{"id":"pilocarpine","rwe":[],"_fda":{"id":"aa0c11f4-3998-4089-80b7-b6807c77ecd3","set_id":"06c054af-62b4-4373-813a-9bb2e5c92316","openfda":{"unii":["0WW6D218XJ"],"route":["ORAL"],"rxcui":["1000913"],"spl_id":["aa0c11f4-3998-4089-80b7-b6807c77ecd3"],"brand_name":["Pilocarpine Hydrochloride"],"spl_set_id":["06c054af-62b4-4373-813a-9bb2e5c92316"],"package_ndc":["72162-1078-1"],"product_ndc":["72162-1078"],"generic_name":["PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE"],"manufacturer_name":["Bryant Ranch Prepack"],"application_number":["ANDA077220"],"original_packager_product_ndc":["0527-1313"]},"version":"101","warnings":["WARNINGS: Cardiovascular Disease: Patients with significant cardiovascular disease may be unable to compensate for transient changes in hemodynamics or rhythm induced by pilocarpine. Pulmonary edema has been reported as a complication of pilocarpine toxicity from high ocular doses given for acute angle-closure glaucoma. Pilocarpine should be administered with caution in and under close medical supervision of patients with significant cardiovascular disease. Ocular: Ocular formulations of pilocarpine have been reported to cause visual blurring which may result in decreased visual acuity, especially at night and in patients with central lens changes, and to cause impairment of depth perception. Caution should be advised while driving at night or performing hazardous activities in reduced lighting. Pulmonary Disease: Pilocarpine has been reported to increase airway resistance, bronchial smooth muscle tone, and bronchial secretions. Pilocarpine hydrochloride should be administered with caution to and under close medical supervision in patients with controlled asthma, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring pharmacotherapy."],"pregnancy":["Pregnancy: Teratogenic effects Pregnancy Category C: Pilocarpine was associated with a reduction in the mean fetal body weight and an increase in the incidence of skeletal variations when given to pregnant rats at a dosage of 90 mg/kg/day (approximately 26 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates). These effects may have been secondary to maternal toxicity. In another study, oral administration of pilocarpine to female rats during gestation and lactation at a dosage of 36 mg/kg/day (approximately 10 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) resulted in an increased incidence of stillbirths; decreased neonatal survival and reduced mean body weight of pups were observed at dosages of 18 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) and above. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus."],"overdosage":["MANAGEMENT OF OVERDOSE: Fatal overdosage with pilocarpine has been reported in the scientific literature at doses presumed to be greater than 100 mg in two hospitalized patients. 100 mg of pilocarpine is considered potentially fatal. Overdosage should be treated with atropine titration (0.5 mg to 1.0 mg given subcutaneously or intravenously) and supportive measures to maintain respiration and circulation. Epinephrine (0.3 mg to 1.0 mg, subcutaneously or intramuscularly) may also be of value in the presence of severe cardiovascular depression or bronchoconstriction. It is not known if pilocarpine is dialyzable."],"description":["DESCRIPTION: Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, USP contain pilocarpine hydrochloride, a cholinergic agonist for oral use. Pilocarpine hydrochloride, USP is a hygroscopic, odorless, bitter tasting white crystal or powder which is soluble in water and alcohol and virtually insoluble in most non-polar solvents. Pilocarpine hydrochloride, USP with a chemical name of (3S- cis )-2(3 H )-Furanone, 3-ethyldihydro-4-[(1-methyl-1 H -imidazol-5-yl)methyl]monohydrochloride, has a molecular weight of 244.72. Each 5 mg Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Tablet, USP for oral administration contains 5 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride. Inactive ingredients in the tablet are microcrystalline cellulose and stearic acid, the tablet's film coating is: polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, and talc. Each 7.5 mg Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Tablet, USP for oral administration contains 7.5 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride. Inactive ingredients in the tablet are microcrystalline cellulose and stearic acid, the tablet's film coating is: FD&C Blue #2/Indigo Carmine aluminum lake, polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, and talc."],"precautions":["PRECAUTIONS: General: Pilocarpine toxicity is characterized by an exaggeration of its parasympathomimetic effects. These may include: headache, visual disturbance, lacrimation, sweating, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal spasm, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, atrioventricular block, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, hypertension, shock, mental confusion, cardiac arrhythmia, and tremors. The dose-related cardiovascular pharmacologic effects of pilocarpine include hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, and tachycardia. Pilocarpine should be administered with caution to patients with known or suspected cholelithiasis or biliary tract disease. Contractions of the gallbladder or biliary smooth muscle could precipitate complications including cholecystitis, cholangitis, and biliary obstruction. Pilocarpine may increase ureteral smooth muscle tone and could theoretically precipitate renal colic (or \"ureteral reflux\"), particularly in patients with nephrolithiasis. Cholinergic agonists may have dose-related central nervous system effects. This should be considered when treating patients with underlying cognitive or psychiatric disturbances. Hepatic Insufficiency: Based on decreased plasma clearance observed in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, the starting dose in these patients should be 5 mg twice daily, followed by adjustment based on therapeutic response and tolerability. Patients with mild hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh score of 5-6) do not require dosage reductions. To date, pharmacokinetic studies in subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score of 10-15) have not been carried out. The use of pilocarpine in these patients is not recommended. Child-Pugh scoring system for Hepatic Impairment Clinical and Biochemical Measurements Points Scored for Increasing Abnormality 1 2 3 Encephalopathy (grade) According to grading of Trey, Burns, and Saunders (1966) None 1 and 2 3 and 4 Ascites Absent Slight Moderate Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-2 2-3 >3 Albumin (g. per 100 ml.) 3-5 2.8-3.5 <2.8 Prothrombin time (sec. Prolonged) 1-4 4-6 >6 For primary biliary cirrhosis:- Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-4 4-10 >10 Reference: Pugh, R.N.H., Murray-Lyon, I.M., Dawson, J.L. Pietroni, M.C., Williams, R. 1973, Transection of the Oesophagus for Bleeding Oesophageal Varices, Brit. J. Surg. , 60:646-9. Information for Patients: Patients should be informed that pilocarpine may cause visual disturbances, especially at night, that could impair their ability to drive safely. If a patient sweats excessively while taking pilocarpine hydrochloride and cannot drink enough liquid, the patient should consult a physician. Dehydration may develop. Drug Interactions: Pilocarpine should be administered with caution to patients taking beta adrenergic antagonists because of the possibility of conduction disturbances. Drugs with parasympathomimetic effects administered concurrently with pilocarpine would be expected to result in additive pharmacologic effects. Pilocarpine might antagonize the anticholinergic effects of drugs used concomitantly. These effects should be considered when anticholinergic properties may be contributing to the therapeutic effect of concomitant medication (e.g., atropine, inhaled ipratropium). While no formal drug interaction studies have been performed, the following concomitant drugs were used in at least 10% of patients in either or both Sjogren's efficacy studies: acetylsalicylic acid, artificial tears, calcium, conjugated estrogens, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, ibuprofen, levothyroxine sodium, medroxyprogesterone acetate, methotrexate, multivitamins, naproxen, omeprazole, paracetamol, and prednisone. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Lifetime oral carcinogenicity studies were conducted in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Pilocarpine did not induce tumors in mice at any dosage studied (up to 30 mg/kg/day, which yielded a systemic exposure approximately 50 times larger than the maximum systemic exposure observed clinically). In rats, a dosage of 18 mg/kg/day, which yielded a systemic exposure approximately 100 times larger than the maximum systemic exposure observed clinically, resulted in a statistically significant increase in the incidence of benign pheochromocytomas in both males and females, and a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas in female rats. The tumorigenicity observed in rats was observed only at a large multiple of the maximum labeled clinical dose, and may not be relevant to clinical use. No evidence that pilocarpine has the potential to cause genetic toxicity was obtained in a series of studies that included: 1) bacterial assays ( Salmonella and E. coli ) for reverse gene mutations; 2) an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line; 3) an in vivo chromosome aberration assay (micronucleus test) in mice; and 4) a primary DNA damage assay (unscheduled DNA synthesis) in rat hepatocyte primary cultures. Oral administration of pilocarpine to male and female rats at a dosage of 18 mg/kg/day, which yielded a systemic exposure approximately 100 times larger than the maximum systemic exposure observed clinically, resulted in impaired reproductive function, including reduced fertility, decreased sperm motility, and morphologic evidence of abnormal sperm. It is unclear whether the reduction in fertility was due to effects on male animals, female animals, or both males and females. In dogs, exposure to pilocarpine at a dosage of 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human dose when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) for six months resulted in evidence of impaired spermatogenesis. The data obtained in these studies suggest that pilocarpine may impair the fertility of male and female humans. Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets should be administered to individuals who are attempting to conceive a child only if the potential benefit justifies potential impairment of fertility. Pregnancy: Teratogenic effects Pregnancy Category C: Pilocarpine was associated with a reduction in the mean fetal body weight and an increase in the incidence of skeletal variations when given to pregnant rats at a dosage of 90 mg/kg/day (approximately 26 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates). These effects may have been secondary to maternal toxicity. In another study, oral administration of pilocarpine to female rats during gestation and lactation at a dosage of 36 mg/kg/day (approximately 10 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) resulted in an increased incidence of stillbirths; decreased neonatal survival and reduced mean body weight of pups were observed at dosages of 18 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) and above. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Geriatric Use: Head and Neck Cancer Patients: In the placebo-controlled clinical trials (see Clinical Studies section) the mean age of patients was approximately 58 years (range 19 to 80). Of these patients, 97/369 (61/217 receiving pilocarpine) were over the age of 65 years. In the healthy volunteer studies, 15/150 subjects were over the age of 65 years. In both study populations, the adverse events reported by those over 65 years and those 65 years and younger were comparable. Of the 15 elderly volunteers (5 women, 10 men), the 5 women had higher C max's and AUC's than the men. (See Pharmacokinetics section.) Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: In the placebo-controlled clinical trials (see Clinical Studies section), the mean age of patients was approximately 55 years (range 21 to 85). The adverse events reported by those over 65 years and those 65 years and younger were comparable except for notable trends for urinary frequency, diarrhea, and dizziness (see ADVERSE REACTIONS section)."],"how_supplied":["HOW SUPPLIED: Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets USP, 5 mg are white, film coated, round tablets, debossed LAN on one side and 1313 on the other side. Each tablet contains 5 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride. They are supplied as follows: Bottles of 100; NDC 72162-1078-1 Store at 20°- 25°C(68°-77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Repackaged/Relabeled by: Bryant Ranch Prepack, Inc. Burbank, CA 91504"],"geriatric_use":["Geriatric Use: Head and Neck Cancer Patients: In the placebo-controlled clinical trials (see Clinical Studies section) the mean age of patients was approximately 58 years (range 19 to 80). Of these patients, 97/369 (61/217 receiving pilocarpine) were over the age of 65 years. In the healthy volunteer studies, 15/150 subjects were over the age of 65 years. In both study populations, the adverse events reported by those over 65 years and those 65 years and younger were comparable. Of the 15 elderly volunteers (5 women, 10 men), the 5 women had higher C max's and AUC's than the men. (See Pharmacokinetics section.) Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: In the placebo-controlled clinical trials (see Clinical Studies section), the mean age of patients was approximately 55 years (range 21 to 85). The adverse events reported by those over 65 years and those 65 years and younger were comparable except for notable trends for urinary frequency, diarrhea, and dizziness (see ADVERSE REACTIONS section)."],"pediatric_use":["Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."],"effective_time":"20241212","nursing_mothers":["Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother."],"clinical_studies":["Clinical Studies: Head & Neck Cancer Patients: A 12 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 207 patients (142 men, 65 women) was conducted in patients whose mean age was 58.5 years with a range of 19 to 77; the racial distribution was Caucasian 95%, Black 4%, and other 1%. In this population, a statistically significant improvement in mouth dryness occurred in the 5 and 10 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride tablet treated patients compared to placebo treated patients. The 5 and 10 mg treated patients could not be distinguished. (See Pharmacodynamics section for flow study details.) Another 12 week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 162 patients whose mean age was 57.8 years with a range of 27 to 80; the racial distribution was Caucasian 88%, Black 10%, and other 2%. The effects of placebo were compared to 2.5 mg three times a day of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets for 4 weeks followed by adjustment to 5 mg three times a day and 10 mg three times a day. Lowering of the dose was necessary because of adverse events in 3 of 67 patients treated with 5 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets and in 7 of 66 patients treated with 10 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. After 4 weeks of treatment, 2.5 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets three times a day was comparable to placebo in relieving dryness. In patients treated with 5 mg and 10 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, the greatest improvement in dryness was noted in patients with no measurable salivary flow at baseline. In both studies, some patients noted improvement in the global assessment of their dry mouth, speaking without liquids, and a reduced need for supplemental oral comfort agents. In the two placebo-controlled clinical trials, the most common adverse events related to drug, and increasing in rate as dose increases, were sweating, nausea, rhinitis, diarrhea, chills, flushing, urinary frequency, dizziness, and asthenia. The most common adverse experience causing withdrawal from treatment was sweating (5 mg t.i.d. ≤1%; 10 mg t.i.d. =12%). Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: Two separate studies were conducted in patients with primary or secondary Sjogren's Syndrome. In both studies, the majority of patients best fit the European criteria for having primary Sjogren's Syndrome. [\"Criteria for the Classification of Sjogren's Syndrome\" (Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM, et al: Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 36:340-347, 1993.)] A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 256 patients (14 men, 242 women) whose mean age was 57 years with a range of 24 to 85 years. The racial distribution was as follows: Caucasian 91%, Black 6%, and other 3%. The effects of placebo were compared with those of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets 5 mg four times a day (20 mg/day) for 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the patients' dosage was increased from 5 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets q.i.d. to 7.5 mg q.i.d. The data collected during the first 6 weeks of the trial were evaluated for safety and efficacy, and the data of the second 6 weeks of the trial were used to provide additional evidence of safety. After 6 weeks of treatment, statistically significant global improvement of dry mouth was observed compared to placebo. \"Global improvement\" is defined as a score of 55 mm or more on a 100 mm visual analogue scale in response to the question, \"Please rate your present condition of dry mouth (xerostomia) compared with your condition at the start of this study. Consider the changes to your dry mouth and other symptoms related to your dry mouth that have occurred since you have taken this medication.\" Patients' assessments of specific dry mouth symptoms such as severity of dry mouth, mouth discomfort, ability to speak without water, ability to sleep without drinking water, ability to swallow food without drinking, and a decreased use of saliva substitutes were found to be consistent with the significant global improvement described. Another 12 week randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 373 patients (16 men, 357 women) whose mean age was 55 years with a range of 21 to 84. The racial distribution was Caucasian 80%, Oriental 14%, Black 2%, and 4% of other origin. The treatment groups were 2.5 mg pilocarpine tablets, 5 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, and placebo. All treatments were administered on a four times a day regimen. After 12 weeks of treatment, statistically significant global improvement of dry mouth was observed at a dose of 5 mg compared with placebo. The 2.5 mg (10mg/day) group was not significantly different than placebo. However, a subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis tended to improve in global assessments at both the 2.5 mg q.i.d. (9 patients) and 5 mg q.i.d. (16 patients) dose (10-20 mg/day). The clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Patients' assessments of specific dry mouth symptoms such as severity of dry mouth, mouth discomfort, ability to sleep without drinking water, and decreased use of saliva substitutes were also found to be consistent with the significant global improvement described when measured after 6 weeks and 12 weeks of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets use."],"pharmacodynamics":["Pharmacodynamics: Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent exerting a broad spectrum of pharmacologic effects with predominant muscarinic action. Pilocarpine, in appropriate dosage, can increase secretion by the exocrine glands. The sweat, salivary, lacrimal, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal glands and the mucous cells of the respiratory tract may be stimulated. When applied topically to the eye as a single dose it causes miosis, spasm of accommodation, and may cause a transitory rise in intraocular pressure followed by a more persistent fall. Dose-related smooth muscle stimulation of the intestinal tract may cause increased tone, increased motility, spasm, and tenesmus. Bronchial smooth muscle tone may increase. The tone and motility of urinary tract, gallbladder, and biliary duct smooth muscle may be enhanced. Pilocarpine may have paradoxical effects on the cardiovascular system. The expected effect of a muscarinic agonist is vasodepression, but administration of pilocarpine may produce hypertension after a brief episode of hypotension. Bradycardia and tachycardia have both been reported with use of pilocarpine. In a study of 12 healthy male volunteers there was a dose-related increase in unstimulated salivary flow following single 5 and 10 mg oral doses of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. This effect of pilocarpine on salivary flow was time-related with an onset at 20 minutes and a peak effect at 1 hour with a duration of 3 to 5 hours (See Pharmacokinetics section). Head & Neck Cancer Patients: In a 12 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 207 patients (placebo, N=65; 5 mg, N=73; 10 mg, N=69), increases from baseline (means 0.072 and 0.112 mL/min, ranges −0.690 to 0.728 and −0.380 to 1.689) of whole saliva flow for the 5 mg (63%) and 10 mg (90%) tablet, respectively, were seen 1 hour after the first dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. Increases in unstimulated parotid flow were seen following the first dose (means 0.025 and 0.046 mL/min, ranges 0 to 0.414 and −0.070 to 1.002 mL/min for the 5 and 10 mg dose, respectively). In this study, no correlation existed between the amount of increase in salivary flow and the degree of symptomatic relief. Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: In two 12 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in 629 patients (placebo, n=253; 2.5 mg, n=121; 5 mg, n=255; 5-7.5 mg, n=114), the ability of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets to stimulate saliva production was assessed. In these trials using varying doses of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets (2.5-7.5 mg), the rate of saliva production was plotted against time. An Area Under the Curve (AUC) representing the total amount of saliva produced during the observation interval was calculated. Relative to placebo, an increase in the amount of saliva being produced was observed following the first dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets and was maintained throughout the duration (12 weeks) of the trials in an approximate dose response fashion (See Clinical Studies section)."],"pharmacokinetics":["Pharmacokinetics: In a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study in male volunteers following 2 days of 5 or 10 mg of oral pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets given at 8 a.m., noontime, and 6 p.m., the mean elimination half-life was 0.76 hours for the 5 mg dose and 1.35 hours for the 10 mg dose. T max values were 1.25 hours and 0.85 hours. C max values were 15 ng/mL and 41 ng/mL. The AUC trapezoidal values were 33 h(ng/mL) and 108 h(ng/mL), respectively, for the 5 and 10 mg doses following the last 6 hour dose. Pharmacokinetics in elderly male volunteers (n = 11) were comparable to those in younger men. In five healthy elderly female volunteers, the mean C max and AUC were approximately twice that of elderly males and young normal male volunteers. When taken with a high fat meal by 12 healthy male volunteers, there was a decrease in the rate of absorption of pilocarpine from pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. Mean T max's were 1.47 and 0.87 hours, and mean C max's were 51.8 and 59.2 ng/mL for fed and fasted, respectively. Limited information is available about the metabolism and elimination of pilocarpine in humans. Inactivation of pilocarpine is thought to occur at neuronal synapses and probably in plasma. Pilocarpine and its minimally active or inactive degradation products, including pilocarpic acid, are excreted in the urine. Pilocarpine does not bind to human or rat plasma proteins over a concentration range of 5 to 25,000 ng/mL. The effect of pilocarpine on plasma protein binding of other drugs has not been evaluated. In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (n=12), administration of a single 5 mg dose resulted in a 30% decrease in total plasma clearance and a doubling of exposure (as measured by AUC). Peak plasma levels were also increased by about 30% and half-life was increased to 2.1 hrs. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of oral pilocarpine in volunteer subjects (n=8) with renal insufficiency (mean creatinine clearances 25.4 mL/min; range 9.8 – 40.8 mL/min) compared to the pharmacokinetics previously observed in normal volunteers."],"adverse_reactions":["ADVERSE REACTIONS: Head & Neck Cancer Patients: In controlled studies, 217 patients received pilocarpine, of whom 68% were men and 32% were women. Race distribution was 91% Caucasian, 8% Black, and 1% of other origin. Mean age was approximately 58 years. The majority of patients were between 50 and 64 years (51%), 33% were 65 years and older and 16% were younger than 50 years of age. The most frequent adverse experiences associated with pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets were a consequence of the expected pharmacologic effects of pilocarpine. Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo 10 mg t.i.d. (30 mg/day) 5 mg t.i.d. (15 mg/day) (t.i.d.) n=121 n=141 n=152 Sweating 68% 29% 9% Nausea 15 6 4 Rhinitis 14 5 7 Diarrhea 7 4 5 Chills 15 3 <1 Flushing 13 8 3 Urinary Frequency 12 9 7 Dizziness 12 5 4 Asthenia 12 6 3 In addition, the following adverse events (≥3% incidence) were reported at dosages of 15-30 mg/day in the controlled clinical trials: Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo 5-10 mg t.i.d. (15-30 mg/day) (t.i.d.) n=212 n=152 Headache 11% 8% Dyspepsia 7 5 Lacrimation 6 8 Edema 5 4 Abdominal Pain 4 4 Amblyopia 4 2 Vomiting 4 1 Pharyngitis 3 8 Hypertension 3 1 The following events were reported with treated head and neck cancer patients at incidences of 1% to 2% at dosages of 7.5 to 30 mg/day: abnormal vision, conjunctivitis, dysphagia, epistaxis, myalgias, pruritus, rash, sinusitis, tachycardia, taste perversion, tremor, voice alteration. The following events were reported rarely in treated head and neck cancer patients (<1%): Causal relation is unknown. Body as a whole: body odor, hypothermia, mucous membrane abnormality Cardiovascular: bradycardia, ECG abnormality, palpitations, syncope Digestive: anorexia, increased appetite, esophagitis, gastrointestinal disorder, tongue disorder Hematologic: leukopenia, lymphadenopathy Nervous: anxiety, confusion, depression, abnormal dreams, hyperkinesia, hypesthesia, nervousness, paresthesias, speech disorder, twitching Respiratory: increased sputum, stridor, yawning Skin: seborrhea Special senses: deafness, eye pain, glaucoma Urogenital: dysuria, metrorrhagia, urinary impairment In long-term treatment were two patients with underlying cardiovascular disease of whom one experienced a myocardial infarct and another episode of syncope. The association with drug is uncertain. Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: In controlled studies, 376 patients received pilocarpine, of whom 5% were men and 95% were women. Race distribution was 84% Caucasian, 9% Oriental, 3% Black, and 4% of other origin. Mean age was 55 years. The majority of patients were between 40 and 69 years (70%), 16% were 70 years and older and 14% were younger than 40 years of age. Of these patients, 161/629 (89/376 receiving pilocarpine) were over the age of 65 years. The adverse events reported by those over 65 years and those 65 years and younger were comparable except for notable trends for urinary frequency, diarrhea, and dizziness. The incidences of urinary frequency and diarrhea in the elderly were about double those in the non-elderly. The incidence of dizziness was about three times as high in the elderly as in the non-elderly. These adverse experiences were not considered to be serious. In the 2 placebo-controlled studies, the most common adverse events related to drug use were sweating, urinary frequency, chills, and vasodilatation (flushing). The most commonly reported reason for patient discontinuation of treatment was sweating. Expected pharmacologic effects of pilocarpine include the following adverse experiences associated with pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets: Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo 5 mg q.i.d. (20 mg/day) (q.i.d.) n=255 n=253 Sweating 40% 7% Urinary Frequency 10 4 Nausea 9 9 Flushing 9 2 Rhinitis 7 8 Diarrhea 6 7 Chills 4 2 Increased Salivation 3 0 Asthenia 2 2 In addition, the following adverse events (≥3% incidence) were reported at dosages of 15-30 mg/day in the controlled clinical trials: Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo 5 mg q.i.d. (20 mg/day) (q.i.d.) n=255 n=253 Headache 13% 19% Flu Syndrome 9 9 Dyspepsia 7 7 Dizziness 6 7 Pain 4 2 Sinusitis 4 5 Abdominal Pain 3 4 Vomiting 3 1 Pharyngitis 2 5 Rash 2 3 Infection 2 6 The following events were reported with treated head and neck cancer patients at incidences of 1% to 2% at dosages of 7.5 to 30 mg/day: abnormal vision, conjunctivitis, dysphagia, epistaxis, myalgias, pruritus, rash, sinusitis, tachycardia, taste perversion, tremor, voice alteration. The following events were reported rarely in treated Sjogren's patients (<1%) at dosing of 10-30 mg/day: Causal relation is unknown. Body as a whole: chest pain, cyst, death, moniliasis, neck pain, neck rigidity, photosensitivity reaction Cardiovascular: angina pectoris, arrhythmia, ECG abnormality, hypotension, hypertension, intracranial hemorrhage, migraine, myocardial infarction Digestive: anorexia, bilirubinemia, cholelithiasis, colitis, dry mouth, eructation, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal disorder, gingivitis, hepatitis, abnormal liver function tests, melena, nausea & vomiting, pancreatitis, parotid gland enlargement, salivary gland enlargement, sputum increased, taste loss, tongue disorder, tooth disorder Hematologic: hematuria, lymphadenopathy, abnormal platelets, thrombocythemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, abnormal WBC Metabolic and Nutritional: peripheral edema, hypoglycemia Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, arthritis, bone disorder, spontaneous bone fracture, pathological fracture, myasthenia, tendon disorder, tenosynovitis Nervous: aphasia, confusion, depression, abnormal dreams, emotional lability, hyperkinesia, hypesthesia, insomnia, leg cramps, nervousness, paresthesias, abnormal thinking, tremor Respiratory: bronchitis, dyspnea, hiccup, laryngismus, laryngitis, pneumonia, viral infection, voice alteration Skin: alopecia, contact dermatitis, dry skin, eczema, erythema nodosum, exfoliative dermatitis, herpes simplex, skin ulcer, vesiculobullous rash Special senses: cataract, conjunctivitis, dry eyes, ear disorder, ear pain, eye disorder, eye hemorrhage, glaucoma, lacrimation disorder, retinal disorder, taste perversion, abnormal vision Urogenital: breast pain, dysuria, mastitis, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, ovarian disorder, pyuria, salpingitis, urethral pain, urinary urgency, vaginal hemorrhage, vaginal moniliasis The following adverse experiences have been reported rarely with ocular pilocarpine: A-V block, agitation, ciliary congestion, confusion, delusion, depression, dermatitis, middle ear disturbance, eyelid twitching, malignant glaucoma, iris cysts, macular hole, shock, and visual hallucination."],"contraindications":["CONTRAINDICATIONS: Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets are contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled asthma, known hypersensitivity to pilocarpine, and when miosis is undesirable, e.g., in acute iritis and in narrow-angle (angle closure) glaucoma."],"drug_interactions":["Drug Interactions: Pilocarpine should be administered with caution to patients taking beta adrenergic antagonists because of the possibility of conduction disturbances. Drugs with parasympathomimetic effects administered concurrently with pilocarpine would be expected to result in additive pharmacologic effects. Pilocarpine might antagonize the anticholinergic effects of drugs used concomitantly. These effects should be considered when anticholinergic properties may be contributing to the therapeutic effect of concomitant medication (e.g., atropine, inhaled ipratropium). While no formal drug interaction studies have been performed, the following concomitant drugs were used in at least 10% of patients in either or both Sjogren's efficacy studies: acetylsalicylic acid, artificial tears, calcium, conjugated estrogens, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, ibuprofen, levothyroxine sodium, medroxyprogesterone acetate, methotrexate, multivitamins, naproxen, omeprazole, paracetamol, and prednisone."],"precautions_table":["
Clinical and Biochemical MeasurementsPoints Scored for Increasing Abnormality
123
Encephalopathy (grade)According to grading of Trey, Burns, and Saunders (1966) None 1 and 2 3 and 4
Ascites Absent Slight Moderate
Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-2 2-3 >3
Albumin (g. per 100 ml.) 3-5 2.8-3.5 <2.8
Prothrombin time (sec. Prolonged) 1-4 4-6 >6
For primary biliary cirrhosis:- Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-4 4-10 >10
"],"general_precautions":["General: Pilocarpine toxicity is characterized by an exaggeration of its parasympathomimetic effects. These may include: headache, visual disturbance, lacrimation, sweating, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal spasm, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, atrioventricular block, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, hypertension, shock, mental confusion, cardiac arrhythmia, and tremors. The dose-related cardiovascular pharmacologic effects of pilocarpine include hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, and tachycardia. Pilocarpine should be administered with caution to patients with known or suspected cholelithiasis or biliary tract disease. Contractions of the gallbladder or biliary smooth muscle could precipitate complications including cholecystitis, cholangitis, and biliary obstruction. Pilocarpine may increase ureteral smooth muscle tone and could theoretically precipitate renal colic (or \"ureteral reflux\"), particularly in patients with nephrolithiasis. Cholinergic agonists may have dose-related central nervous system effects. This should be considered when treating patients with underlying cognitive or psychiatric disturbances. Hepatic Insufficiency: Based on decreased plasma clearance observed in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, the starting dose in these patients should be 5 mg twice daily, followed by adjustment based on therapeutic response and tolerability. Patients with mild hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh score of 5-6) do not require dosage reductions. To date, pharmacokinetic studies in subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score of 10-15) have not been carried out. The use of pilocarpine in these patients is not recommended. Child-Pugh scoring system for Hepatic Impairment Clinical and Biochemical Measurements Points Scored for Increasing Abnormality 1 2 3 Encephalopathy (grade) According to grading of Trey, Burns, and Saunders (1966) None 1 and 2 3 and 4 Ascites Absent Slight Moderate Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-2 2-3 >3 Albumin (g. per 100 ml.) 3-5 2.8-3.5 <2.8 Prothrombin time (sec. Prolonged) 1-4 4-6 >6 For primary biliary cirrhosis:- Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-4 4-10 >10 Reference: Pugh, R.N.H., Murray-Lyon, I.M., Dawson, J.L. Pietroni, M.C., Williams, R. 1973, Transection of the Oesophagus for Bleeding Oesophageal Varices, Brit. J. Surg. , 60:646-9."],"teratogenic_effects":["Teratogenic effects Pregnancy Category C: Pilocarpine was associated with a reduction in the mean fetal body weight and an increase in the incidence of skeletal variations when given to pregnant rats at a dosage of 90 mg/kg/day (approximately 26 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates). These effects may have been secondary to maternal toxicity. In another study, oral administration of pilocarpine to female rats during gestation and lactation at a dosage of 36 mg/kg/day (approximately 10 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) resulted in an increased incidence of stillbirths; decreased neonatal survival and reduced mean body weight of pups were observed at dosages of 18 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended dose for a 50 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) and above. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus."],"clinical_pharmacology":["CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacodynamics: Pilocarpine is a cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent exerting a broad spectrum of pharmacologic effects with predominant muscarinic action. Pilocarpine, in appropriate dosage, can increase secretion by the exocrine glands. The sweat, salivary, lacrimal, gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal glands and the mucous cells of the respiratory tract may be stimulated. When applied topically to the eye as a single dose it causes miosis, spasm of accommodation, and may cause a transitory rise in intraocular pressure followed by a more persistent fall. Dose-related smooth muscle stimulation of the intestinal tract may cause increased tone, increased motility, spasm, and tenesmus. Bronchial smooth muscle tone may increase. The tone and motility of urinary tract, gallbladder, and biliary duct smooth muscle may be enhanced. Pilocarpine may have paradoxical effects on the cardiovascular system. The expected effect of a muscarinic agonist is vasodepression, but administration of pilocarpine may produce hypertension after a brief episode of hypotension. Bradycardia and tachycardia have both been reported with use of pilocarpine. In a study of 12 healthy male volunteers there was a dose-related increase in unstimulated salivary flow following single 5 and 10 mg oral doses of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. This effect of pilocarpine on salivary flow was time-related with an onset at 20 minutes and a peak effect at 1 hour with a duration of 3 to 5 hours (See Pharmacokinetics section). Head & Neck Cancer Patients: In a 12 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 207 patients (placebo, N=65; 5 mg, N=73; 10 mg, N=69), increases from baseline (means 0.072 and 0.112 mL/min, ranges −0.690 to 0.728 and −0.380 to 1.689) of whole saliva flow for the 5 mg (63%) and 10 mg (90%) tablet, respectively, were seen 1 hour after the first dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. Increases in unstimulated parotid flow were seen following the first dose (means 0.025 and 0.046 mL/min, ranges 0 to 0.414 and −0.070 to 1.002 mL/min for the 5 and 10 mg dose, respectively). In this study, no correlation existed between the amount of increase in salivary flow and the degree of symptomatic relief. Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: In two 12 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in 629 patients (placebo, n=253; 2.5 mg, n=121; 5 mg, n=255; 5-7.5 mg, n=114), the ability of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets to stimulate saliva production was assessed. In these trials using varying doses of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets (2.5-7.5 mg), the rate of saliva production was plotted against time. An Area Under the Curve (AUC) representing the total amount of saliva produced during the observation interval was calculated. Relative to placebo, an increase in the amount of saliva being produced was observed following the first dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets and was maintained throughout the duration (12 weeks) of the trials in an approximate dose response fashion (See Clinical Studies section). Pharmacokinetics: In a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study in male volunteers following 2 days of 5 or 10 mg of oral pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets given at 8 a.m., noontime, and 6 p.m., the mean elimination half-life was 0.76 hours for the 5 mg dose and 1.35 hours for the 10 mg dose. T max values were 1.25 hours and 0.85 hours. C max values were 15 ng/mL and 41 ng/mL. The AUC trapezoidal values were 33 h(ng/mL) and 108 h(ng/mL), respectively, for the 5 and 10 mg doses following the last 6 hour dose. Pharmacokinetics in elderly male volunteers (n = 11) were comparable to those in younger men. In five healthy elderly female volunteers, the mean C max and AUC were approximately twice that of elderly males and young normal male volunteers. When taken with a high fat meal by 12 healthy male volunteers, there was a decrease in the rate of absorption of pilocarpine from pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. Mean T max's were 1.47 and 0.87 hours, and mean C max's were 51.8 and 59.2 ng/mL for fed and fasted, respectively. Limited information is available about the metabolism and elimination of pilocarpine in humans. Inactivation of pilocarpine is thought to occur at neuronal synapses and probably in plasma. Pilocarpine and its minimally active or inactive degradation products, including pilocarpic acid, are excreted in the urine. Pilocarpine does not bind to human or rat plasma proteins over a concentration range of 5 to 25,000 ng/mL. The effect of pilocarpine on plasma protein binding of other drugs has not been evaluated. In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (n=12), administration of a single 5 mg dose resulted in a 30% decrease in total plasma clearance and a doubling of exposure (as measured by AUC). Peak plasma levels were also increased by about 30% and half-life was increased to 2.1 hrs. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of oral pilocarpine in volunteer subjects (n=8) with renal insufficiency (mean creatinine clearances 25.4 mL/min; range 9.8 – 40.8 mL/min) compared to the pharmacokinetics previously observed in normal volunteers. Clinical Studies: Head & Neck Cancer Patients: A 12 week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 207 patients (142 men, 65 women) was conducted in patients whose mean age was 58.5 years with a range of 19 to 77; the racial distribution was Caucasian 95%, Black 4%, and other 1%. In this population, a statistically significant improvement in mouth dryness occurred in the 5 and 10 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride tablet treated patients compared to placebo treated patients. The 5 and 10 mg treated patients could not be distinguished. (See Pharmacodynamics section for flow study details.) Another 12 week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 162 patients whose mean age was 57.8 years with a range of 27 to 80; the racial distribution was Caucasian 88%, Black 10%, and other 2%. The effects of placebo were compared to 2.5 mg three times a day of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets for 4 weeks followed by adjustment to 5 mg three times a day and 10 mg three times a day. Lowering of the dose was necessary because of adverse events in 3 of 67 patients treated with 5 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets and in 7 of 66 patients treated with 10 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets. After 4 weeks of treatment, 2.5 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets three times a day was comparable to placebo in relieving dryness. In patients treated with 5 mg and 10 mg of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, the greatest improvement in dryness was noted in patients with no measurable salivary flow at baseline. In both studies, some patients noted improvement in the global assessment of their dry mouth, speaking without liquids, and a reduced need for supplemental oral comfort agents. In the two placebo-controlled clinical trials, the most common adverse events related to drug, and increasing in rate as dose increases, were sweating, nausea, rhinitis, diarrhea, chills, flushing, urinary frequency, dizziness, and asthenia. The most common adverse experience causing withdrawal from treatment was sweating (5 mg t.i.d. ≤1%; 10 mg t.i.d. =12%). Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: Two separate studies were conducted in patients with primary or secondary Sjogren's Syndrome. In both studies, the majority of patients best fit the European criteria for having primary Sjogren's Syndrome. [\"Criteria for the Classification of Sjogren's Syndrome\" (Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Moutsopoulos HM, et al: Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 36:340-347, 1993.)] A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 256 patients (14 men, 242 women) whose mean age was 57 years with a range of 24 to 85 years. The racial distribution was as follows: Caucasian 91%, Black 6%, and other 3%. The effects of placebo were compared with those of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets 5 mg four times a day (20 mg/day) for 6 weeks. At 6 weeks, the patients' dosage was increased from 5 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets q.i.d. to 7.5 mg q.i.d. The data collected during the first 6 weeks of the trial were evaluated for safety and efficacy, and the data of the second 6 weeks of the trial were used to provide additional evidence of safety. After 6 weeks of treatment, statistically significant global improvement of dry mouth was observed compared to placebo. \"Global improvement\" is defined as a score of 55 mm or more on a 100 mm visual analogue scale in response to the question, \"Please rate your present condition of dry mouth (xerostomia) compared with your condition at the start of this study. Consider the changes to your dry mouth and other symptoms related to your dry mouth that have occurred since you have taken this medication.\" Patients' assessments of specific dry mouth symptoms such as severity of dry mouth, mouth discomfort, ability to speak without water, ability to sleep without drinking water, ability to swallow food without drinking, and a decreased use of saliva substitutes were found to be consistent with the significant global improvement described. Another 12 week randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 373 patients (16 men, 357 women) whose mean age was 55 years with a range of 21 to 84. The racial distribution was Caucasian 80%, Oriental 14%, Black 2%, and 4% of other origin. The treatment groups were 2.5 mg pilocarpine tablets, 5 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, and placebo. All treatments were administered on a four times a day regimen. After 12 weeks of treatment, statistically significant global improvement of dry mouth was observed at a dose of 5 mg compared with placebo. The 2.5 mg (10mg/day) group was not significantly different than placebo. However, a subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis tended to improve in global assessments at both the 2.5 mg q.i.d. (9 patients) and 5 mg q.i.d. (16 patients) dose (10-20 mg/day). The clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Patients' assessments of specific dry mouth symptoms such as severity of dry mouth, mouth discomfort, ability to sleep without drinking water, and decreased use of saliva substitutes were also found to be consistent with the significant global improvement described when measured after 6 weeks and 12 weeks of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets use."],"indications_and_usage":["INDICATIONS AND USAGE: Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets, USP are indicated for 1) the treatment of symptoms of dry mouth from salivary gland hypofunction caused by radiotherapy for cancer of the head and neck; and 2) the treatment of symptoms of dry mouth in patients with Sjogren's syndrome."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo
10 mg t.i.d. (30 mg/day) 5 mg t.i.d. (15 mg/day) (t.i.d.)
n=121n=141n=152
Sweating 68% 29% 9%
Nausea 15 6 4
Rhinitis 14 5 7
Diarrhea 7 4 5
Chills 15 3 <1
Flushing 13 8 3
Urinary Frequency 12 9 7
Dizziness 12 5 4
Asthenia 12 6 3
","
Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo
5-10 mg t.i.d. (15-30 mg/day) (t.i.d.)
n=212n=152
Headache 11% 8%
Dyspepsia 7 5
Lacrimation 6 8
Edema 5 4
Abdominal Pain 4 4
Amblyopia 4 2
Vomiting 4 1
Pharyngitis 3 8
Hypertension 3 1
","
Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo
5 mg q.i.d. (20 mg/day) (q.i.d.)
n=255n=253
Sweating 40% 7%
Urinary Frequency 10 4
Nausea 9 9
Flushing 9 2
Rhinitis 7 8
Diarrhea 6 7
Chills 4 2
Increased Salivation 3 0
Asthenia 2 2
","
Adverse Event Pilocarpine HCl Placebo
5 mg q.i.d. (20 mg/day) (q.i.d.)
n=255n=253
Headache 13% 19%
Flu Syndrome 9 9
Dyspepsia 7 7
Dizziness 6 7
Pain 4 2
Sinusitis 4 5
Abdominal Pain 3 4
Vomiting 3 1
Pharyngitis 2 5
Rash 2 3
Infection 2 6
"],"information_for_patients":["Information for Patients: Patients should be informed that pilocarpine may cause visual disturbances, especially at night, that could impair their ability to drive safely. If a patient sweats excessively while taking pilocarpine hydrochloride and cannot drink enough liquid, the patient should consult a physician. Dehydration may develop."],"dosage_and_administration":["DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Regardless of the indication, the starting dose in patients with moderate hepatic impairment should be 5 mg twice daily, followed by adjustment based on therapeutic response and tolerability. Patients with mild hepatic insufficiency do not require dosage reductions. The use of pilocarpine in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency is not recommended. If needed, refer to the Hepatic Insufficiency subsection of the Precautions section of this label for definitions of mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment. Head & Neck Cancer Patients: The recommended initial dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets is 5 mg taken three times a day. Dosage should be titrated according to therapeutic response and tolerability. The usual dosage range is 15-30 mg per day. (Not to exceed 10 mg per dose.) Although early improvement may be realized, at least 12 weeks of uninterrupted therapy with pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets may be necessary to assess whether a beneficial response will be achieved. The incidence of the most common adverse events increases with dose. The lowest dose that is tolerated and effective should be used for maintenance. Sjogren's Syndrome Patients: The recommended dose of pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets is one tablet (5 mg) taken four times a day. Efficacy was established by 6 weeks of use."],"general_precautions_table":["
Clinical and Biochemical MeasurementsPoints Scored for Increasing Abnormality
123
Encephalopathy (grade)According to grading of Trey, Burns, and Saunders (1966) None 1 and 2 3 and 4
Ascites Absent Slight Moderate
Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-2 2-3 >3
Albumin (g. per 100 ml.) 3-5 2.8-3.5 <2.8
Prothrombin time (sec. Prolonged) 1-4 4-6 >6
For primary biliary cirrhosis:- Bilirubin (mg. per 100 ml.) 1-4 4-10 >10
"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Pilocarpine Hydrochloride Pilocarpine Hydrochloride PILOCARPINE HYDROCHLORIDE PILOCARPINE MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE STEARIC ACID POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, UNSPECIFIED TITANIUM DIOXIDE POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED TALC LAN;1313 Chemical Structure"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["Pilocarpine Hydrochloride 5 mg Tablets Label"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Lifetime oral carcinogenicity studies were conducted in CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Pilocarpine did not induce tumors in mice at any dosage studied (up to 30 mg/kg/day, which yielded a systemic exposure approximately 50 times larger than the maximum systemic exposure observed clinically). In rats, a dosage of 18 mg/kg/day, which yielded a systemic exposure approximately 100 times larger than the maximum systemic exposure observed clinically, resulted in a statistically significant increase in the incidence of benign pheochromocytomas in both males and females, and a statistically significant increase in the incidence of hepatocellular adenomas in female rats. The tumorigenicity observed in rats was observed only at a large multiple of the maximum labeled clinical dose, and may not be relevant to clinical use. No evidence that pilocarpine has the potential to cause genetic toxicity was obtained in a series of studies that included: 1) bacterial assays ( Salmonella and E. coli ) for reverse gene mutations; 2) an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in a Chinese hamster ovary cell line; 3) an in vivo chromosome aberration assay (micronucleus test) in mice; and 4) a primary DNA damage assay (unscheduled DNA synthesis) in rat hepatocyte primary cultures. Oral administration of pilocarpine to male and female rats at a dosage of 18 mg/kg/day, which yielded a systemic exposure approximately 100 times larger than the maximum systemic exposure observed clinically, resulted in impaired reproductive function, including reduced fertility, decreased sperm motility, and morphologic evidence of abnormal sperm. It is unclear whether the reduction in fertility was due to effects on male animals, female animals, or both males and females. In dogs, exposure to pilocarpine at a dosage of 3 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the maximum recommended human dose when compared on the basis of body surface area (mg/m 2 ) estimates) for six months resulted in evidence of impaired spermatogenesis. The data obtained in these studies suggest that pilocarpine may impair the fertility of male and female humans. Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets should be administered to individuals who are attempting to conceive a child only if the potential benefit justifies potential impairment of fertility."]},"tags":[{"label":"Cholinergic Receptor Agonist","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4","category":"target"},{"label":"CHRM4","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRM1","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRM5","category":"gene"},{"label":"N07AX01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Conjunctival","category":"route"},{"label":"Ophthalmic","category":"route"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"Solution/ Drops","category":"form"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Aptyalism","category":"indication"},{"label":"Ocular hypertension","category":"indication"},{"label":"Open-angle glaucoma","category":"indication"},{"label":"Primary Closed Angle Glaucoma","category":"indication"},{"label":"Xerostomia Secondary to Radiation Therapy","category":"indication"},{"label":"Xerostomia Secondary to Sjogren's Syndrome","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1970s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Cholinergic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cholinergic Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Miotics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Muscarinic Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"llr":134.286,"date":"","count":36,"signal":"Vitreous detachment","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 36 times (LLR=134)"},{"llr":108.02,"date":"","count":93,"signal":"Visual impairment","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 93 times (LLR=108)"},{"llr":87.185,"date":"","count":34,"signal":"Vitreous floaters","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 34 times (LLR=87)"},{"llr":83.565,"date":"","count":35,"signal":"Retinal detachment","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 35 times (LLR=84)"},{"llr":77.034,"date":"","count":22,"signal":"Retinal tear","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 22 times (LLR=77)"},{"llr":75.142,"date":"","count":11,"signal":"Vitreoretinal traction syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 11 times (LLR=75)"},{"llr":66.721,"date":"","count":30,"signal":"Intraocular pressure increased","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 30 times (LLR=67)"},{"llr":64.04,"date":"","count":75,"signal":"Vision blurred","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 75 times (LLR=64)"},{"llr":63.606,"date":"","count":19,"signal":"Occult blood","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 19 times (LLR=64)"},{"llr":61.81,"date":"","count":42,"signal":"Limb injury","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 42 times (LLR=62)"},{"llr":56.991,"date":"","count":35,"signal":"Glaucoma","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 35 times (LLR=57)"},{"llr":56.542,"date":"","count":36,"signal":"Eye irritation","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 36 times (LLR=57)"},{"llr":55.054,"date":"","count":44,"signal":"Eye pain","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 44 times (LLR=55)"},{"llr":52.12,"date":"","count":21,"signal":"Photopsia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 21 times (LLR=52)"},{"llr":50.347,"date":"","count":16,"signal":"Angioplasty","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 16 times (LLR=50)"}],"drugInteractions":[{"drug":"beta adrenergic antagonists","severity":"major","mechanism":"conduction disturbances","management":"administer with caution","clinicalEffect":"possible conduction disturbances"},{"drug":"drugs with parasympathomimetic effects","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"additive pharmacologic effects","management":"monitor for increased effects","clinicalEffect":"enhanced parasympathomimetic effects"},{"drug":"anticholinergic drugs (e.g., atropine, inhaled ipratropium)","severity":"moderate","mechanism":"antagonism of anticholinergic effects","management":"consider alternative therapies or monitor closely","clinicalEffect":"reduced effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Sweating","drugRate":"68%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"9%"},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"15%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"4%"},{"effect":"Rhinitis","drugRate":"14%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"7%"},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"7%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"5%"},{"effect":"Chills","drugRate":"15%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"<1%"},{"effect":"Flushing","drugRate":"13%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"3%"},{"effect":"Urinary Frequency","drugRate":"12%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"7%"},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"12%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"4%"},{"effect":"Asthenia","drugRate":"12%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"3%"},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"11%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"8%"},{"effect":"Dyspepsia","drugRate":"7%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"5%"},{"effect":"Lacrimation","drugRate":"6%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"8%"},{"effect":"Edema","drugRate":"5%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"4%"},{"effect":"Abdominal Pain","drugRate":"4%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"4%"},{"effect":"Amblyopia","drugRate":"4%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2%"},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"4%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"1%"},{"effect":"Pharyngitis","drugRate":"3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"8%"},{"effect":"Hypertension","drugRate":"3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"1%"},{"effect":"Sweating","drugRate":"40%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"7%"},{"effect":"Urinary Frequency","drugRate":"10%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"4%"},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"9%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"9%"},{"effect":"Flushing","drugRate":"9%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2%"},{"effect":"Rhinitis","drugRate":"7%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"8%"},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"6%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"7%"},{"effect":"Chills","drugRate":"4%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2%"},{"effect":"Increased Salivation","drugRate":"3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"0%"},{"effect":"Asthenia","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2%"},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"13%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"19%"},{"effect":"Flu Syndrome","drugRate":"9%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"9%"},{"effect":"Dyspepsia","drugRate":"7%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"7%"},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"6%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"7%"},{"effect":"Pain","drugRate":"4%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"2%"},{"effect":"Sinusitis","drugRate":"4%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"5%"},{"effect":"Abdominal Pain","drugRate":"3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"4%"},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"3%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"1%"},{"effect":"Pharyngitis","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"5%"},{"effect":"Rash","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"3%"},{"effect":"Infection","drugRate":"2%","_validated":true,"placeboRate":"6%"}],"contraindications":["Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets are contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled asthma.","Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to pilocarpine.","Pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets are contraindicated when miosis is undesirable, such as in acute iritis and narrow-angle (angle closure) glaucoma."],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with pilocarpine hydrochloride. It is also not known whether pilocarpine hydrochloride can cause fetal harm when administered to pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Isopto(R) Carpine should be given to pregnant woman only if clearly needed.","Geriatric use":"No overall differences in safety or effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."},"discontinuationRates":[{"trial":"","drugArm":"","placeboArm":"","commonReason":"sweating"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$3.9066/ML","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$1,406","description":"PILOCARPINE 1% EYE DROPS","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=PILOCARPINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:56.630817+00:00"},"aiSummary":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"AI Strategic Summary","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"ai_extraction","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:37:33.740951+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:36:02.285387+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=PILOCARPINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:36:02.588001+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:55.359464+00:00"},"indications.approved":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:37:27.740518+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:55.359474+00:00"},"safety.drugInteractions":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:37:17.320976+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1213136/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:36:03.282656+00:00"},"safety.commonSideEffects":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"ADVERSE REACTIONS: Head & Neck Cancer Patients: In controlled studies, 217 patients received pilocarpine, of whom 68% were men and 32% were women. Race distribution was 91% Caucasian, 8% Black, and 1% of other origin. Mean age was approximately 58 years. The majority of patients were between 50 and 64 years (51%), 33% were 65 years and older and 16% were younger than 50 years of age. The most frequent adverse experiences associated with pilocarpine hydrochloride tablets were a consequence of the","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:36:59.943202+00:00"},"safety.contraindications":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.95,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:37:05.345232+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA077220","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:55.359478+00:00"}},"allNames":"salagen","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["salagen","pilocarpine nitrate","pilocarpine","ocucarpine","pilocarpol","pilokarpin","syncarpine","(+)-Pilocarpine","pilocarpine hydrochloride","pilocarpine HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1974-07-29","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Pilocarpine (Salagen) is a marketed drug primarily indicated for dry mouth due to radiotherapy, with a key composition patent expiring in 2028. Its mechanism of action through the stimulation of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 provides a unique advantage in increasing fluid drainage and saliva production. 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