{"id":"normal-saline-and-epinephrine","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Tachycardia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypertension"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Arrhythmias"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Tremor"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Anxiety"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Headache"}]},"_chembl":null,"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=Normal saline and epinephrine","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:32.421522+00:00"},"aiSummary":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"AI Strategic Summary","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"ai_extraction","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:52.368592+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:37.957890+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Normal saline and epinephrine","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:38.343239+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Adrenergic receptor agonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:44.912013+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1256958/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:44.565569+00:00"}},"_dailymed":null,"aiSummary":"Normal saline and epinephrine, marketed by Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, is a combination therapy currently available in the market. The key composition patent is set to expire in 2028, providing a period of exclusivity that supports market stability. The primary risk is the potential increase in competition following the patent expiry in 2028.","mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) is an isotonic crystalloid fluid used for intravascular volume replacement and maintenance of electrolyte balance. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, increasing myocardial contractility, heart rate, and peripheral vasoconstriction to restore perfusion pressure. Together, this combination is used in emergency resuscitation to restore hemodynamic stability.","oneSentence":"Normal saline provides fluid resuscitation and volume expansion, while epinephrine acts as a sympathomimetic agonist to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:57:45.779Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"_validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:52.368664+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation"},{"name":"Severe hypotension and shock"},{"name":"Anaphylaxis"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07094542","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Jaw Muscle Pain Post Wisdom Molar Surgery","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","startDate":"2026-05","conditions":"Post Operative Pain, Impacted Third Molar Tooth, Muscle Pain","enrollment":80},{"nctId":"NCT07480889","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Effect of Adding a Low-Dose Epinephrine Bolus Prior to Infusion on Maternal Hemodynamic Stability During Cesarean Section","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Cairo University","startDate":"2026-03-18","conditions":"Hemodynamic (MAP) Stability","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT06131281","phase":"NA","title":"Comparing Reduction With ESD- Versus APC-TORe","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Stephen Firkins","startDate":"2023-10-02","conditions":"Obesity, Roux-en-y Anastomosis Site, Weight Gain","enrollment":70},{"nctId":"NCT06618599","phase":"NA","title":"Mid-transverse Process Combined With Erector Spinae Block Versus Paravertebral Plane Block","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Cairo University","startDate":"2024-10-01","conditions":"Lung Cancer","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT07041736","phase":"NA","title":"Evaluating Postoperative Pain and Antibacterial Effect of Ultrasonic and 980 nm Diode Laser Combination","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Al-Azhar University","startDate":"2025-08-03","conditions":"Post Operative Pain","enrollment":120},{"nctId":"NCT07468604","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Cervicothoracic Sympathetic Block Evaluation for Post COVID Condition","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University Health Network, Toronto","startDate":"2026-04-01","conditions":"Autonomic Dysfunction","enrollment":78},{"nctId":"NCT06353529","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Postop Pain Management in Pituitary Tumour Patients","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation","startDate":"2024-11-25","conditions":"Pituitary, Pain, Postoperative","enrollment":108},{"nctId":"NCT03237481","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Phase 3 Herniorrhaphy Study for Postoperative Analgesia (EPOCH 2)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Heron Therapeutics","startDate":"2017-07-31","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":418},{"nctId":"NCT03015532","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Total Knee Arthroplasty Infiltration Study for Postoperative Analgesia","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Heron Therapeutics","startDate":"2017-01-13","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":285},{"nctId":"NCT03295721","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Bunionectomy Study for Postoperative Analgesia (EPOCH 1)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Heron Therapeutics","startDate":"2017-10-24","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":412},{"nctId":"NCT07436546","phase":"NA","title":"Prospective Evaluation of Efficacy of Tumescent Steroid Infiltration in Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: a Split Mouth Randomized Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Rohtak","startDate":"2025-03-23","conditions":"Impacted Third Molar, Impacted Third Molar Tooth, Third Molar Extraction","enrollment":25},{"nctId":"NCT06429501","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Local Anesthesia for Facial Fractures","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Washington University School of Medicine","startDate":"2024-04-02","conditions":"Pain Management","enrollment":70},{"nctId":"NCT07144267","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of Milrinone and Epinephrine on TAPSE","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Mansoura University","startDate":"2026-03-01","conditions":"Cardiac Anaesthesia, Cardiopulmonary Bypass","enrollment":102},{"nctId":"NCT05440851","phase":"NA","title":"Platform of Randomized Adaptive Clinical Trials in Critical Illness","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University Health Network, Toronto","startDate":"2023-04-30","conditions":"Respiratory Insufficiency, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Complication, Mechanical Ventilation Pressure High","enrollment":6250},{"nctId":"NCT05160506","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Corticosteroids to Treat Pancreatitis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","startDate":"2022-03-06","conditions":"Pancreatitis, Pancreatitis, Acute, Corticosteroid","enrollment":86},{"nctId":"NCT04967391","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Tumescence in HNC Skin Graft Reconstruction","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of California, Davis","startDate":"2021-09-01","conditions":"Head and Neck Cancer, Surgery--Complications, Graft Failure","enrollment":58},{"nctId":"NCT05345171","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Clinical Study of DTX301 AAV-Mediated Gene Transfer for Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc","startDate":"2022-10-18","conditions":"OTC Deficiency","enrollment":32},{"nctId":"NCT07408414","phase":"NA","title":"The Effect of Local Anesthesia Techniques on Postoperative Pain After Laser Treatment of Pilonidal Sinus","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Opća županijska bolnica Požega","startDate":"2025-09-04","conditions":"Pilonidal Cyst and Sinus Without Abscess, Pilonidal Sinus Disease, Pilonidal Sinus Treatment","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT06886815","phase":"NA","title":"Popliteal Nerve Block for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture Repair Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Women's College Hospital","startDate":"2026-02","conditions":"Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture","enrollment":80},{"nctId":"NCT05603468","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effect of PRP vs Corticosteroid in Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy Subtypes in Arthroscopic Repair","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","startDate":"2022-12-15","conditions":"Tendinopathy","enrollment":387},{"nctId":"NCT04918147","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Elotuzumab in Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease (IgG4-RD)","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","startDate":"2021-10-13","conditions":"IgG4 Related Disease, IgG4-RD","enrollment":8},{"nctId":"NCT03715517","phase":"NA","title":"Spinal Anesthesia For Enhanced Recovery After Liver Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Manitoba","startDate":"2018-10-04","conditions":"Hepatectomy, Pain, Postoperative, Liver Neoplasms","enrollment":128},{"nctId":"NCT07222241","phase":"NA","title":"Comparing Numbing Techniques in Mohs Micrographic Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Abramson Cancer Center at Penn Medicine","startDate":"2026-01-27","conditions":"Skin Cancer Face, Skin Cancer Scalp","enrollment":150},{"nctId":"NCT07373314","phase":"NA","title":"Modified vs. Conventional Laparoscopic TAPP for Inguinal Hernia","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Health Sciences Lahore","startDate":"2026-02-10","conditions":"Inguinal Hernia Repair","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT07318298","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of Injectable Hyaluronic Acid (HYADENT BG (HA)) on Bone Healing in Extraction Sockets","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","startDate":"2024-08-01","conditions":"The Application of Hyaluronic Acid on Teeth Bone Healing. Hyaluronic Acid Which is Widely Used in Medicine for Joint, Eye Care, Wound Healing","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT07011303","phase":"NA","title":"Investigation of the Effect of Horizontal Platelet Rich Fibrin Placed in Tooth Extraction Sockets on Bone Formation","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University","startDate":"2024-06-01","conditions":"Tooth Loss, Dental Implant Failed, Alveolar Bone Loss","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT06244797","phase":"NA","title":"Investigation of the Effects of H-PRF on the Period After Impacted Third Molar Tooth Extraction","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"esengul sen","startDate":"2023-12-18","conditions":"Impacted Third Molar Tooth","enrollment":75},{"nctId":"NCT06401317","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Corticosteroid Against Saline Injections for Thumb Osteoarthritis (CASITOA)","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","startDate":"2025-11-04","conditions":"Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT07126483","phase":"NA","title":"Thoracic Paravertebral Block vs Intrathecal Morphine in VATS","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ondokuz Mayıs University","startDate":"2025-08-18","conditions":"Postoperative Acute Pain, Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery, Intrathechal Morphine","enrollment":70},{"nctId":"NCT07349407","phase":"NA","title":"Dilute Epinephrine vs Tourniquet for Visualization in Ankle Arthroscopy: A RCT","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","startDate":"2025-12-30","conditions":"Chronic Ankle Instability, Ankle Ligament Injury, Ankle Arthroscopy","enrollment":88},{"nctId":"NCT07342010","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Bicarbonate Addition to Lidocaine-Epinephrine in Surgery Under WALANT","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nīmes","startDate":"2026-02-01","conditions":"Anesthesia, Local, Hand Surgery, Foot Surgery","enrollment":150},{"nctId":"NCT06217939","phase":"NA","title":"Early Intravenous Hydrocortisone in Sepsis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Siriraj Hospital","startDate":"2024-06-25","conditions":"Sepsis Severe, Shock, Septic","enrollment":230},{"nctId":"NCT07289321","phase":"NA","title":"Tramadol / Magnesium in Ropivacaine Solution in UG-bilateral TAP Block and Analgesia in Robotic Radical Prostatectomy","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Aretaieion University Hospital","startDate":"2025-12-09","conditions":"Perioperative Pain in Robotic Prostatectomy","enrollment":90},{"nctId":"NCT07298616","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Huaxi Tunnel Technique For Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Exposure And Dissection In Thyroid Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"West China Hospital","startDate":"2025-03-01","conditions":"Patients Undergoing Open Thyroid Surgery","enrollment":700},{"nctId":"NCT07291388","phase":"NA","title":"Effectiveness of Retrolaminar Block in Lumbar Spine Fusion With Multimodal Analgesia","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","startDate":"2025-12","conditions":"Acute Pain, Anesthesia, Lumbar Spine Disease","enrollment":44},{"nctId":"NCT07280949","phase":"NA","title":"Posterior Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Combined With Sacral Multifidus Plane Block Versus Posterior Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Cairo University","startDate":"2026-01","conditions":"Anesthesia, Posterior Transversus Abdominis Plane Block, Sacral Multifidus Plane Block","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT07278323","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Frozen Shoulder and Hormone Replacement Therapy","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of California, San Francisco","startDate":"2026-01-01","conditions":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder, Frozen Shoulder","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT07276906","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Comparing Intramuscular Fentanyl and Ketorolac With Nerve of Arnold (NOA) Block for Bilateral Myringotomy","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of South Alabama","startDate":"2026-01","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":300},{"nctId":"NCT07269171","phase":"NA","title":"The Effect of Supplementary Foods Containing Trypsin, Chymotrypsin and Serratia Peptidase on Healing After Impacted Wisdom Tooth Surgery","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi","startDate":"2025-12-01","conditions":"Oral Health Care","enrollment":15},{"nctId":"NCT07083063","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Precise Endoscopic Application of Nitroglycerin in Preventing Post-ERCP Pancreatitis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"National Cheng-Kung University Hospital","startDate":"2025-09-15","conditions":"Pancreatitis","enrollment":440},{"nctId":"NCT07267650","phase":"NA","title":"iPACK Block vs. Periarticular Infiltration for TKA Pain Control","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Turgutlu State Hospital","startDate":"2026-01-01","conditions":"Pain, Postoperative, Osteoarthritis, Knee / Osteoarthritis, Hip","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT07268495","phase":"NA","title":"The Impact of Intraperitoneal Spray Combined With Intravenous Lidocaine on Postoperative Pain After Myomectomy","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University","startDate":"2024-08-01","conditions":"Postoperative Pain","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT05354778","phase":"NA","title":"HYDROcortisone Versus Placebo for Severe HospItal-acquired Pneumonia in Intensive Care Patients: the HYDRO-SHIP Study","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Instituto de Assistencia Medica ao Servidor Publico Estadual, Sao Paulo","startDate":"2022-10-16","conditions":"Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia","enrollment":180},{"nctId":"NCT05465382","phase":"NA","title":"Intra Articular Ankle Fractures","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Duke University","startDate":"2022-07-22","conditions":"Intra-Articular Fractures","enrollment":41},{"nctId":"NCT06342830","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Comparing the Effect of Different Intracanal Dressing on Failed Root Canal Treated Cases on Periapical Healing","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ain Shams University","startDate":"2024-06-20","conditions":"Periapical Disease","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT03696199","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Randomized Controlled Trial for Ankle Fracture Pain Control","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Lahey Clinic","startDate":"2020-09-01","conditions":"Ankle Fractures","enrollment":70},{"nctId":"NCT06799845","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study Assessing Pain Relief After Replacement of the Knee","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Allay Therapeutics, Inc.","startDate":"2025-02-03","conditions":"Total Knee Arthroplasty (Postoperative Pain)","enrollment":226},{"nctId":"NCT05868577","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Infracalcaneal Peppering Injection Technique for Chronic Plantar Fasciitis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Wake Forest University Health Sciences","startDate":"2023-10-18","conditions":"Chronic Plantar Fasciitis","enrollment":41},{"nctId":"NCT03401398","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Stress Hydrocortisone In Pediatric Septic Shock","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Jerry Zimmerman","startDate":"2019-03-11","conditions":"Septic Shock","enrollment":500},{"nctId":"NCT07213635","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Paracervical Injection and Opioid Use After Vaginal Hysterectomy for Prolapse","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill","startDate":"2025-10-20","conditions":"Opioid Use, Surgical Recovery, Vaginal Hysterectomy","enrollment":56},{"nctId":"NCT04843761","phase":"PHASE3","title":"ACTIV-3b: Therapeutics for Severely Ill Inpatients With COVID-19","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","startDate":"2021-04-20","conditions":"Covid19","enrollment":473},{"nctId":"NCT04421092","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy of SLN Block for Chronic Cough","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Medical University of South Carolina","startDate":"2020-07-22","conditions":"Cough, Superior Laryngeal Nerve Block, Neurogenic Cough","enrollment":17},{"nctId":"NCT06069154","phase":"NA","title":"Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis to Treat Pain Following Thoracic Trauma","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"University of California, San Diego","startDate":"2023-10-30","conditions":"Rib Fracture, Rib Fracture Multiple","enrollment":120},{"nctId":"NCT06995352","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Analgesia Following Ankle Surgery","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"University of California, San Diego","startDate":"2025-06-23","conditions":"Moderate-to-severely Painful Ankle Surgery","enrollment":140},{"nctId":"NCT05846399","phase":"PHASE4","title":"CAT BITE Antibiotic Prophylaxis for the Hand/Forearm (CATBITE)","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Missouri-Columbia","startDate":"2023-09-07","conditions":"Cat Bite, Hand Injuries, Arm Injury","enrollment":72},{"nctId":"NCT06729606","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Aviptadil for Severely Ill Inpatients With COVID-19 (An ACTIV-3b/TESICO Treatment Trial)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","startDate":"2021-04-20","conditions":"Covid19","enrollment":471},{"nctId":"NCT04880707","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Twin Block, Pain Medications and Third Molar Extractions","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","startDate":"2024-03-11","conditions":"Acute Pain","enrollment":48},{"nctId":"NCT03913845","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Impact of Retropubic Lidocaine vs Saline on Postoperative Urinary Retention Following Midurethral Sling","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"West Penn Allegheny Health System","startDate":"2019-11-25","conditions":"Stress Urinary Incontinence","enrollment":150},{"nctId":"NCT02356159","phase":"PHASE1, PHASE2","title":"Study of Palifermin (Kepivance) in Persons Undergoing Unrelated Donor Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"2015-09-24","conditions":"Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma","enrollment":34},{"nctId":"NCT07197203","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Comparison of Caudal Block and Sacral Erector Spinae Plane Block With Dexmedetomidine in Pediatric Penile Hypospadias Repair","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Assiut University","startDate":"2025-10-01","conditions":"Hypospadias","enrollment":66},{"nctId":"NCT05160441","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Comparing Platelet Rich Plasma and Corticosteroid for Military & Civilian Patients With Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Walter Reed National Military Medical Center","startDate":"2022-09-26","conditions":"Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder, Corticosteroid, PRP","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT07173894","phase":"NA","title":"Effectiveness of Field Block Compared With Interscalene Block in Shoulder Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Rabin Medical Center","startDate":"2024-08-01","conditions":"Regional Anesthesia Techniques in Shoulder Surgery","enrollment":64},{"nctId":"NCT04037605","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Hormonal Mechanisms of Sleep Restriction - Axis Study in Older Men and Postmenopausal Women","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center","startDate":"2020-02-09","conditions":"Sleep Restriction","enrollment":5},{"nctId":"NCT03142893","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Hormonal Mechanisms of Sleep Restriction - Axis Study","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Peter y. Liu","startDate":"2017-05-08","conditions":"Sleep Restriction","enrollment":80},{"nctId":"NCT07152613","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Corticosteroids for PJP in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Adults","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Qingyuan Zhan","startDate":"2025-09-08","conditions":"Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia","enrollment":240},{"nctId":"NCT05996133","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Multifidus Cervicis Plane Block Vs. Sham Block For Posterior Cervical Spine Fusion Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Hartford Hospital","startDate":"2023-12-12","conditions":"Cervical Spine Fusion","enrollment":38},{"nctId":"NCT07145879","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of Postoperative Effects of Articaine and Lidocaine in Mucogingival Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Pamukkale University","startDate":"2025-01-01","conditions":"Local Analgesia Via Infiltration, Wound Heal, Pain, Postoperative","enrollment":43},{"nctId":"NCT06345833","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Topical and Local TXA in Facelifts - A Randomized Controlled Double Blinded Study","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Minnesota","startDate":"2024-07-01","conditions":"Hemophilia, Hemorrhage, Facelift Surgery","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT06556121","phase":"NA","title":"Saddle Block With IT Morphine for Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Women's College Hospital","startDate":"2025-08-07","conditions":"Pain, Postoperative","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT05037812","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Role of Multimodal Analgesia in Decreasing Perioperative Pain in Tibial Plateau Fractures","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Utah","startDate":"2019-03-25","conditions":"Tibial Plateau Fractures","enrollment":150},{"nctId":"NCT06447194","phase":"PHASE1, PHASE2","title":"Effect of RECK in Posterior Spinal Fusion","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","startDate":"2025-10-01","conditions":"Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis, Degenerative Disc Disease, Degenerative Spondylolisthesis","enrollment":""},{"nctId":"NCT04209218","phase":"NA","title":"Intraoperative Blood Pressure Management and Dexamethasone in Lung Cancer Surgery","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Peking University First Hospital","startDate":"2020-04-07","conditions":"Lung Cancer, Surgery, Blood Pressure Management","enrollment":1988},{"nctId":"NCT03567473","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Bronchiolitis in Infants Placebo Versus Epinephrine and Dexamethasone Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario","startDate":"2018-12-13","conditions":"Bronchiolitis","enrollment":864},{"nctId":"NCT07077694","phase":"NA","title":"Artificial Intelligence to Detect Missed Root Canals in Previously Treated Lower Back Teeth Using 3D Dental Imaging (CBCT)","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Future University in Egypt","startDate":"2024-12-25","conditions":"Presence of Missed Canals, Morphological Variation","enrollment":3},{"nctId":"NCT07070024","phase":"PHASE1, PHASE2","title":"Efficacy of Microneedling With Vitamin C in Performing Gingival Depigmentation","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Fayoum University","startDate":"2025-07","conditions":"Gingival Pigmentation","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT07068750","phase":"NA","title":"Evaluation of Implant Site Preparation With Three Different Drilling Systems in Posterior Maxilla (Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"ALZAHRANI,MOHAMMED AHMED Y","startDate":"2023-08-16","conditions":"Evaluation of Implant Site Preparation With Three Different Drilling Systems in Posterior Maxilla","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT03978780","phase":"NA","title":"Erector Spinae Block vs. Placebo Block Study","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Women's College Hospital","startDate":"2026-06","conditions":"Breast Cancer, Nerve Block, Regional Anesthesia","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT06982183","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Effects of Propranolol, Hydrocortisone, and Morphine on Military-Relevant Performance Outcomes","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR)","startDate":"2025-05-27","conditions":"Fear of Spiders, Acute Stress Reaction","enrollment":110},{"nctId":"NCT05545787","phase":"NA","title":"Cold or Hot Snare Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for 10-19mm Non-pedunculated Colorectal Polyps","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Qingwei Jiang","startDate":"2022-10-14","conditions":"Colorectal Polyp","enrollment":232},{"nctId":"NCT07056998","phase":"NA","title":"On Previously Root Canal-treated Patients Using an AI Program, Detect the Accuracy of it in the Detection of Root Canal Obturation Quality on CBCT Compared With Conventional PA Radiography, e.g., Voids, Length of Obturation, and Density, and Then do Retreatment if Any Failure is Recorded.","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Tala Ghassan Hassan Odeh","startDate":"2025-04-01","conditions":"Root Canal Treatment","enrollment":3},{"nctId":"NCT05294640","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Bacteriostatic Saline as a Local Anesthetic in Minor Eyelid Procedures","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of California, San Francisco","startDate":"2022-05-17","conditions":"Eyelid Tumor, Eyelid Bump, Eyelid Deformity","enrollment":95},{"nctId":"NCT07045701","phase":"PHASE2, PHASE3","title":"FMXIN002 in Patients at Risk of Anaphylaxis","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Nasus Pharma","startDate":"2025-06-12","conditions":"Anaphylaxis Food","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT05230667","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of the Effect of Combined Glenohumeral Joint and Subdeltoid Bursa Injection With Platelet-rich Plasma (PRP), Corticosteroid, and Normal Saline in Addition to Physical Therapy for Treatment of Frozen Shoulder","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital","startDate":"2022-08-01","conditions":"Frozen Shoulder, Adhesive Capsulitis, Shoulder","enrollment":90},{"nctId":"NCT02548104","phase":"NA","title":"Analgesic Efficacy of Anterior Femoral, Genicular and Adductor Canal Nerve Block","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Cedars-Sinai Medical Center","startDate":"2017-10-01","conditions":"Pain, Postoperative","enrollment":42},{"nctId":"NCT01059786","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Randomized Phase II Trial of Rituximab With Either Pentostatin or Bendamustine for Multiply Relapsed or Refractory Hairy Cell Leukemia","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"2010-07-01","conditions":"Hairy Cell Leukemia","enrollment":69},{"nctId":"NCT07018115","phase":"NA","title":"Anxiety and Hemodynamic Changes in Third Molar Extraction After Patient Education","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ummugulsum Coskun","startDate":"2015-06-01","conditions":"Dental Anxiety, Hemodynamic, Molar, Third","enrollment":97},{"nctId":"NCT04921189","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Steroid, Thiamine and Ascorbic Acid for Comatose Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Survivors","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Asan Medical Center","startDate":"2021-12-31","conditions":"Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, Postcardiac Arrest Syndrome","enrollment":160},{"nctId":"NCT05739682","phase":"NA","title":"Pain and Microbial Reduction of Antimicrobial Corticosteroid Mixture Versus Cryotherapy in Necrotic Teeth","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Cairo University","startDate":"2024-07-01","conditions":"Dental Pulp Necrosis","enrollment":28},{"nctId":"NCT07006168","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effects Of Intra-Operative Intra-Articular Cocktail Injection In Patella Open Reduction And Internal Fixation","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"The University of Hong Kong","startDate":"2024-11-01","conditions":"Patella Fracture","enrollment":56},{"nctId":"NCT06077344","phase":"NA","title":"WALANT and Spinal Anesthesia Comparison of Clinical Result in Ankle Fractures","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Istanbul University","startDate":"2022-06-15","conditions":"Ankle Fractures","enrollment":35},{"nctId":"NCT05972681","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The PAIN (Pelvic Area Injection for Numbness) Study","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Montefiore Medical Center","startDate":"2025-04-08","conditions":"Vaginal Laceration During Delivery","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT06503510","phase":"NA","title":"Role of Interleukin-13 Pathways on Pain and Itch Sensitivity","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Aalborg University","startDate":"2025-01-06","conditions":"Itch","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT06959602","phase":"NA","title":"Antibacterial Efficacy and Outcomes of Root Canal Irrigation Methods","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","startDate":"2025-04-01","conditions":"Pulp Necrosis, Apical Periodontitis, Endodontic Treatment","enrollment":66},{"nctId":"NCT04909619","phase":"NA","title":"Suprazygomatic Maxillary Nerve Block in Cleft Palate Outcomes","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago","startDate":"2021-03-01","conditions":"Cleft Palate Children","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT05161468","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Platelet-rich Plasma, Corticosteroid, or Lidocaine for Acromioclavicular Joint Pain","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Brooke Army Medical Center","startDate":"2021-08-12","conditions":"Acromioclavicular Sprain","enrollment":34},{"nctId":"NCT06619080","phase":"NA","title":"Ecoguided Genicular Nerve Block","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón","startDate":"2023-04-26","conditions":"Osteoarthritis, Knee/Rehabilitation","enrollment":102},{"nctId":"NCT06932367","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Efficacy of Dexketoprofen And Methylprednisolone in the Acute Low Back Pain","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ali Gur","startDate":"2021-08-01","conditions":"Low Back Pain","enrollment":150},{"nctId":"NCT06920485","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of Hypochlorous Acid-containing Mouthwash on Healing After Impacted Wisdom Tooth Surgery","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi","startDate":"2025-05-01","conditions":"Oral Health","enrollment":96},{"nctId":"NCT06930456","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison Between Intravenous Hydrocortisone and Ondansetron in Prevention of Post Spinal Anesthesia Hypotension","status":"ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION","sponsor":"Nada kamel Elgamal","startDate":"2024-03-01","conditions":"Post Spinal Anaesthesia Hypotension","enrollment":120},{"nctId":"NCT05649644","phase":"NA","title":"Sensorimotor Block Dynamics and Hemidiaphragmatic Palsy: Selective Trunk Block vs Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","startDate":"2023-05-18","conditions":"Musculoskeletal Diseases or Conditions","enrollment":50}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"crossReferences":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL1256958"},"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Normal saline and epinephrine","genericName":"Normal saline and epinephrine","companyName":"Le Bonheur Children's Hospital","companyId":"le-bonheur-children-s-hospital","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:49:52.368664+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}