{"id":"nefopam","rwe":[{"pmid":"41832716","year":"2026","title":"Clinical Applications and Safety Analysis of Nefopam and Flupirtine as Examples of Non-Opioid Analgesics.","finding":"","journal":"Current pharmaceutical design","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41630545","year":"2026","title":"Opioid-based versus opioid-sparing patient-controlled analgesia using ketorolac and nefopam after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.","finding":"","journal":"Korean journal of anesthesiology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41618013","year":"2026","title":"Effect of combined acetaminophen and nefopam on postoperative pain in patients undergoing robot-assisted urological surgery: a retrospective propensity score-matched analysis.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of robotic surgery","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41567750","year":"2025","title":"Analgesic effect of intravenous nefopam for postoperative pain in spine surgery: a meta-analysis of RCTs.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41346412","year":"2025","title":"Efficacy of Intravenous Nefopam, Dexmedetomidine, and Meperidine in Preventing Postspinal Anesthesia Shivering in Adult Patients Undergoing Lower Abdominal and Lower Limb Surgeries: A Double-Blind Comparative Study.","finding":"","journal":"Anesthesiology research and practice","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"nefopam","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter","category":"target"},{"label":"SLC6A4","category":"gene"},{"label":"SLC6A2","category":"gene"},{"label":"HTR2C","category":"gene"},{"label":"N02BG06","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Analgesics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Analgesics, Non-Narcotic","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sensory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":531.323,"date":"","count":199,"signal":"Hepatocellular injury","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 199 times (LLR=531)"},{"llr":511.32,"date":"","count":200,"signal":"Cholestasis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 200 times (LLR=511)"},{"llr":265.34,"date":"","count":134,"signal":"Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 134 times (LLR=265)"},{"llr":244.71,"date":"","count":114,"signal":"Agranulocytosis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 114 times (LLR=245)"},{"llr":196.355,"date":"","count":273,"signal":"Acute kidney injury","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 273 times (LLR=196)"},{"llr":188.523,"date":"","count":96,"signal":"Eosinophilia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 96 times (LLR=189)"},{"llr":170.304,"date":"","count":96,"signal":"Rash maculo-papular","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 96 times (LLR=170)"},{"llr":160.223,"date":"","count":73,"signal":"Hepatic cytolysis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 73 times (LLR=160)"},{"llr":140.848,"date":"","count":58,"signal":"Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 58 times (LLR=141)"},{"llr":123.005,"date":"","count":176,"signal":"Confusional state","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 176 times (LLR=123)"},{"llr":115.519,"date":"","count":157,"signal":"Thrombocytopenia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 157 times (LLR=116)"},{"llr":107.274,"date":"","count":52,"signal":"Toxic skin eruption","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 52 times (LLR=107)"},{"llr":104.378,"date":"","count":37,"signal":"Mixed liver injury","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 37 times (LLR=104)"},{"llr":101.841,"date":"","count":67,"signal":"Pancreatitis acute","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 67 times (LLR=102)"},{"llr":99.204,"date":"","count":11,"signal":"Fatigue","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 11 times (LLR=99)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Hepatocellular injury","drugRate":"LLR 531","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Cholestasis","drugRate":"LLR 511","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms","drugRate":"LLR 265","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Agranulocytosis","drugRate":"LLR 245","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Acute kidney injury","drugRate":"LLR 196","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Rash maculo-papular","drugRate":"LLR 170","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Hepatic cytolysis","drugRate":"LLR 160","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis","drugRate":"LLR 141","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Confusional state","drugRate":"LLR 123","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"LLR 116","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Toxic skin eruption","drugRate":"LLR 107","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Mixed liver injury","drugRate":"LLR 104","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Pancreatitis acute","drugRate":"LLR 102","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Fatigue","drugRate":"LLR 99","severity":"common"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"fenazoxine","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["nefopam","fenazoxine","(+/-)-Nefopam","nefopam hydrochloride","nefopam HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1978-01-01","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"YEAR INTRODUCED approval"}],"aiSummary":"Fenazoxine, also known as Nefopam, is a small molecule drug that targets the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter. It is classified as a nefopam drug class and has a bioavailability of 36%. The exact commercial status of Nefopam is unknown, but it is not FDA-approved for any indications. Nefopam has a half-life of 5.0 hours. Further information on its approved indications and patent status is not available.","approvals":[{"date":"1978-01-01","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"YEAR INTRODUCED"}],"brandName":"Fenazoxine","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C","targets":[{"gene":"SLC6A4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter"},{"gene":"SLC6A2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter"},{"gene":"HTR2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C"},{"gene":"HTR2B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B"},{"gene":"SLC6A3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter"},{"gene":"HTR2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A"},{"gene":"SCN5A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha","protein":"Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"nefopam","explanation":"Imagine your brain has a 'pain filter' that helps decide how much pain to send to your body. Nefopam blocks this filter, making it harder for pain signals to get through and reducing the amount of pain you feel.","oneSentence":"Nefopam works by blocking the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter, which helps regulate pain perception in the brain.","technicalDetail":"Nefopam acts as a competitive inhibitor of the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter (SERT), which is involved in the reuptake of serotonin in the central nervous system. By blocking SERT, nefopam increases the concentration of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, leading to analgesic effects."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1891","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=NEFOPAM","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=NEFOPAM","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T12:55:22.621589","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"ziconotide","drugSlug":"ziconotide","fdaApproval":"2004-12-28","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"methoxyflurane","drugSlug":"methoxyflurane","fdaApproval":"","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"nefopam","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"ziconotide","brandName":"ziconotide","genericName":"ziconotide","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"methoxyflurane","brandName":"methoxyflurane","genericName":"methoxyflurane","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT06807164","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Serratus 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