{"id":"picrotoxin","rwe":[],"tags":[{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2","category":"target"},{"label":"GLRA2","category":"gene"},{"label":"GLRA1","category":"gene"},{"label":"GLRB","category":"gene"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Antidotes","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Stimulants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Convulsants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"GABA Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"GABA Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"GABA-A Receptor Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Protective Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"unknown","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"cocculin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["picrotoxin","cocculin"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"brandName":"Cocculin","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2, Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1, Glycine receptor subunit beta","targets":[{"gene":"GLRA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2","protein":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2"},{"gene":"GLRA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1","protein":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1"},{"gene":"GLRB","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Glycine receptor subunit beta","protein":"Glycine receptor subunit beta"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","explanation":"Imagine your brain is like a city with many different neighborhoods. Glycine receptors are like the traffic lights that help control the flow of information between neighborhoods. Picrotoxin is like a traffic jam that blocks the 'stop' signals, causing the neighborhoods to become more active and talk to each other more.","oneSentence":"Picrotoxin blocks inhibitory neurotransmission by binding to the glycine receptor subunit alpha-2, leading to increased neuronal excitability.","technicalDetail":"Picrotoxin acts as a competitive antagonist at the glycine receptor, a ligand-gated chloride channel, by binding to the alpha-2 subunit and preventing the binding of glycine, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2162","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=picrotoxin","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T15:19:57.207363","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"adapalene","drugSlug":"adapalene","fdaApproval":"1996-05-31","patentExpiry":"Sep 15, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"astemizole","drugSlug":"astemizole","fdaApproval":"1988-12-31","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"cinacalcet","drugSlug":"cinacalcet","fdaApproval":"2004-03-08","patentExpiry":"Sep 22, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"colchicine","drugSlug":"colchicine","fdaApproval":"1961-07-27","patentExpiry":"Oct 6, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"colecalciferol","drugSlug":"colecalciferol","fdaApproval":"2000-05-18","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"dronabinol","drugSlug":"dronabinol","fdaApproval":"1985-05-31","patentExpiry":"Aug 6, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"dutasteride","drugSlug":"dutasteride","fdaApproval":"2001-11-20","genericCount":18,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"enflurane","drugSlug":"enflurane","fdaApproval":"1972-08-28","genericCount":2,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"ethanol","drugSlug":"ethanol","fdaApproval":"1946-01-17","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"fructose","drugSlug":"fructose","fdaApproval":"","relationship":"same-target"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"picrotoxin","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"adapalene","brandName":"adapalene","genericName":"adapalene","approvalYear":"1996","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"astemizole","brandName":"astemizole","genericName":"astemizole","approvalYear":"1988","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"cinacalcet","brandName":"cinacalcet","genericName":"cinacalcet","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"colchicine","brandName":"colchicine","genericName":"colchicine","approvalYear":"1961","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"colecalciferol","brandName":"colecalciferol","genericName":"colecalciferol","approvalYear":"2000","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"dronabinol","brandName":"dronabinol","genericName":"dronabinol","approvalYear":"1985","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"dutasteride","brandName":"dutasteride","genericName":"dutasteride","approvalYear":"2001","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"enflurane","brandName":"enflurane","genericName":"enflurane","approvalYear":"1972","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"ethanol","brandName":"ethanol","genericName":"ethanol","approvalYear":"1946","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"fructose","brandName":"fructose","genericName":"fructose","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-target"}],"trialDetails":[],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"administration":{},"crossReferences":{"NDDF":"001378","UNII":"ZLT174DL7U","CHEBI":"CHEBI:134126","RXNORM":"2539172","UMLSCUI":"C0031890","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL1908342","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB00466","PDB_CHEM_ID":" RI5","PUBCHEM_CID":"31304","SNOMEDCT_US":"57979006","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"4051","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D010852"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":4877,"therapeuticAreas":["Metabolic"],"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"active","companyName":"","companyId":"unknown","modality":"Small Molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Cocculin, also known as picrotoxin, is a small molecule modality targeting the glycine receptor subunit alpha-2. Its mechanism of action involves blocking inhibitory neurotransmission, leading to increased neuronal excitability. However, its commercial status and approved indications are unknown. Further research is needed to determine its potential therapeutic applications and safety profile. As a result, it is not currently a widely recognized or used pharmaceutical agent.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":false,"score":1}}