{"id":"nitrofurantoin-monohydrate-macrocrystalline-capsules","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":"5-10","effect":"Nausea"},{"rate":"1-3","effect":"Headache"},{"rate":"1-3","effect":"Diarrhea"},{"rate":"0.1-0.5","effect":"Peripheral neuropathy (with prolonged use)"},{"rate":"<0.1","effect":"Pulmonary toxicity (rare)"},{"rate":"<0.1","effect":"Hepatotoxicity (rare)"}]},"_chembl":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL572","moleculeType":"Small molecule","molecularWeight":"238.16"},"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Nitrofurantoin is a prodrug that requires bacterial nitroreductase enzymes to be converted into highly reactive intermediates. These intermediates cause strand breaks in bacterial DNA and damage to ribosomal proteins and other essential cellular components. This multi-target mechanism makes resistance development less likely and provides broad-spectrum activity against many urinary tract pathogens.","oneSentence":"Nitrofurantoin is reduced by bacterial enzymes to reactive intermediates that damage bacterial DNA and proteins, leading to cell death.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:57:16.868Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (acute cystitis)"},{"name":"Chronic suppressive therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02384200","phase":"PHASE4","title":"A Randomized Trial of Preoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics Prior to Kidney Stone Surgery (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy [PCNL])","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of California, San Diego","startDate":"2015-03","conditions":"Nephrolithiasis, Urinary Tract Infections","enrollment":86}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":2,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["Macrobid"],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystalline capsules","genericName":"nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystalline capsules","companyName":"University of California, San Diego","companyId":"university-of-california-san-diego","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Nitrofurantoin is reduced by bacterial enzymes to reactive intermediates that damage bacterial DNA and proteins, leading to cell death. Used for Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (acute cystitis), Chronic suppressive therapy for recurrent urinary tract infections.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}