{"id":"norfloxacin","rwe":[{"pmid":"41904871","year":"2026","title":"In‑situ high N‑doped magnetic biochar derived from antibiotic fermentation residues for antibiotic wastewater treatment: Detoxification, adsorption performance, and mechanistic insights.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of environmental management","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41895644","year":"2026","title":"Whole-genome characteristics, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of pathogenic Aeromonas veronii from diseased Macrobrachium rosenbergii.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of invertebrate pathology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41883371","year":"2026","title":"Antibiotic Exposure and Early Reproductive Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in a Chinese Couple-Based Preconception Cohort.","finding":"","journal":"Environment & health (Washington, D.C.)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41883118","year":"2026","title":"In vitro and preclinical assessment of drug interactions between fluoroquinolones and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug predicting risk of seizure.","finding":"","journal":"Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41880526","year":"2026","title":"Chemical Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of the Amino chalcone in Efflux Pump-Carrying Strains.","finding":"","journal":"FEMS microbiology letters","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Quinolone Antimicrobial","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1","category":"target"},{"label":"GABRA1","category":"gene"},{"label":"GABRA2","category":"gene"},{"label":"GABRA3","category":"gene"},{"label":"J01MA06","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Abdominal abscess","category":"indication"},{"label":"Acute Moraxella catarrhalis bronchitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Acute bacterial bronchitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Acute bacterial peritonitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Acute bacterial sinusitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1980s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Infective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antineoplastic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Metabolic Side Effects of Drugs and Substances","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Topoisomerase II Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Topoisomerase Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":590.856,"date":"","count":116,"signal":"International normalised ratio fluctuation","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 116 times (LLR=591)"},{"llr":350.976,"date":"","count":68,"signal":"Bloody discharge","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 68 times (LLR=351)"},{"llr":298.804,"date":"","count":67,"signal":"Lyme disease","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 67 times (LLR=299)"},{"llr":276.001,"date":"","count":64,"signal":"Amaurosis fugax","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 64 times (LLR=276)"},{"llr":237.067,"date":"","count":64,"signal":"Urinary tract disorder","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 64 times (LLR=237)"},{"llr":234.321,"date":"","count":65,"signal":"Ocular discomfort","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 65 times (LLR=234)"},{"llr":215.101,"date":"","count":67,"signal":"Haemorrhagic stroke","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 67 times (LLR=215)"},{"llr":186.063,"date":"","count":64,"signal":"Head discomfort","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 64 times (LLR=186)"},{"llr":171.53,"date":"","count":65,"signal":"Photophobia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 65 times (LLR=172)"},{"llr":168.321,"date":"","count":66,"signal":"Generalised oedema","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 66 times (LLR=168)"},{"llr":157.888,"date":"","count":112,"signal":"Therapeutic product effect incomplete","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 112 times (LLR=158)"},{"llr":156.111,"date":"","count":72,"signal":"Altered state of consciousness","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 72 times (LLR=156)"},{"llr":151.287,"date":"","count":66,"signal":"Blindness","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 66 times (LLR=151)"},{"llr":141.187,"date":"","count":64,"signal":"Diplopia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 64 times (LLR=141)"},{"llr":139.34,"date":"","count":66,"signal":"Presyncope","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 66 times (LLR=139)"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/dronedarone","drug":"dronedarone","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Dronedarone","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"dronedarone"},{"url":"/drug/prednisolone","drug":"prednisolone","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Prednisolone","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"prednisolone"},{"url":"/drug/prednisone","drug":"prednisone","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Prednisone","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"prednisone"},{"url":"/drug/sucralfate","drug":"sucralfate","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Sucralfate","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"sucralfate"},{"url":"/drug/theophylline","drug":"theophylline","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Theophylline","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"theophylline"},{"url":"/drug/tizanidine","drug":"tizanidine","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Tizanidine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"tizanidine"},{"url":"/drug/warfarin","drug":"warfarin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Warfarin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"warfarin"}],"commonSideEffects":[],"contraindications":["Achilles tendinitis","Acute nephropathy","Agranulocytosis","Anemia","Bradycardia","Cirrhosis of liver","Conduction disorder of the heart","Congenital long QT syndrome","Dehydration","Depressive disorder","Diabetes mellitus","Disease of liver","Drug-induced hepatitis","Epilepsy","Hallucinations","Hepatic failure","Hypokalemia","Hypomagnesemia","Impaired renal function disorder","Kidney disease","Leukopenia","Liver function tests abnormal","Lowered convulsive threshold","Myasthenia gravis","Myocardial ischemia"]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=NORFLOXACIN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:43:48.139547+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:43:55.162798+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=NORFLOXACIN","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:43:55.934691+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:43:56.513046+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL9/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:43:56.405908+00:00"}},"allNames":"noroxin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["floxacin","norfloxacine","norphloxacine","norfloxacin"],"timeline":[{"date":"1986-10-31","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Noroxin (Norfloxacin) is a quinolone antimicrobial drug developed by Merck, targeting the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1. It is a small molecule modality, approved by the FDA in 1986 for various bacterial infections, including abdominal abscess, acute bacterial bronchitis, and gonococcal cervicitis. Noroxin is off-patent, with no active Orange Book patents, and is not currently manufactured generically. The drug has a half-life of 4.45 hours and bioavailability of 35%. Key safety considerations include its potential to cause tendonitis and neuropathy.","approvals":[{"date":"1986-10-31","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Noroxin","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Abdominal abscess","otherDrugs":[{"name":"cefoxitin","slug":"cefoxitin","company":""},{"name":"ceftolozane","slug":"ceftolozane","company":"Cubist Pharms"},{"name":"cilastatin","slug":"cilastatin","company":"Merck"},{"name":"ciprofloxacin","slug":"ciprofloxacin","company":"Bayer Hlthcare"}],"globalPrevalence":89000},{"indication":"Acute Moraxella catarrhalis bronchitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"alatrofloxacin","slug":"alatrofloxacin","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"cefaclor","slug":"cefaclor","company":""},{"name":"cefdinir","slug":"cefdinir","company":""},{"name":"cefpodoxime proxetil","slug":"cefpodoxime-proxetil","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Acute bacterial bronchitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"alatrofloxacin","slug":"alatrofloxacin","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"azithromycin","slug":"azithromycin","company":""},{"name":"cefaclor","slug":"cefaclor","company":""},{"name":"cefixime","slug":"cefixime","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Acute bacterial peritonitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"ciprofloxacin","slug":"ciprofloxacin","company":"Bayer Hlthcare"},{"name":"ertapenem","slug":"ertapenem","company":"Merck Sharp Dohme"},{"name":"ofloxacin","slug":"ofloxacin","company":""},{"name":"trovafloxacin","slug":"trovafloxacin","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Acute bacterial sinusitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"alatrofloxacin","slug":"alatrofloxacin","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"amoxicillin","slug":"amoxicillin","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"ampicillin","slug":"ampicillin","company":"Wyeth Ayerst"},{"name":"azithromycin","slug":"azithromycin","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amoxicillin","slug":"amoxicillin","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"ampicillin","slug":"ampicillin","company":"Wyeth Ayerst"},{"name":"azithromycin","slug":"azithromycin","company":""},{"name":"cefditoren pivoxil","slug":"cefditoren-pivoxil","company":"Vansen Pharma"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Acute gonococcal cervicitis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"alatrofloxacin","slug":"alatrofloxacin","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"amphotericin B","slug":"amphotericin-b","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"ampicillin","slug":"ampicillin","company":"Wyeth Ayerst"},{"name":"azithromycin","slug":"azithromycin","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Acute gonococcal endometritis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"alatrofloxacin","slug":"alatrofloxacin","company":"Pfizer"},{"name":"ampicillin","slug":"ampicillin","company":"Wyeth Ayerst"},{"name":"cefotetan","slug":"cefotetan","company":""},{"name":"cefoxitin","slug":"cefoxitin","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"GABRA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1"},{"gene":"GABRA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2"},{"gene":"GABRA3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3"},{"gene":"GABRA4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4"},{"gene":"GABRA5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5"},{"gene":"GABRA6","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6"},{"gene":"TOP2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"DNA topoisomerase 2-beta","protein":"DNA topoisomerase 2-beta"},{"gene":"SLC47A1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1","protein":"Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Quinolone Antimicrobial","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Norfloxacin exerts its antibacterial effects by binding to and inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for bacterial DNA replication and transcription, thereby preventing bacterial DNA replication and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1986","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1986-10-31, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1967","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=NORFLOXACIN","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=NORFLOXACIN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T14:50:05.029368","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:43:58.348112+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"ofloxacin","drugSlug":"ofloxacin","fdaApproval":"1990-12-28","genericCount":20,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic 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available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"trovafloxacin","drugSlug":"trovafloxacin","fdaApproval":"1997-12-18","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"moxifloxacin","drugSlug":"moxifloxacin","fdaApproval":"1999-12-10","patentExpiry":"May 29, 2029","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"gemifloxacin","drugSlug":"gemifloxacin","fdaApproval":"2003-04-04","genericCount":1,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"gatifloxacin","drugSlug":"gatifloxacin","fdaApproval":"2003-03-28","genericCount":6,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"delafloxacin","drugSlug":"delafloxacin","fdaApproval":"2017-06-19","patentExpiry":"Sep 23, 2029","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"norfloxacin","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Abdominal 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Prostatitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Chronic Escherichia coli Prostatitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Chronic Staphylococcus epidermidis Prostatitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Chronic tubotympanic suppurative otitis media","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":87665008,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Citrobacter Complicated UTI","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Citrobacter Cystitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Citrobacter Urinary Tract Infection","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Colorectal Surgery Infection Prevention","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Complicated Bacterial Peritonitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Complicated Bacteroides 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Coli Septic Abortion","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Endomyometritis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":88027004,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enteric campylobacteriosis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":18081009,"regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enterobacter Cloacae Bronchitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enterobacter Cystitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enterobacter Osteomyelitis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enterobacter Pneumonia","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"EnterobacterJoint Infection","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enterococcus Complicated UTI","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enterococcus Endomyometritis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Enterococcus Pelvic 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