0.5},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probenecid","title":"Probenecid","extract":"Probenecid, also sold under the brand name Probalan, is a medication that increases uric acid excretion in the urine. It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia.","wiki_history":"==History==\nDuring World War II, probenecid was used to extend limited supplies of penicillin. This use exploited probenecid's interference with drug elimination (via urinary excretion) in the kidneys and allowed lower doses of penicillin to be used.\n\nProbenecid was added to the International Olympic Committee's list of banned substances in January 1988, due to its use as a masking agent."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1951","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1951-04-26, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2268","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=probenecid","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=probenecid","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probenecid","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T02:36:06.401292","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":3,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-19T23:47:51.379260+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"sulfinpyrazone","drugSlug":"sulfinpyrazone","fdaApproval":"1959-05-13","genericCount":5,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"lesinurad","drugSlug":"lesinurad","fdaApproval":"2015-12-22","patentExpiry":"Nov 26, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","name":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","fields":["pricing"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"probenecid","indications":{"approved":[{"id":"probenecid-uncomplicated-uti","name":"Uncomplicated UTI","dosing":null,"approvals":[],"diseaseId":"","eligibility":"Adult women with limited or no alternative oral antibacterial treatment options","pivotalTrial":null,"restrictions":[],"patientPopulation":"Adult women with limited or no alternative oral antibacterial treatment options","diagnosticRequired":"Culture and susceptibility information should be utilized in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy","brandNameForIndication":"Col-Probenecid"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Merck","drugCategory":"established","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"sulfinpyrazone","brandName":"sulfinpyrazone","genericName":"sulfinpyrazone","approvalYear":"1959","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"lesinurad","brandName":"lesinurad","genericName":"lesinurad","approvalYear":"2015","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07092813","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Pharmacokinetics of Sulopenem Etzadroxil Plus Probenecid in Adolescents","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Iterum Therapeutics, International 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