{"id":"milrinone","rwe":[{"pmid":"41879241","year":"2026","title":"[Inotropic therapy in outpatients with worsening or advanced heart failure: literature evidence and comparison of Italian management models].","finding":"","journal":"Giornale italiano di cardiologia (2006)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41875020","year":"2026","title":"Association Between Ionized Calcium Concentrations During Weaning From Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Postoperative Low Cardiac Output Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","finding":"","journal":"Anesthesia and analgesia","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41856898","year":"2026","title":"Use of milrinone in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A narrative review.","finding":"","journal":"Farmacia hospitalaria : organo oficial de expresion cientifica de la Sociedad Espanola de Farmacia Hospitalaria","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41852863","year":"2026","title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Myocarditis: A Late Presentation.","finding":"","journal":"Ochsner journal","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41848124","year":"2025","title":"Effect of Inotropes in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.","finding":"","journal":"La Tunisie medicale","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"2bc91e0d-da13-e864-e063-6394a90a4c0e","set_id":"07dddead-22ed-004c-e063-6294a90a76fc","openfda":{"upc":["0383301001618","0383301001717","0383301001724"],"unii":["9K8XR81MO8"],"route":["INTRAVENOUS"],"rxcui":["1791854","1791859"],"spl_id":["2bc91e0d-da13-e864-e063-6394a90a4c0e"],"brand_name":["Milrinone Lactate"],"spl_set_id":["07dddead-22ed-004c-e063-6294a90a76fc"],"package_ndc":["83301-0016-1","83301-0016-2","83301-0017-1","83301-0017-2"],"product_ndc":["83301-0016","83301-0017"],"generic_name":["MILRINONE LACTATE"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["MILRINONE LACTATE"],"manufacturer_name":["Mullan Pharmaceutical Inc."],"application_number":["ANDA216373"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"4","warnings":["WARNINGS Whether given orally or by continuous or intermittent intravenous infusion, milrinone lactate has not been shown to be safe or effective in the longer (greater than 48 hours) treatment of patients with heart failure. In a multicenter trial of 1088 patients with Class III and IV heart failure, long-term oral treatment with milrinone lactate was associated with no improvement in symptoms and an increased risk of hospitalization and death. In this study, patients with Class IV symptoms appeared to be at particular risk of life-threatening cardiovascular reactions. There is no evidence that milrinone lactate given by long-term continuous or intermittent infusion does not carry a similar risk. The use of milrinone lactate both intravenously and orally has been associated with increased frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Long-term oral use has been associated with an increased risk of sudden death. Hence, patients receiving milrinone lactate should be observed closely with the use of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to allow the prompt detection and management of ventricular arrhythmias."],"overdosage":["OVERDOSAGE Doses of milrinone lactate may produce hypotension because of its vasodilator effect. If this occurs, administration of milrinone lactate should be reduced or temporarily discontinued until the patient’s condition stabilizes. No specific antidote is known, but general measures for circulatory support should be taken."],"description":["DESCRIPTION Milrinone lactate injection is a member of a class of bipyridine inotropic/vasodilator agents with phosphodiesterase inhibitor activity, distinct from digitalis glycosides or catecholamines. Milrinone lactate is designated chemically as 1,6-dihydro-2-methyl-6-oxo-[3,4'-bipyridine]-5-carbonitrile lactate and has the following structure: Milrinone is an off-white to tan crystalline compound with a molecular weight of 211.2 and an empirical formula of C 12 H 9 N 3 O. It is slightly soluble in methanol, and very slightly soluble in chloroform and in water. As the lactate salt, it is stable and colorless to pale yellow in solution. Milrinone lactate is available as sterile aqueous solutions of the lactate salt of milrinone for injection or infusion intravenously. Sterile, single-dose vials: Single-dose vials of 10 and 20 mL contain in each mL milrinone lactate equivalent to 1 mg milrinone and 47 mg Dextrose, Anhydrous, USP, in Water for Injection, USP. The pH is adjusted to between 3.2 and 4.0 with lactic acid or sodium hydroxide. The total concentration of lactic acid can vary between 0.95 mg/mL and 1.29 mg/mL. These vials require preparation of dilutions prior to administration to patients intravenously. structure CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Milrinone lactate is a positive inotrope and vasodilator, with little chronotropic activity different in structure and mode of action from either the digitalis glycosides or catecholamines. Milrinone lactate, at relevant inotropic and vasorelaxant concentrations, is a selective inhibitor of peak III cAMP phosphodiesterase isozyme in cardiac and vascular muscle. This inhibitory action is consistent with cAMP mediated increases in intracellular ionized calcium and contractile force in cardiac muscle, as well as with cAMP dependent contractile protein phosphorylation and relaxation in vascular muscle. Additional experimental evidence also indicates that milrinone lactate is not a beta-adrenergic agonist nor does it inhibit sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity as do the digitalis glycosides. Clinical studies in patients with congestive heart failure have shown that milrinone lactate produces dose-related and plasma drug concentration-related increases in the maximum rate of increase of left ventricular pressure. Studies in normal subjects have shown that milrinone lactate produces increases in the slope of the left ventricular pressure-dimension relationship, indicating a direct inotropic effect of the drug. Milrinone lactate also produces dose-related and plasma concentration-related increases in forearm blood flow in patients with congestive heart failure, indicating a direct arterial vasodilator activity of the drug. Both the inotropic and vasodilatory effects have been observed over the therapeutic range of plasma milrinone concentrations of 100 ng/mL to 300 ng/mL. In addition to increasing myocardial contractility, milrinone lactate improves diastolic function as evidenced by improvements in left ventricular diastolic relaxation. The acute administration of intravenous milrinone has also been evaluated in clinical trials in excess of 1600 patients, with chronic heart failure, heart failure associated with cardiac surgery, and heart failure associated with myocardial infarction. The total number of deaths, either on therapy or shortly thereafter (24 hours) was 15, less than 0.9%, few of which were thought to be drug-related."],"precautions":["PRECAUTIONS General Milrinone lactate should not be used in patients with severe obstructive aortic or pulmonic valvular disease in lieu of surgical relief of the obstruction. Like other inotropic agents, it may aggravate outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias have been observed in the high-risk population treated. In some patients, injections of milrinone lactate and oral milrinone lactate have been shown to increase ventricular ectopy, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. The potential for arrhythmia, present in congestive heart failure itself, may be increased by many drugs or combinations of drugs. Patients receiving milrinone lactate should be closely monitored during infusion. Milrinone lactate produces a slight shortening of AV node conduction time, indicating a potential for an increased ventricular response rate in patients with atrial flutter/fibrillation which is not controlled with digitalis therapy. During therapy with milrinone lactate, blood pressure and heart rate should be monitored and the rate of infusion slowed or stopped in patients showing excessive decreases in blood pressure. If prior vigorous diuretic therapy is suspected to have caused significant decreases in cardiac filling pressure, milrinone lactate should be cautiously administered with monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and clinical symptomatology. There is no experience in controlled trials with infusions of milrinone for periods exceeding 48 hours. Cases of infusion site reaction have been reported with intravenous milrinone therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS ). Consequently, careful monitoring of the infusion site should be maintained to avoid possible extravasation. Use in Acute Myocardial Infarction No clinical studies have been conducted in patients in the acute phase of post myocardial infarction. Until further clinical experience with this class of drugs is gained, milrinone lactate is not recommended in these patients. Laboratory Tests Fluid and Electrolytes: Fluid and electrolyte changes and renal function should be carefully monitored during therapy with milrinone lactate. Improvement in cardiac output with resultant diuresis may necessitate a reduction in the dose of diuretic. Potassium loss due to excessive diuresis may predispose digitalized patients to arrhythmias. Therefore, hypokalemia should be corrected by potassium supplementation in advance of or during use of milrinone lactate. Drug Interactions No untoward clinical manifestations have been observed in limited experience with patients in whom milrinone lactate was used concurrently with the following drugs: digitalis glycosides; lidocaine, quinidine; hydralazine, prazosin; isosorbide dinitrate, nitroglycerin; chlorthalidone, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone; captopril; heparin, warfarin, diazepam, insulin; and potassium supplements. Chemical Interactions There is an immediate chemical interaction which is evidenced by the formation of a precipitate when furosemide is injected into an intravenous line of an infusion of milrinone lactate. Therefore, furosemide should not be administered in intravenous lines containing milrinone lactate. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Twenty-four months of oral administration of milrinone lactate to mice at doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (about 50 times the human oral therapeutic dose in a 50 kg patient) was unassociated with evidence of carcinogenic potential. Neither was there evidence of carcinogenic potential when milrinone lactate was orally administered to rats at doses up to 5 mg/kg/day (about 6 times the human oral therapeutic dose) for twenty-four months or at 25 mg/kg/day (about 30 times the human oral therapeutic dose) for up to 18 months in males and 20 months in females. Whereas the Chinese Hamster Ovary Chromosome Aberration Assay was positive in the presence of a metabolic activation system, results from the Ames Test, the Mouse Lymphoma Assay, the Micronucleus Test, and the in vivo Rat Bone Marrow Metaphase Analysis indicated an absence of mutagenic potential. In reproductive performance studies in rats, milrinone lactate had no effect on male or female fertility at oral doses up to 32 mg/kg/day. Animal Toxicity Oral and intravenous administration of toxic dosages of milrinone lactate to rats and dogs resulted in myocardial degeneration/fibrosis and endocardial hemorrhage, principally affecting the left ventricular papillary muscles. Coronary vascular lesions characterized by periarterial edema and inflammation have been observed in dogs only. The myocardial/endocardial changes are similar to those produced by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol, while the vascular changes are similar to those produced by minoxidil and hydralazine. Doses within the recommended clinical dose range (up to 1.13 mg/kg/day) for congestive heart failure patients have not produced significant adverse effects in animals. Pregnancy Oral administration of milrinone lactate to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis produced no evidence of teratogenicity at dose levels up to 40 mg/kg/day and 12 mg/kg/day, respectively. Milrinone lactate did not appear to be teratogenic when administered intravenously to pregnant rats at doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (about 2.5 times the maximum recommended clinical intravenous dose) or pregnant rabbits at doses up to 12 mg/kg/day, although an increased resorption rate was apparent at both 8 mg/kg/day and 12 mg/kg/day (intravenous) in the latter species. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Milrinone lactate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nursing Mothers Caution should be exercised when milrinone lactate is administered to nursing women, since it is not known whether it is excreted in human milk. Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Use in Elderly Patients There are no special dosage recommendations for the elderly patient. Ninety percent of all patients administered milrinone lactate in clinical studies were within the age range of 45 to 70 years, with a mean age of 61 years. Patients in all age groups demonstrated clinically and statistically significant responses. No age-related effects on the incidence of adverse reactions have been observed. Controlled pharmacokinetic studies have not disclosed any age-related effects on the distribution and elimination of milrinone lactate."],"how_supplied":["HOW SUPPLIED Milrinone Lactate Injection, USP is supplied as 10 mL single-dose vials in a box of 10, NDC 83301-0016-2; as 20 mL single-dose vials box of 10, NDC 83301-0017-2, containing a sterile, clear, colorless to pale yellow solution. Each mL contains milrinone lactate equivalent to 1 mg milrinone. Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Avoid freezing. Discard unused portion after initial use. Manufactured for: Mullan Pharmaceutical Inc. Pasadena, CA 91101 Manufactured by: Shandong New Time Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 1, North Outer Ring Road, Feixian, Shandong 273400, China. Rev. 10/2023"],"effective_time":"20250115","adverse_reactions":["ADVERSE REACTIONS Cardiovascular Effects In patients receiving milrinone lactate in Phase II and III clinical trials, ventricular arrhythmias were reported in 12.1%: Ventricular ectopic activity, 8.5%; nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, 2.8%; sustained ventricular tachycardia, 1% and ventricular fibrillation, 0.2% (2 patients experienced more than one type of arrhythmia). Holter recordings demonstrated that in some patients injection of milrinone lactate increased ventricular ectopy, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Life-threatening arrhythmias were infrequent and when present have been associated with certain underlying factors such as preexisting arrhythmias, metabolic abnormalities (e.g. hypokalemia), abnormal digoxin levels and catheter insertion. Milrinone lactate was not shown to be arrhythmogenic in an electrophysiology study. Supraventricular arrhythmias were reported in 3.8% of the patients receiving milrinone lactate. The incidence of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias has not been related to the dose or plasma milrinone concentration. Other cardiovascular adverse reactions include hypotension, 2.9% and angina/chest pain, 1.2%. In the post marketing experience, there have been rare cases of “torsades de pointes” reported. CNS Effects Headaches, usually mild to moderate in severity, have been reported in 2.9% of patients receiving milrinone lactate. Other Effects Other adverse reactions reported, but not definitely related to the administration of milrinone lactate include hypokalemia, 0.6%; tremor, 0.4%; and thrombocytopenia, 0.4%. Isolated spontaneous reports of bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock have been received; and in the post-marketing experience, liver function test abnormalities and skin reactions such as rash have been reported. Post-Marketing Adverse Event Reports In addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials, the following events have been reported from worldwide post-marketing experience with milrinone: Isolated spontaneous reports of bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock. Liver function test abnormalities and skin reactions such as rash. Administration site conditions: Infusion site reaction. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Mullan Pharmaceutical Inc., at 1-800-673-9839 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch."],"contraindications":["CONTRAINDICATIONS Milrinone Lactate Injection is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to it."],"clinical_pharmacology":["CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Milrinone lactate is a positive inotrope and vasodilator, with little chronotropic activity different in structure and mode of action from either the digitalis glycosides or catecholamines. Milrinone lactate, at relevant inotropic and vasorelaxant concentrations, is a selective inhibitor of peak III cAMP phosphodiesterase isozyme in cardiac and vascular muscle. This inhibitory action is consistent with cAMP mediated increases in intracellular ionized calcium and contractile force in cardiac muscle, as well as with cAMP dependent contractile protein phosphorylation and relaxation in vascular muscle. Additional experimental evidence also indicates that milrinone lactate is not a beta-adrenergic agonist nor does it inhibit sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity as do the digitalis glycosides. Clinical studies in patients with congestive heart failure have shown that milrinone lactate produces dose-related and plasma drug concentration-related increases in the maximum rate of increase of left ventricular pressure. Studies in normal subjects have shown that milrinone lactate produces increases in the slope of the left ventricular pressure-dimension relationship, indicating a direct inotropic effect of the drug. Milrinone lactate also produces dose-related and plasma concentration-related increases in forearm blood flow in patients with congestive heart failure, indicating a direct arterial vasodilator activity of the drug. Both the inotropic and vasodilatory effects have been observed over the therapeutic range of plasma milrinone concentrations of 100 ng/mL to 300 ng/mL. In addition to increasing myocardial contractility, milrinone lactate improves diastolic function as evidenced by improvements in left ventricular diastolic relaxation. The acute administration of intravenous milrinone has also been evaluated in clinical trials in excess of 1600 patients, with chronic heart failure, heart failure associated with cardiac surgery, and heart failure associated with myocardial infarction. The total number of deaths, either on therapy or shortly thereafter (24 hours) was 15, less than 0.9%, few of which were thought to be drug-related."],"indications_and_usage":["INDICATIONS AND USAGE Milrinone Lactate Injection is indicated for the short-term intravenous treatment of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Patients receiving milrinone lactate should be observed closely with appropriate electrocardiographic equipment. The facility for immediate treatment of potential cardiac events, which may include life threatening ventricular arrhythmias, must be available. The majority of experience with intravenous milrinone lactate has been in patients receiving digoxin and diuretics."],"dosage_and_administration":["DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Milrinone Lactate Injection, USP should be administered with a loading dose followed by a continuous infusion (maintenance dose) according to the following guidelines: LOADING DOSE 50 mcg/kg: Administer slowly over 10 minutes The table below shows the loading dose in milliliters (mL) of milrinone lactate (1mg/mL) by patient body weight (kg). Loading Dose (mL) Using 1 mg/mL Concentration Patient Body Weight (kg) kg 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 mL 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 The loading dose may be given undiluted, but diluting to a rounded total volume of 10 or 20 mL (see Maintenance Dose for diluents) may simplify the visualization of the injection rate. MAINTENANCE DOSE Infusion Rate Total Daily Dose (24 Hours) Minimum 0.375 mcg/kg/min 0.59 mg/kg Administer as a continuous intravenous infusion Standard 0.5 mcg/kg/min 0.77 mg/kg Maximum 0.75 mcg/kg/min 1.13 mg/kg Milrinone lactate drawn from vials should be diluted prior to maintenance dose administration. The diluents that may be used are 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection USP. The table below shows the volume of diluent in milliliters (mL) that must be used to achieve 200 mcg/mL concentration for infusion, and the resultant total volumes. Desired Infusion Concentration mcg/mL Milrinone Lactate Injection 1 mg/mL (mL) Diluent (mL) Total Volume (mL) 200 10 40 50 200 20 80 100 The infusion rate should be adjusted according to hemodynamic and clinical response. Patients should be closely monitored. In controlled clinical studies, most patients showed an improvement in hemodynamic status as evidenced by increases in cardiac output and reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Note: See Dosage Adjustment in Renally Impaired Patients . Dosage may be titrated to the maximum hemodynamic effect and should not exceed 1.13 mg/kg/day. Duration of therapy should depend upon patient responsiveness. The maintenance dose in mL/hr by patient body weight (kg) may be determined by reference to the following table. Milrinone Infusion Rate (mL/hr) Using 200 mcg/mL Concentration Maintenance Dose (mcg/kg/min) Patient Body Weight (kg) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 0.375 3.4 4.5 5.6 6.8 7.9 9 10.1 11.3 12.4 13.5 0.4 3.6 4.8 6 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12 13.2 14.4 0.5 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18 0.6 5.4 7.2 9 10.8 12.6 14.4 16.2 18 19.8 21.6 0.7 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6 14.7 16.8 18.9 21 23.1 25.2 0.75 6.8 9 11.3 13.5 15.8 18 20.3 22.5 24.8 27 When administering milrinone lactate by continuous infusion, it is advisable to use a calibrated electronic infusion device. Intravenous drug products should be inspected visually and should not be used if particulate matter or discoloration is present. Dosage Adjustment in Renally Impaired Patients Data obtained from patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance = 0 to 30 mL/min) but without congestive heart failure have demonstrated that the presence of renal impairment significantly increases the terminal elimination half-life of milrinone lactate. Reductions in infusion rate may be necessary in patients with renal impairment. For patients with clinical evidence of renal impairment, the recommended infusion rate can be obtained from the following table: Creatinine Clearance (mL/min/1.73m 2 ) Infusion Rate (mcg/kg/min) 5 0.2 10 0.23 20 0.28 30 0.33 40 0.38 50 0.43"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Milrinone Lactate Milrinone Lactate ANHYDROUS DEXTROSE LACTIC ACID SODIUM HYDROXIDE WATER MILRINONE LACTATE MILRINONE Milrinone Lactate Milrinone Lactate ANHYDROUS DEXTROSE LACTIC ACID SODIUM HYDROXIDE WATER MILRINONE LACTATE MILRINONE"],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
The table below shows the loading dose in milliliters (mL) of milrinone lactate (1mg/mL) by patient body weight (kg).
Loading Dose (mL) Using 1 mg/mL Concentration
Patient Body Weight (kg)
kg 30 4050 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
mL 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
","
MAINTENANCE DOSE
Infusion Rate Total Daily Dose (24 Hours)
Minimum 0.375 mcg/kg/min 0.59 mg/kg Administer as a continuous intravenous infusion
Standard 0.5 mcg/kg/min 0.77 mg/kg
Maximum 0.75 mcg/kg/min 1.13 mg/kg
","
Desired Infusion Concentration mcg/mL Milrinone Lactate Injection 1 mg/mL (mL) Diluent (mL) Total Volume (mL)
200 10 40 50
200 20 80 100
","
Milrinone Infusion Rate (mL/hr) Using 200 mcg/mL Concentration
Maintenance Dose (mcg/kg/min) Patient Body Weight (kg)
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
0.375 3.4 4.5 5.6 6.8 7.9 9 10.1 11.3 12.4 13.5
0.4 3.6 4.8 6 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12 13.2 14.4
0.5 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18
0.6 5.4 7.2 9 10.8 12.6 14.4 16.2 18 19.8 21.6
0.7 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6 14.7 16.8 18.9 21 23.1 25.2
0.75 6.8 9 11.3 13.5 15.8 18 20.3 22.5 24.8 27
","
Creatinine Clearance (mL/min/1.73m 2) Infusion Rate (mcg/kg/min)
5 0.2
10 0.23
20 0.28
30 0.33
40 0.38
50 0.43
"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL -10 mL Vial Container and Carton 10 mL Vial Container Milrinone Lactate Injection 10 mg/ 10 mL (1 mg/mL) NDC 83301-0016-1 Rx only For Intravenous Use Only 10 mL Vial Carton Milrinone Lactate Injection 10 mg/ 10 mL (1 mg/mL) NDC 83301-0016-2 Rx only For Intravenous Use Only Milrinone 10ml Milrinone-Carton 10ml","PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL -20 mL Vial Container and Carton 20 mL Vial Container Milrinone Lactate Injection 20 mg/ 20 mL (1 mg/mL) NDC 83301-0017-1 Rx only For Intravenous Use Only 20 mL Vial Carton Milrinone Lactate Injection 20 mg/ 20 mL (1 mg/mL) NDC 83301-0017-2 Rx only For Intravenous Use Only Milrinone-Container 20ml Milrinone-Carton 20ml"]},"tags":[{"label":"Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitor","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Phosphodiesterase 3","category":"target"},{"label":"PDE3A","category":"gene"},{"label":"PDE3B","category":"gene"},{"label":"PDE5A","category":"gene"},{"label":"C01CE02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Decompensated cardiac failure","category":"indication"},{"label":"Sanofi Aventis Us","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1980s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Cardiotonic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Hematologic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Protective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Vasodilator Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"safetySignals":[{"llr":165.783,"date":"","count":253,"signal":"Drug ineffective","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 253 times (LLR=166)"},{"llr":116.846,"date":"","count":80,"signal":"Cardiac arrest","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 80 times (LLR=117)"},{"llr":91.508,"date":"","count":23,"signal":"Vasoplegia syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 23 times (LLR=92)"},{"llr":88.848,"date":"","count":41,"signal":"Cardiogenic shock","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 41 times (LLR=89)"},{"llr":88.351,"date":"","count":44,"signal":"Pulmonary hypertension","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 44 times (LLR=88)"},{"llr":84.574,"date":"","count":102,"signal":"Hypotension","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 102 times (LLR=85)"},{"llr":84.366,"date":"","count":40,"signal":"Ventricular tachycardia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 40 times (LLR=84)"},{"llr":80.939,"date":"","count":67,"signal":"Respiratory failure","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 67 times (LLR=81)"},{"llr":79.413,"date":"","count":42,"signal":"Drug ineffective for unapproved indication","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 42 times (LLR=79)"},{"llr":76.295,"date":"","count":14,"signal":"Pulmonary hypertensive crisis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 14 times (LLR=76)"},{"llr":65.172,"date":"","count":149,"signal":"Off label use","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 149 times (LLR=65)"},{"llr":63.479,"date":"","count":10,"signal":"Cardiac arrest neonatal","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 10 times (LLR=63)"},{"llr":63.088,"date":"","count":25,"signal":"Pulmonary haemorrhage","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 25 times (LLR=63)"},{"llr":62.609,"date":"","count":27,"signal":"Right ventricular failure","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 27 times (LLR=63)"},{"llr":55.504,"date":"","count":45,"signal":"Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 45 times (LLR=56)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Ventricular arrhythmias","drugRate":"12.1%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Ventricular ectopic activity","drugRate":"8.5%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Hypotension","drugRate":"2.9%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Headaches","drugRate":"2.9%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia","drugRate":"2.8%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Angina/chest pain","drugRate":"1.2%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Ventricular fibrillation","drugRate":"0.2%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Hypokalemia","drugRate":"0.6%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Tremor","drugRate":"0.4%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"0.4%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Torsades de pointes","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"}],"contraindications":["Conduction disorder of the heart","Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis","Kidney disease","Low blood pressure","Myocardial infarction","Pulmonic valve stenosis"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Pregnancy Category C. Oral administration of milrinone to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis produced no evidence of teratogenicity at dose levels up to 40 mg/kg/day and 12 mg/kg/day, respectively. Milrinone lactate did not appear to be teratogenic when administered intravenously to pregnant rats at doses up to mg/kg/day (about 2.5 times the maximum recommended clinical intravenous dose) or pregnant rabbits at doses up to 12 mg/kg/day, although an increase in stillbirths was observed in one study at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day.","Geriatric use":"There are no special dosage recommendations for the elderly patient. Ninety percent of all patients administered milrinone in clinical studies were within the age range of 45 to 70 years, with mean age of 61 years. Patients in all age groups demonstrated clinically and statistically significant responses. No age-related effects on the incidence of adverse reactions have been observed.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Sanofi","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=MILRINONE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:23.182609+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milrinone","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:32.936699+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:31.299952+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=MILRINONE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:31.860525+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:22.071653+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:22.071676+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Phosphodiesterase 3A inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:32.936613+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1200977/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:32.577419+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA216373","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:22.071681+00:00"}},"allNames":"primacor","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["primacor","milrinone","corotrop","corotrope","milrinone lactate"],"timeline":[{"date":"1987-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from SANOFI AVENTIS US to Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"date":"1987-12-31","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Sanofi Aventis Us)"},{"date":"2021-04-16","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 15 manufacturers approved"}],"aiSummary":"Primacor (Milrinone) is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, a small molecule drug developed by Sanofi Aventis US, targeting the phosphodiesterase 3 enzyme. It is used to treat decompensated cardiac failure and was FDA approved in 1987. Primacor is now off-patent with 16 generic manufacturers, offering a cost-effective treatment option. Key safety considerations include its short half-life of 0.8 hours and high bioavailability of 86%. As an off-patent medication, Primacor's commercial status is primarily driven by generic competition.","approvals":[{"date":"1987-12-31","orphan":false,"company":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Primacor","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Decompensated cardiac failure","otherDrugs":[{"name":"amrinone","slug":"amrinone","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"name":"dobutamine","slug":"dobutamine","company":""},{"name":"dopamine","slug":"dopamine","company":""},{"name":"furosemide","slug":"furosemide","company":"Sanofi Aventis Us"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Phosphodiesterase 3","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"PDE3A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Phosphodiesterase 3","protein":"cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase A"},{"gene":"PDE3B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Phosphodiesterase 3","protein":"cGMP-inhibited 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase B"},{"gene":"PDE5A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase","protein":"cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase"},{"gene":"PDE4A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Phosphodiesterase 4","protein":"cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A"},{"gene":"PDE4B","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Phosphodiesterase 4","protein":"cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B"},{"gene":"PDE4C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Phosphodiesterase 4","protein":"cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4C"},{"gene":"PDE4D","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Phosphodiesterase 4","protein":"cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D"}],"moaClass":"Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitor","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Milrinone inhibits the phosphodiesterase 3 enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down cyclic AMP in cardiac tissue. By inhibiting this enzyme, milrinone increases the levels of cyclic AMP, leading to increased cardiac contractility, relaxation, and diastolic function."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milrinone","title":"Milrinone","extract":"Milrinone, sold under the brand name Primacor among others, is a pulmonary vasodilator used in patients who have heart failure. It is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor that works to increase the heart's contractility and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance. Milrinone also works to vasodilate which helps alleviate increased pressures (afterload) on the heart, thus improving its pumping action. While it has been used in people with heart failure for many years, studies suggest that milrinone may exhibit some negative side effects that have caused some debate about its use clinically."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1987","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1987-12-31, SANOFI AVENTIS US)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1809","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=MILRINONE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=MILRINONE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milrinone","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T14:32:08.613175","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:14:35.835128+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"amrinone","drugSlug":"amrinone","fdaApproval":"1984-07-31","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"milrinone","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Decompensated cardiac failure","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":195111005,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Patients with acute decompensated heart failure, receiving digoxin and diuretics, with immediate treatment for potential cardiac events available."}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Sanofi Aventis Us","drugCategory":"established","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"amrinone","brandName":"amrinone","genericName":"amrinone","approvalYear":"1984","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT06301880","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Effect of Topically-applied Milrinone or Nitroglycerin on Internal Mammary Artery Free Flow","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Damascus University","startDate":"2022-01-01","conditions":["Internal Mammary Artery Syndrome","Vasodilation"],"enrollment":46,"completionDate":"2023-01-31"},{"nctId":"NCT04362527","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Milrinone Infusion for VAsospam Treatment in Subarachnoid hemoRrhage","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Angers","startDate":"2020-08-10","conditions":["Vasospasm"],"enrollment":370,"completionDate":"2026-01-12"},{"nctId":"NCT07144267","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of Milrinone and Epinephrine on TAPSE","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Mansoura University","startDate":"2026-03-01","conditions":["Cardiac 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Newborn","Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure","Pulmonary Hypoplasia"],"enrollment":66,"completionDate":"2025-05-19"},{"nctId":"NCT05450328","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Inhaled Milrinone and Epoprostenol for the Prevention of Difficult Cardiac Pulmonary Bypass Separation","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Montreal Heart Institute","startDate":"2025-11-01","conditions":["Right Heart Failure","Right Ventricular Dysfunction"],"enrollment":141,"completionDate":"2027-01-01"},{"nctId":"NCT07186062","phase":"","title":"Clinical Outcomes of Levosimendan Versus Dobutamine Versus Milrinone in Cases With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure With Impaired Renal Function","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ain Shams University","startDate":"2022-06-01","conditions":["Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)","Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS)"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2024-06-01"},{"nctId":"NCT07175948","phase":"","title":"Outcome of Clinical Phenotypes of Pediatric Myocarditis at Assiut University 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Pulmonary Hypertension in Full Term Neonates","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ain Shams University","startDate":"2024-05-15","conditions":["Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities","Neonatal Mortality","Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Children"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2025-03-15"},{"nctId":"NCT05700617","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Cardiac Power Output in Cardiogenic Shock Patients","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Chicago","startDate":"2023-07-06","conditions":["Heart Failure","Cardiogenic Shock"],"enrollment":5,"completionDate":"2026-06"},{"nctId":"NCT06155812","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Multimodal Vasopressor Strategy in Septic Shock","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University Medical Centre Maribor","startDate":"2023-12-23","conditions":["Shock, Septic"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2026-11"},{"nctId":"NCT06679855","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Milrinone for Prevention of Post-ligation Cardiac Syndrome 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Hemorrhage Using Combination Therapy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Zagazig University","startDate":"2021-11-24","conditions":["Oral Nimodipine","Milrinone","Vascular Spasm After Traumatic Subarachnoidhaemorrhage"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2022-05-24"},{"nctId":"NCT03517670","phase":"","title":"Safety of Intravenous Milrinone for the Treatment of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-induced Vasospasm","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Nantes University Hospital","startDate":"2020-08-31","conditions":["Cerebral Vasospasm","Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2020-08-31"},{"nctId":"NCT01841177","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Evaluating Precision of Therapy - Milrinone","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"The Hospital for Sick Children","startDate":"2013-04","conditions":["Congenital Heart Disease"],"enrollment":52,"completionDate":"2020-08"},{"nctId":"NCT01966237","phase":"","title":"Milrinone Pharmacokinetics and Acute Kidney Injury","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Children's 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