{"id":"phase-c-spironolactone","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"10-20","effect":"Hyperkalemia"},{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Gynecomastia"},{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Menstrual irregularities"},{"rate":"5","effect":"Headache"},{"rate":"5","effect":"Dizziness"},{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Gastrointestinal upset"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist that binds to mineralocorticoid receptors in the collecting duct of the nephron. By blocking aldosterone signaling, it prevents sodium reabsorption and potassium loss, leading to increased sodium and water excretion while retaining potassium. This dual action makes it particularly useful in heart failure and hypertension, especially in patients at risk of hypokalemia.","oneSentence":"Spironolactone blocks aldosterone receptors in the kidney to reduce sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, lowering blood pressure and reducing fluid retention.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:35:55.673Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction"},{"name":"Hypertension"},{"name":"Primary hyperaldosteronism"},{"name":"Edema associated with cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT06697353","phase":"","title":"An Observational Study to Learn More About the Real-world Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Who Initiate Treatment With Vericiguat in Japan","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Bayer","startDate":"2024-11-01","conditions":"Chronic Heart Failure, Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction","enrollment":4936},{"nctId":"NCT05933265","phase":"PHASE1, PHASE2","title":"Study of LP-184 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Lantern Pharma Inc.","startDate":"2023-06-09","conditions":"Advanced Solid Tumor, Metastatic Solid Tumor, GBM","enrollment":175},{"nctId":"NCT06275763","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Optimal Medical Treatment of Difficult-to-treat Hypertension","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland","startDate":"2023-10-20","conditions":"Hypertension","enrollment":2500},{"nctId":"NCT02575963","phase":"PHASE1, PHASE2","title":"Lintuzumab-Ac225 in Older Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Actinium Pharmaceuticals","startDate":"2012-10","conditions":"AML","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT03274427","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Treatment of Intermediate-stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University","startDate":"2017-07-18","conditions":"HCC","enrollment":300}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":33,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["Spironolactone"],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Phase C: Spironolactone","genericName":"Phase C: Spironolactone","companyName":"National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland","companyId":"national-institute-of-cardiology-warsaw-poland","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Spironolactone blocks aldosterone receptors in the kidney to reduce sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, lowering blood pressure and reducing fluid retention. Used for Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, Hypertension, Primary hyperaldosteronism.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}