{"id":"niacin","rwe":[],"_fda":{"id":"274b691e-de35-47a4-820b-c139dd65b363","set_id":"0800f4ef-1d98-4c0f-a016-501791973f66","openfda":{"nui":["N0000193618","M0001797","M0022794","N0000175951","N0000175594","M0014839","N0000192800","N0000005657","N0000175452","M0022788","N0000175950"],"unii":["WR1WPI7EW8","PQ6CK8PD0R","P6YC3EG204","935E97BOY8","2679MF687A","KV2JZ1BI6Z","TLM2976OFR","8ZYQ1474W7","8K0I04919X","81G40H8B0T","9VU1KI44GP"],"route":["ORAL"],"spl_id":["274b691e-de35-47a4-820b-c139dd65b363"],"brand_name":["Multivitamin with Fluoride"],"spl_set_id":["0800f4ef-1d98-4c0f-a016-501791973f66"],"package_ndc":["72162-1656-1","72162-1656-9"],"product_ndc":["72162-1656"],"generic_name":[".ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL-, ASCORBIC ACID, CYANOCOBALAMIN, FOLIC ACID, NIACIN, PYRIDOXINE, RIBOFLAVIN, SODIUM FLUORIDE, THIAMINE MONONITRATE, VITAMIN A AND VITAMIN D"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"pharm_class_cs":["Ascorbic Acid [CS]","Vitamin B 12 [CS]","Nicotinic Acids [CS]","Vitamin B 6 [Chemical/Ingredient]","Analogs/Derivatives [Chemical/Ingredient]","Vitamin A [CS]"],"substance_name":[".ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL-","ASCORBIC ACID","CYANOCOBALAMIN","FOLIC ACID","NIACIN","PYRIDOXINE","RIBOFLAVIN","SODIUM FLUORIDE","THIAMINE MONONITRATE","VITAMIN A","VITAMIN D"],"pharm_class_epc":["Vitamin C [EPC]","Vitamin B12 [EPC]","Nicotinic Acid [EPC]","Vitamin B6 Analog [EPC]","Vitamin A [EPC]"],"manufacturer_name":["Bryant Ranch Prepack"],"original_packager_product_ndc":["58657-164"]},"version":"102","warnings":["WARNING Keep out of the reach of children. In case of accidental overdose, seek professional assistance or contact a Poison Control Center immediately. CAUTION Do not eat or drink dairy products within one hour of fluoride administration. Should be chewed. This product, as all chewable tablets, is not recommended for children under age 4 due to risk of choking."],"precautions":["PRECAUTION The suggested dose of Multivitamin with Fluoride 0 . 5 mg Chewable Tablets should not be exceeded, since dental fluorosis may result from continued ingestion of large amounts of fluoride. Before prescribing Multivitamin with Fluoride 0.5 mg Chewable Tablets: 1. Determine the fluoride content of the drinking water from all major sources. 2. Make sure the child is not receiving significant amounts of fluoride from other sources such as medications and swallowed toothpaste. 3. Periodically check to make sure that the child does not develop significant dental fluorosis."],"how_supplied":["HOW SUPPLIED Multivitamin Chewable tablets containing 0.5 mg fluoride are round yellowish/cream tablets with orange and yellow speckles. Debossed with “M164” on one side. NDC: 72162-1656-1: 100 Chewable Tabletss in a BOTTLE NDC: 72162-1656-9: 90 Chewable Tabletss in a BOTTLE Repackaged/Relabeled by: Bryant Ranch Prepack Burbank, CA 91504"],"effective_time":"20260327","adverse_reactions":["ADVERSE REACTIONS Allergic rash and other idiosyncrasies have been rarely reported."],"clinical_pharmacology":["CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY It is well established that fluoridation of the water supply (1 ppm fluoride) during the period of tooth development leads to a significant decrease in the incidence of dental caries. Multivitamin with Fluoride 0 . 5 mg Chewable Tablets provide sodium fluoride and ten essential vitamins in a chewable tablet. Because the tablets are chewable, they provide a topical as well as systemic source of fluoride. Hydroxyapatite is the principal crystal for all calcified tissue in the human body. The fluoride ion reacts with the hydroxyapatite in the tooth as it is formed to produce the more caries-resistant crystal, fluorapatite . The reaction may be expressed by the equation: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 2F- ------- Ca10(PO4)6F2 + 2OH- (Hydroxyapatite) (Fluorapatite) Three stages of fluoride deposition in tooth enamel can be distinguished: 1. Small amounts (reflecting the low levels of fluoride in tissue fluids) are incorporated into the enamel crystals while they are being formed. 2. After enamel has been laid down, fluoride deposition continues in the surface enamel. Diffusion of fluoride from the surface inward is apparently restricted. 3. After eruption, the surface enamel acquires fluoride from the water, food, supplementary fluoride and smaller amounts from saliva."],"indications_and_usage":["INDICATIONS AND USAGE Supplementation of the diet with ten essential vitamins. Supplementation of the diet with fluoride for caries prophylaxis. M ultivitamin with Fluoride 0.5 mg Chewable Tablets provide 0.5 mg fluoride in tablet form for children 4-6 years of age in areas where the drinking water fluoride level is less than 0.3 ppm, and for children 6 years of age and above where the drinking water contains 0.3 through 0.6 ppm of fluoride. Multivitamin with Fluoride 0.5 mg Chewable Tablets supply significant amounts of Vitamins A, C, D, E, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate to supplement the diet, and to help assure that nutritional deficiencies of these vitamins will not develop. Thus, in a single easy-to-use preparation, children obtain ten essential vitamins and the important mineral, fluoride. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children up to age 16, in areas where drinking water contains less than optimal levels of fluoride, receive daily fluoride supplements. Children using Multivitamin with Fluoride 0 . 5 mg Chewable Tablets regularly should receive semiannual dental examinations. The regular brushing of teeth and attention to good oral hygiene practices are also essential. Multivitamin with Fluoride Chewable Tablets is a prescription product for the clinical dietary management of the metabolic processes of caries prophylaxis and provides supplementation of the diet with ten essential vitamins."],"safe_handling_warning":["STORAGE Store at 20°-25°C (68°-77°F); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F). See USP Controlled Room Temperature. Dispense in a tight, light resistant container with a child-resistant closure as defined in the USP/NF. All prescription substitutions using this product shall be pursuant to state statutes as applicable. This is not an Orange Book product. Manufactured For: Method Pharmaceuticals Fort Worth, TX 76118 Rev. 06/2019"],"spl_unclassified_section":["MULTIVITAMIN WITH FLUORIDE Disclaimer: This drug has not been found by FDA to be safe and effective, and this labeling has not been approved by FDA. Prescribing Information Each Fluoride Chewable Tablet Contains: Supplement Facts Dosage Size 1 Chewable Tablet Amount per Tablet % DV Adults and Children 4 years or More Vitamin A (as Vitamin A acetate) 2500 IU 50% Vitamin C (as ascorbic acid) 60 mg 100% Vitamin D (as cholecalciferol) 400 IU 100% Vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol acetate) 15 IU 50% Thiamine (as thiamine) 1.05 mg 70% Riboflavin (as riboflavin) 1.2 mg 71% Niacin (as niacinamide) 13.5 mg 68% Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine HCl) 1.05 mg 53% Folate (as folic acid) 300 mcg 75% Vitamin B12 (as cyanocobalamin) 4.5 mcg 75% Fluoride (as sodium fluoride) 0.5 mg * *Daily value (DV) not established Multivitamin with Fluoride 0 . 5 mg Chewable Tablets active ingredient for caries prophylaxis: Fluoride as sodium fluoride Multivitamin with Fluoride 0 . 5 mg Chewable Tablets provide sodium fluoride and ten essential vitamins in a chewable tablet. Other ingredients: citric acid, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, orange flavor, sucralose, talc, xylitol."],"dosage_and_administration":["DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION One tablet daily, to be dissolved in the mouth or chewed before swallowing. Do not give a chewable tablet to a child younger than 4 years old."],"spl_product_data_elements":["Multivitamin with Fluoride .ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL-, ASCORBIC ACID, CYANOCOBALAMIN, FOLIC ACID, NIACIN, PYRIDOXINE, RIBOFLAVIN, SODIUM FLUORIDE, THIAMINE MONONITRATE, VITAMIN A and VITAMIN D CITRIC ACID MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE MANNITOL MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE SUCRALOSE TALC XYLITOL VITAMIN A VITAMIN A ASCORBIC ACID ASCORBIC ACID VITAMIN D VITAMIN D .ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL ACETATE, DL- .ALPHA.-TOCOPHEROL, DL- THIAMINE MONONITRATE THIAMINE ION THIAMINE RIBOFLAVIN RIBOFLAVIN NIACIN NIACIN PYRIDOXINE PYRIDOXINE FOLIC ACID FOLIC ACID CYANOCOBALAMIN CYANOCOBALAMIN SODIUM FLUORIDE FLUORIDE ION yellowish/cream M164"],"spl_unclassified_section_table":["<table><colgroup><col width=\"208\"/><col width=\"208\"/><col width=\"208\"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td/><td align=\"center\"><content styleCode=\"bold\">Amount per Tablet</content></td><td align=\"center\"><content styleCode=\"bold\">% DV Adults and Children</content></td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td align=\"center\"><content styleCode=\"bold\">4 years or More</content></td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin A (as Vitamin A acetate)</td><td align=\"center\">2500 IU</td><td align=\"center\">50%</td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin C (as ascorbic acid)</td><td align=\"center\">60 mg</td><td align=\"center\">100%</td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin D (as cholecalciferol)</td><td align=\"center\">400 IU</td><td align=\"center\">100%</td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopherol acetate)</td><td align=\"center\">15 IU</td><td align=\"center\">50%</td></tr><tr><td>Thiamine (as thiamine)</td><td align=\"center\">1.05 mg</td><td align=\"center\">70%</td></tr><tr><td>Riboflavin (as riboflavin)</td><td align=\"center\">1.2 mg</td><td align=\"center\">71%</td></tr><tr><td>Niacin (as niacinamide)</td><td align=\"center\">13.5 mg</td><td align=\"center\">68%</td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine HCl)</td><td align=\"center\">1.05 mg</td><td align=\"center\">53%</td></tr><tr><td>Folate (as folic acid)</td><td align=\"center\">300 mcg</td><td align=\"center\">75%</td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin B12 (as cyanocobalamin)</td><td align=\"center\">4.5 mcg</td><td align=\"center\">75%</td></tr><tr><td>Fluoride (as sodium fluoride)</td><td align=\"center\">0.5 mg</td><td align=\"center\">*</td></tr></tbody></table>"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["Multivitamin/Fluoride Tab. Chew 0.5mg #100 Label Extended Label"]},"tags":[],"safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"791 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"756 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"NAUSEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"712 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DIARRHOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"678 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DIZZINESS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"583 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DYSPNOEA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"557 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"532 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"HEADACHE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"514 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"500 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ASTHENIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"464 reports"}],"drugInteractions":[{"name":"pravastatin","source":"DrugCentral","severity":"Significant","description":"NIACIN/PRAVASTATIN [VA Drug Interaction]"},{"name":"simvastatin","source":"DrugCentral","severity":"Significant","description":"NIACIN/SIMVASTATIN [VA Drug Interaction]"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Allergic rash","drugRate":"rare","severity":"mild"}],"contraindications":["Active peptic ulcer disease","Severe cardiovascular disease","Severe kidney disease","Severe liver disease","Hemochromatosis","Gout","Diabetes mellitus with or without complications","Pregnancy","Breastfeeding"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"","Geriatric use":"","Paediatric use":"Do not give a chewable tablet to a child younger than 4 years old.","Renal impairment":"","Hepatic impairment":""},"seriousAdverseEvents":[]},"trials":[],"_chembl":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL573","moleculeType":"Small molecule","molecularWeight":"123.11"},"aliases":["nicotinic acid"],"company":"MEDPOINTE PHARM HLC","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_recalls":[{"date":"20210602","reason":"CGMP Deviations: Intermittent exposure to temperature excursion during storage.","classification":"Class II"},{"date":"20140122","reason":"Labeling: Label Mixup; NIACIN TR, Tablet, 250 mg may be potentially mislabeled as    SOLIFENACIN SUCCINATE, Tablet, 5 mg, NDC 51248015001, Pedigree: W003755, EXP: 6/26/2014.","classification":"Class II"},{"date":"20140129","reason":"Labeling: Label Mixup: NIACIN TR, Capsule, 250 mg may have potentially been mislabeled as the following drug:  METHYLERGONOVINE MALEATE, Tablet, 0.2 mg, NDC 43386014028, Pedigree: W003477, EXP: 6/20/2014.","classification":"Class II"},{"date":"20251029","reason":"Failed Dissolution Specifications","classification":"Class II"},{"date":"20140129","reason":"Labeling: Label Mixup: NIACIN TR, Capsule, 500 mg may have potentially been mislabeled as one of the following drugs:  PERPHENAZINE, Tablet, 16 mg, NDC 00603506321, Pedigree: AD46265_49, EXP: 5/15/2014;  MELATONIN, Tablet, 1 mg, NDC 47469000466, Pedigree: AD60240_14, EXP: 5/22/2014;  CRANBERRY EXTRACT/VITAMIN C, Capsule, 450 mg/125 mg, NDC 31604014271, Pedigree: W002693, EXP: 6/5/2014;  GLUCOSAMIN","classification":"Class II"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=NIACIN","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:02.083581+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:10.220038+00:00"},"aiSummary":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"AI Strategic Summary","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"ai_extraction","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:36.191682+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:08.645831+00:00"},"regulatory.eu":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"European Medicines Agency","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ema_api","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:02.105403+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:00.584486+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=NIACIN","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:09.633740+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:00:59.449945+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:00:59.450057+00:00"},"indications.approved":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:29.193474+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:00:59.450074+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:11.180352+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL573/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:01:10.105946+00:00"}},"allNames":"nicotinic acid","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["niacin potassium","niacin magnesium","nicotinic acid","vitamin b3 (niacin)","3-pyridinecarboxylic acid","niaspan","niacin","niacor","Vitamin B3"],"timeline":[{"date":"1735-01-01","type":"neutral","_source":"Wikipedia","milestone":"Disease described in Spain","regulator":"none"},{"date":"1873-01-01","type":"neutral","_source":"Wikipedia","milestone":"Niacin described by Hugo Weidel","regulator":"none"},{"date":"2000-05-03","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA040378","milestone":"FDA ORIG — AVONDALE PHARMS","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2002-01-22","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA040378","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — AVONDALE PHARMS","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2014-03-20","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA090892","milestone":"FDA ORIG — CHARTWELL RX","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2014-04-23","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA201273","milestone":"FDA ORIG — SUN PHARM","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2015-07-07","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA090892","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — CHARTWELL RX","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2015-07-09","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA201273","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — SUN PHARM","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2015-07-24","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA203578","milestone":"FDA ORIG — AMNEAL PHARMS","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2017-06-16","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA203899","milestone":"FDA ORIG — LANNETT CO INC","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2018-02-01","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA209236","milestone":"FDA ORIG — AUROBINDO PHARMA LTD","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2022-03-03","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA204934","milestone":"FDA ORIG — MACLEODS PHARMS LTD","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2022-11-23","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA090892","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — CHARTWELL RX","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2022-11-29","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA209236","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — AUROBINDO PHARMA LTD","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2023-02-02","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA201273","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — SUN PHARM","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2023-06-07","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA204934","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — MACLEODS PHARMS LTD","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"2025-04-10","type":"positive","_source":"FDA ANDA204934","milestone":"FDA SUPPL — MACLEODS PHARMS LTD","regulator":"FDA","description":""},{"date":"YYYY-MM-DD","type":"neutral","_source":"Wikipedia","milestone":"Joseph Goldberger assigned to study pellagra","regulator":"none"}],"_dailymed":{"setId":"220bbbf3-d54d-4222-b540-e197927ab8bc","title":"CIRCULATION (NIACIN, NICOTINAMIDUM, ARNICA MONTANA, CAMPHORA, NUX VOMICA, STROPHANTHUS HISPIDUS, VERATRUM ALBUM, ADRENALINUM, AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM, AURUM METALLICUM, GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS, HELODERMA (HORRIDUS), RHUS TOX, TABACUM) SPRAY [NUTRITIONAL SPECIALTIES, INC.]","labeler":""},"aiSummary":"Niacin, marketed by Medpointe Pharm HLC, is a dietary vitamin supplement that enhances NAD levels, supporting metabolic processes and preventing nutritional deficiencies. The key strength of Niacin lies in its well-established mechanism and broad use in dietary supplementation, with a key composition patent expiring in 2028. However, the primary risk is the intense competition from a wide array of alternative supplements, including Garlic, Avena Sativa Flowering Top, and numerous homeopathic remedies, which may erode market share.","brandName":"Nicotinic Acid","ecosystem":[],"isGeneric":true,"mechanism":{"target":"NAD synthase","novelty":"generic","targets":[{"gene":"APP","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Amyloid beta A4 protein","protein":"Amyloid beta A4 protein","activityType":"IC50"},{"gene":"HCAR2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2","protein":"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2","activityType":"Ki"},{"gene":"HCAR3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3","protein":"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3","activityType":"EC50"},{"gene":"NNMT","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase","protein":"Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase","activityType":""},{"gene":"NAMPT","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase","protein":"Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase","activityType":""},{"gene":"QPRT","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]","protein":"Nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase [carboxylating]","activityType":""}],"modality":"small molecule","drugClass":"Vitamin C [EPC]","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Niacin binds to and activates the NAD synthase enzyme, increasing the intracellular levels of NAD. This coenzyme is essential for redox reactions and serves as a substrate for sirtuins, which are involved in cellular aging and stress response. Niacin also has a role in lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue, leading to reduced free fatty acid levels in the bloodstream."},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:57:05.660Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":{"title":"Nicotinic acid","extract":"Nicotinic acid, or niacin, is an organic compound and a vitamer of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It is produced by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan.","wiki_history":"==History==\n\n\nNiacin as a chemical compound was first described by chemist Hugo Weidel in 1873 in his studies of nicotine, but that predated by many years the concept of food components other than protein, fat and carbohydrates that were essential for life. Vitamin nomenclature was initially alphabetical, with Elmer McCollum calling these fat-soluble A and water-soluble B.\n\n\nCorn (maize) became a staple food in the southeast United States and in parts of Europe. A disease that was characterized by dermatitis of sunlight-exposed skin was described in Spain in 1735 by Gaspar Casal. He attributed the cause to poor diet. In northern Italy it was named \"pellagra\" from the Lombard language (agra = holly-like or serum-like; pell = skin). In time, the disease was more closely linked specifically to corn. In the US, Joseph Goldberger was assigned to study pellagra by the Surgeon General of the United States. His studies confirmed a corn-based diet as the culprit, but he did not identify the root cause.\n\nNicotinic acid was extracted from liver by biochemist Conrad Elvehjem in 1937. He later identified the active ingredient, referring to it as \"pellagra-preventing factor\" and the \"anti-blacktongue factor.\" It was also referred to as \"vitamin PP\", \"vitamin P-P\" and \"PP-factor\", all derived from the term \"pellagra-preventive factor\". In the late 1930s, studies by Tom Douglas Spies, Marion Blankenhorn, and Clark Cooper confirmed that nicotinic acid cured pellagra in humans. 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