{"id":"perhexiline","rwe":[{"pmid":"41797698","year":"2026","title":"TRIM28 Is an E3 Ligase of IRP2 Suppressing Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Ferroptosis.","finding":"","journal":"Circulation","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41628989","year":"2026","title":"Hyperlipidemia of Spodoptera exigua larvae caused by the infection of Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3h contributes to the viral DNA replication and virions' storage.","finding":"","journal":"Pesticide biochemistry and physiology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41460788","year":"2025","title":"Development of a CYP2D6-enhanced HepaRG cell model with improved CYP2D6 metabolic capacity.","finding":"","journal":"PloS one","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41058805","year":"2025","title":"Reviving the Mitochondria: A Hopeful Horizon in Refractory Heart Failure.","finding":"","journal":"Cureus","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40041913","year":"2025","title":"GSFM: A genome-scale functional module transformation to represent drug efficacy for in silico drug discovery.","finding":"","journal":"Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 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Its key strength lies in its unique mechanism of action targeting the M4 receptor, which differentiates it from competitors such as amantadine, amiodarone, and amitriptyline. The primary risk is the key composition patent expiry in 2028, which could lead to increased competition from generics.","approvals":[],"ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform, Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial, Cytochrome P450 2D6","targets":[{"gene":"CHRM4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4"},{"gene":"CHRM1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1"},{"gene":"CHRM3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3"},{"gene":"CHRM5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5"},{"gene":"CYP2D6","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Cytochrome P450 2D6","protein":"Cytochrome P450 2D6"},{"gene":"SIGMAR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1","protein":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1"},{"gene":"EGFR","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Epidermal growth factor receptor","protein":"Epidermal growth factor receptor"},{"gene":"SLC6A2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter"},{"gene":"FYN","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn","protein":"Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn"},{"gene":"CACNA1H","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H","protein":"Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1H"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"perhexiline","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Perhexiline acts as a selective antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4, which is a subtype of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family. This receptor is involved in the regulation of heart rate, contractility, and other physiological processes. By blocking this receptor, perhexiline can help to regulate heart rate and improve symptoms in certain conditions."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/2106","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=PERHEXILINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=PERHEXILINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T15:18:06.361625","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T02:38:08.703391+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"amantadine","drugSlug":"amantadine","fdaApproval":"1968-02-14","patentExpiry":"Mar 13, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent 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