{"id":"naproxcinod","rwe":[{"pmid":"38375468","year":"2024","title":"Does sex affect the efficacy of systemic pharmacological treatments of pain in knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review.","finding":"","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage open","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"26296873","year":"2015","title":"Naproxcinod shows significant advantages over naproxen in the mdx model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.","finding":"","journal":"Orphanet journal of rare diseases","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"26292179","year":"2015","title":"Chondroprotective effect of three different classes of anti-inflammatory agents on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β.","finding":"","journal":"International immunopharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"25912890","year":"2015","title":"WITHDRAWN: Efficacy and safety of short-term treatment of naproxcinod in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip: A prospective, randomized study.","finding":"","journal":"Archives of gerontology and geriatrics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"25550191","year":"2015","title":"Simultaneous quantification of naproxcinod and its active metabolite naproxen in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"naproxcinod","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"M01AE18","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Nitric Oxide Donors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"phase_3","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"nitronaproxen","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["naproxcinod","nitronaproxen","AZD3582"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[],"brandName":"Nitronaproxen","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"naproxcinod","explanation":"Imagine your body's pain and inflammation response like a fire. Prostaglandins are like the fuel that keeps the fire burning. Naproxen works by putting out the fire by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which helps to relieve pain and inflammation.","oneSentence":"Nitronaproxen is a prodrug that is converted to naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins and relieving pain and inflammation.","technicalDetail":"Naproxen, the active moiety of nitronaproxen, is a nonselective COX inhibitor that blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins E2 and I2, which are key mediators of pain and inflammation."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxcinod","title":"Naproxcinod","extract":"Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) developed by the French pharmaceutical company NicOx. It is a derivative of naproxen with a nitroxybutyl ester to allow it to also act as a nitric oxide (NO) donor. This second mechanism of action makes naproxcinod the first in a new class of drugs, the cyclooxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donators (CINODs), that are hoped to produce similar analgesic efficacy to traditional NSAIDs, but with less gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/4674","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=NAPROXCINOD","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=NAPROXCINOD","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naproxcinod","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T14:37:07.402732","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T08:40:48.903840+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"ibuprofen","drugSlug":"ibuprofen","fdaApproval":"1974-09-19","patentExpiry":"Sep 30, 2029","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"naproxen","drugSlug":"naproxen","fdaApproval":"1976-03-11","genericCount":31,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ketoprofen","drugSlug":"ketoprofen","fdaApproval":"1986-01-09","genericCount":7,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"fenoprofen","drugSlug":"fenoprofen","fdaApproval":"1976-03-16","genericCount":16,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"benoxaprofen","drugSlug":"benoxaprofen","fdaApproval":"1982-04-19","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"suprofen","drugSlug":"suprofen","fdaApproval":"1988-12-23","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"flurbiprofen","drugSlug":"flurbiprofen","fdaApproval":"1986-12-31","genericCount":8,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"oxaprozin","drugSlug":"oxaprozin","fdaApproval":"1992-10-29","genericCount":13,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"esomeprazole","drugSlug":"esomeprazole","fdaApproval":"2001-02-20","patentExpiry":"Dec 8, 2036","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"misoprostol","drugSlug":"misoprostol","fdaApproval":"1988-12-27","genericCount":4,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"naproxcinod","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"ibuprofen","brandName":"ibuprofen","genericName":"ibuprofen","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"naproxen","brandName":"naproxen","genericName":"naproxen","approvalYear":"1976","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"ketoprofen","brandName":"ketoprofen","genericName":"ketoprofen","approvalYear":"1986","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"fenoprofen","brandName":"fenoprofen","genericName":"fenoprofen","approvalYear":"1976","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"benoxaprofen","brandName":"benoxaprofen","genericName":"benoxaprofen","approvalYear":"1982","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"suprofen","brandName":"suprofen","genericName":"suprofen","approvalYear":"1988","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"flurbiprofen","brandName":"flurbiprofen","genericName":"flurbiprofen","approvalYear":"1986","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"oxaprozin","brandName":"oxaprozin","genericName":"oxaprozin","approvalYear":"1992","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"esomeprazole","brandName":"esomeprazole","genericName":"esomeprazole","approvalYear":"2001","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"misoprostol","brandName":"misoprostol","genericName":"misoprostol","approvalYear":"1988","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT00383487","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Phase II Trial of Calcitriol and Naproxen in Patients With Recurrent Prostate Cancer","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Stanford University","startDate":"2005-03","conditions":["Prostatic Neoplasms","Prostate Cancer"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2007-07"},{"nctId":"NCT01404598","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Pharmacokinetics Study: Determination of Naproxcinod and Its Metabolites After Oral Administration in Male","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2010-01","conditions":["Pharmacokinetics"],"enrollment":24,"completionDate":"2010-02"},{"nctId":"NCT00662610","phase":"PHASE1","title":"A Study to Assess the Effects of Naproxcinod and Naproxen on Blood Pressure Measurements in Osteoarthritis Patients With Controlled High Blood Pressure","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2008-03","conditions":["Osteoarthritis","Hypertension"],"enrollment":120,"completionDate":"2008-11"},{"nctId":"NCT00542555","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Analgesic Efficacy and Safety Study of Naproxcinod in Subjects With Osteoarthritis of the Knee","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2005-12","conditions":["Osteoarthritis"],"enrollment":918,"completionDate":"2007-09"},{"nctId":"NCT00909519","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Effect of Repeated Dosing of Naproxcinod on Renal Hemodynamic and on Sodium Balance in Healthy Volunteers Before and After a Single Dose of Furosemide","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2009-01","conditions":["Renal Hemodynamics"],"enrollment":31,"completionDate":"2009-04"},{"nctId":"NCT00662896","phase":"PHASE1","title":"To Assess the Effect of Naproxcinod Versus Naproxen and Ibuprofen on Arterial Blood Pressure in Osteoarthritis Patients With Controlled Essential Hypertension","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2008-03","conditions":["Osteoarthritis","Hypertension"],"enrollment":300,"completionDate":"2008-12"},{"nctId":"NCT00504127","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy and Safety Study of Naproxcinod in Subjects With Osteoarthritis of the Knee","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2007-04","conditions":["Osteoarthritis"],"enrollment":1020,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00621881","phase":"PHASE1","title":"A Phase 1 Study to Compare the PK and Safety of Naproxcinod in Hepatic Impaired Patients and Matching Healthy Subjects","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2008-01","conditions":["Liver Disease"],"enrollment":24,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00541489","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy and Safety Study of Naproxcinod in Subjects With Osteoarthritis of the Hip","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2007-06","conditions":["Osteoarthritis","Osteoarthritis, Hip"],"enrollment":800,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00674856","phase":"PHASE1","title":"A Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of Naproxcinod in Subjects With Impaired Renal Function","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"NicOx","startDate":"2008-05","conditions":["Renal Failure"],"enrollment":32,"completionDate":"2008-10"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"crossReferences":{"UNII":"V24GR4LI3I","CHEBI":"CHEBI:76254","INN_ID":"8673","UMLSCUI":"C0673815","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL2103831","KEGG_DRUG":"D09568","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB06682","PUBCHEM_CID":"9884642","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"9551","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C111751"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":33,"therapeuticAreas":["Pain"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"M01AE18","allCodes":["M01AE18"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2024 Mar","pmid":"38375468","title":"Does sex affect the efficacy of systemic pharmacological treatments of pain in knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review.","journal":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage open"},{"date":"2015 Aug 22","pmid":"26296873","title":"Naproxcinod shows significant advantages over naproxen in the mdx model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.","journal":"Orphanet journal of rare diseases"},{"date":"2015 Sep","pmid":"26292179","title":"Chondroprotective effect of three different classes of anti-inflammatory agents on human osteoarthritic chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β.","journal":"International immunopharmacology"},{"date":"2015 Jan 31","pmid":"25912890","title":"WITHDRAWN: Efficacy and safety of short-term treatment of naproxcinod in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip: A prospective, randomized study.","journal":"Archives of gerontology and geriatrics"},{"date":"2015 Jan 26","pmid":"25550191","title":"Simultaneous quantification of naproxcinod and its active metabolite naproxen in rat plasma using LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study.","journal":"Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"active","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Nitronaproxen, also known as Naproxcinod, is a small molecule drug in the naproxcinod class. It is a prodrug that is metabolized to naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which is the active moiety responsible for its therapeutic effects. Naproxcinod is not FDA-approved for any indications, and its commercial status is unknown. As a prodrug, it is designed to reduce gastrointestinal side effects associated with NSAIDs. However, its clinical development and safety profile are not well-documented.","enrichmentLevel":5,"visitCount":1,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"EU","regulator":"EMA","status":"withdrawn","approval_date":"2011-05-27T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"NicOx S. A.","brand_name_local":"Beprana","application_number":"EMEA/H/C/002159"}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T08:40:48.903840+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}