{"id":"methoxyflurane","rwe":[{"pmid":"41845513","year":"2026","title":"Correction: MetoksyKval: the extent of pre‑hospital methoxyflurane administration for acute traumatic pain: focus on economic impact and rationale for use.","finding":"","journal":"Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41845450","year":"2026","title":"Inhaled methoxyflurane for fracture reduction in prehospital extremity trauma: an observational review of HEMS clinical practice.","finding":"","journal":"Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41711148","year":"2026","title":"Patient and Staff Satisfaction With Use of Methoxyflurane in the Emergency Department.","finding":"","journal":"Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41703446","year":"2026","title":"Pain management of adults in the prehospital setting: a scoping review.","finding":"","journal":"BMC emergency medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41514324","year":"2026","title":"MetoksyKval: the extent of pre-hospital methoxyflurane administration for acute traumatic pain: focus on economic impact and rationale for use.","finding":"","journal":"Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"methoxyflurane","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","category":"target"},{"label":"GABRA1","category":"gene"},{"label":"GABRA2","category":"gene"},{"label":"GABRA3","category":"gene"},{"label":"N02BG09","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Abbott","category":"company"},{"label":"Anesthetics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anesthetics, Inhalation","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Depressants","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Abbott","patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"metofane","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["methoxyflurane","methoflurane","methoxane","methoxyfluran","metofane","metoxfluran","metoxifluran","penthrane"],"timeline":[],"aiSummary":"Metofane (methoxyflurane) is a small molecule drug that targets the GABA-A receptor and anion channel. It is owned by Abbott, but its commercial status, including patent status and generic availability, is unknown. The exact indications, half-life, and bioavailability of Metofane are also unclear. As a result, its clinical use and safety profile are not well established. Further research is needed to determine the potential benefits and risks of this medication.","approvals":[{"date":"","orphan":false,"company":"ABBOTT","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Metofane","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1, GABA-A receptor; anion channel","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"GABRA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1"},{"gene":"GABRA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2"},{"gene":"GABRA3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3"},{"gene":"GABRA4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4"},{"gene":"GABRA5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5"},{"gene":"GABRA6","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6"},{"gene":"GABRB1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1"},{"gene":"GABRB2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2"},{"gene":"GABRB3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3"},{"gene":"GABRD","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"methoxyflurane","explanation":"Imagine your brain is like a busy city with lots of noise and activity. GABA is like a traffic cop that helps calm things down. Metofane helps the traffic cop work better, so the city becomes quieter and less painful.","oneSentence":"Metofane works by binding to the GABA-A receptor and anion channel, enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA to produce sedation and analgesia.","technicalDetail":"Metofane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA-A receptor, increasing the frequency of chloride channel opening and enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA on neuronal excitability."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyflurane","title":"Methoxyflurane","extract":"Methoxyflurane, sold under the brand name Penthrox among others, is an inhaled medication primarily used to reduce pain following an injury. It may also be used to reduce pain associated with minor medical procedures. Onset of pain relief is rapid and a standard dose typically lasts for up to 30 minutes. Use is only recommended with direct medical supervision.","wiki_history":"==History==\nMethoxyflurane has been used since the 1970s in Australia as an emergency analgesic for short-term use by the Australian Defence Force and New Zealand Defence Force, and Wellington Free Ambulance in New Zealand. Since 2018, it has also been used by some emergency medical services in Germany\n\nAll of the currently used volatile anesthetic agents are organofluorine compounds. Aside from the synthesis of Freon (Thomas Midgley Jr. and Charles F. Kettering, 1928)\n\nThe need for fluorine arose from the need to separate the isotope uranium-235 (<sup>235</sup>U) from uranium-238 (<sup>238</sup>U) because the former, present in natural uranium at a concentration of less than 1% is fissile (capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction of nuclear fission with thermal neutrons),\n\nObstacles had to be overcome in the handling of both fluorine and UF<sub>6</sub>. Before the K-25 gaseous diffusion enrichment plant could be built, it was first necessary to develop non-reactive chemical compounds that could be used as coatings, lubricants and gaskets for the surfaces which would come into contact with the UF<sub>6</sub> gas (a highly reactive and corrosive substance). William T. Miller, professor of organic chemistry at Cornell University, was co-opted to develop such materials, because of his expertise in organofluorine chemistry. Miller and his team developed several novel non-reactive chlorofluorocarbon polymers that were used in this application.\n\nIn 2021, Oslo University Hospital and Innlandet Hospital Trust in Norway initiated a study showing that inhaled methoxyflurane is as effective as intravenous morphine for acute moderate to severe pain. The study was published in The Lancet. As of 2026, the fire service in Nordre Land Municipality has implemented the use of methoxyflurane inhalers for pain relief in cases of acute injury as part of its first-responder medical services."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1754","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=METHOXYFLURANE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=METHOXYFLURANE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoxyflurane","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T15:07:12.990781","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"ziconotide","drugSlug":"ziconotide","fdaApproval":"2004-12-28","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"methoxyflurane","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"ziconotide","brandName":"ziconotide","genericName":"ziconotide","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07445737","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Use of the Methoxyflurane as Pain-killer in the Prehospital Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris","startDate":"2026-06","conditions":["STEMI - ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction"],"enrollment":700,"completionDate":"2029-06"},{"nctId":"NCT07295054","phase":"PHASE4","title":"3 mL Inhaled Methoxyflurane for Intrauterine Device (IUD) Insertion","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Women's College Hospital","startDate":"2026-03","conditions":["IUD"],"enrollment":110,"completionDate":"2027-02"},{"nctId":"NCT05821517","phase":"PHASE4","title":"METHOXYFLURANE or Virtual Reality Headset vs Standard Analgesic Management for the Reduction of Anterior Shoulder Dislocation (HYPNOLUX)","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice","startDate":"2023-12-30","conditions":["Anterior Shoulder Dislocation"],"enrollment":150,"completionDate":"2027-03"},{"nctId":"NCT07192198","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Efficacy of Inhaled Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) as Adjunct for Urologic Procedures Under Local Anesthetic: A Pilot Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Manitoba","startDate":"2024-04-17","conditions":["Scrotum Disease","Hydrocele Male","Spermatocele","Scrotal Hematocele","Anesthesia, Local"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2024-12-19"},{"nctId":"NCT07046572","phase":"NA","title":"Methoxyflurane for IUD Insertion and Endometrial Biopsy","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Mount Sinai Hospital, Canada","startDate":"2025-07-24","conditions":["Endometrial Biopsy","Intrauterine Devices"],"enrollment":174,"completionDate":"2026-03-01"},{"nctId":"NCT07017452","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety During Convective Radiofrequency Water Vapor Thermal Therapy (REZUM) for Benign Prostate Hyperplasia","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Manitoba","startDate":"2025-08","conditions":["Benign Prostate Hypertrophy(BPH)"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2026-06"},{"nctId":"NCT07003880","phase":"","title":"Penthrox in Otolaryngology","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Sir Mortimer B. Davis - Jewish General Hospital","startDate":"2025-06-01","conditions":["All Adult Patients Undergoing an Otolaryngology Procedure With Inhaled Methoxyflurane as an Adjunct to Topical or Local Anesthesia"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2027-06-01"},{"nctId":"NCT06750302","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Effectiveness of Penthrox vs Placebo in Sinus Procedures, a Clinical Trial","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"St. Paul's Hospital, Canada","startDate":"2024-11-24","conditions":["Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS)"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2026-06-24"},{"nctId":"NCT06899724","phase":"NA","title":"Methoxyflurane for Analgesia During Hysteroscopy","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Dr. John A. Thiel Medical Professional Corporation","startDate":"2025-06-01","conditions":["Analgesia"],"enrollment":54,"completionDate":"2026-01-30"},{"nctId":"NCT06495372","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Study of the Use of Methoxyflurane vs Placebo in the Management of Pain in Oral and Dental Emergencies in Adults: METODO (METhoxyflurane in ODOntology)","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University Hospital, Brest","startDate":"2024-10-14","conditions":["Dental Pain and Sensation Disorder"],"enrollment":192,"completionDate":"2026-10"},{"nctId":"NCT03215056","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Methoxyflurane Analgesia for Paediatric Injuries","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Medical Developments International Limited","startDate":"2017-08-14","conditions":["Pain, Acute"],"enrollment":192,"completionDate":"2022-06-15"},{"nctId":"NCT06392087","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Prehospital Analgesia in Adults Using Inhaled Methoxyflurane Study","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Ottawa Hospital Research 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Hospital","startDate":"2021-11-12","conditions":["Acute Pain","Ambulances"],"enrollment":338,"completionDate":"2023-04-22"},{"nctId":"NCT04476173","phase":"PHASE3","title":"ANalgesic Efficacy and Safety of MOrphiNe Versus Methoxyflurane in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy","startDate":"2020-06-01","conditions":["ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction","Non ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome"],"enrollment":200,"completionDate":"2024-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT03853954","phase":"NA","title":"Reduction of Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Facilitated by Inhaled Low Dose Methoxyflurane","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Nova Scotia Health Authority","startDate":"2019-06-01","conditions":["Shoulder Dislocation"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2022-09-09"},{"nctId":"NCT04292808","phase":"NA","title":"Low Dose Methoxyflurane and Out-Patient Aesthetic Surgery and Facial Filler","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Verso Surgery Centre","startDate":"2020-07","conditions":["Pain"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2021-07"},{"nctId":"NCT04287803","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Prehospital Analgesia in Adults Using Inhaled Methoxyflurane : A Feasibility Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute","startDate":"2021-04-12","conditions":["Pain, Acute","Trauma"],"enrollment":97,"completionDate":"2021-11-01"},{"nctId":"NCT04641949","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Methoxyflurane and Fentanyl in LBNP","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Oslo University Hospital","startDate":"2020-11-18","conditions":["Hypovolemia","Cardiac Output, Low","Analgesia"],"enrollment":15,"completionDate":"2022-03-08"},{"nctId":"NCT04029012","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Penthrox in Rezūm BPH","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Dean Elterman","startDate":"2019-09-10","conditions":["Pain","BPH"],"enrollment":10,"completionDate":"2020-02-14"},{"nctId":"NCT03868436","phase":"PHASE4","title":"PENTHROX™ in the Canadian Emergency Department (ED)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Purdue Pharma, Canada","startDate":"2019-04-08","conditions":["Pain, Acute"],"enrollment":99,"completionDate":"2020-09-08"},{"nctId":"NCT03927729","phase":"NA","title":"Use of Methoxyflurane (Penthrox) as an Antalgic in Hospital Trauma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Tours","startDate":"2019-06-07","conditions":["Pain","Traumatic Injury"],"enrollment":34,"completionDate":"2020-03-11"},{"nctId":"NCT04618497","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Pilot Study on the Use of Methoxyflurane (Penthrox®) for Pain Control in the Emergency Department","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Hospital Authority, Hong Kong","startDate":"2020-10-28","conditions":["Acute Traumatic Pain"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2020-11-21"},{"nctId":"NCT04412642","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Low Dose Methoxyflurane for Pain Relief During Minor Out-patient Urologic Procedures","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre","startDate":"2020-05-31","conditions":["Pain, Acute"],"enrollment":10,"completionDate":"2020-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT02604225","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Trial of Methoxyflurane With Periprostatic Local Anaesthesia to Reduce the Discomfort of TRUS B","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Sydney","startDate":"2015-12","conditions":["Cancer"],"enrollment":420,"completionDate":"2019-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT04332159","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Inhaled Methoxyflurane for Pain Management in Nasal Bone Fracture Reduction","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Université de Sherbrooke","startDate":"2019-10-10","conditions":["Pain, Acute","Nasal Fracture"],"enrollment":34,"completionDate":"2021-03-30"},{"nctId":"NCT03894800","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Determination of Analgesic Equipotent Doses of Inhaled Metoxyflurane vs. Intravenous Fentanyl","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Oslo University Hospital","startDate":"2019-04-23","conditions":["Acute Pain","Trauma","Hypovolemia"],"enrollment":12,"completionDate":"2019-10-29"},{"nctId":"NCT03585374","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Trauma Acute Pain Treatment With Methoxyflurane Vaporized (PENTHROX®): Efficacy and Safety Study (MEDITA)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals srl","startDate":"2018-02-08","conditions":["Acute Traumatic Pain"],"enrollment":272,"completionDate":"2019-02-22"},{"nctId":"NCT03537001","phase":"","title":"Use of Penthrox in Extra-hospital Traumatology","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Tours","startDate":"2017-08-29","conditions":["Pain, Acute","Trauma Injury","Pain Management"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2018-08-30"},{"nctId":"NCT03849027","phase":"PHASE4","title":"MethOxyflUraNe at moderaTe High AltItudes for PAIN Management","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"University of Cape Town","startDate":"2019-05","conditions":["Pain"],"enrollment":24,"completionDate":"2019-12"},{"nctId":"NCT03798899","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Penthrox® Combined With a Standard Analgesia (SoC) in Adult Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department With Moderate to Severe Pain Associated With Trauma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mundipharma SAS","startDate":"2018-05-14","conditions":["Pain, Acute"],"enrollment":360,"completionDate":"2018-12-20"},{"nctId":"NCT03256903","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Methoxyflurane vs Standard Analgesic Treatment for Trauma Pain in Spanish Emergency Units","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mundipharma Pharmaceuticals S.L.","startDate":"2017-07-07","conditions":["Acute Pain Due to Trauma"],"enrollment":310,"completionDate":"2018-07-31"},{"nctId":"NCT01887951","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Penthrox Versus Tramadol for SCDF","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Singapore General Hospital","startDate":"2014-02","conditions":["Acute 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methoxyflurane administration for acute traumatic pain: focus on economic impact and rationale for use.","journal":"Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine"},{"date":"2026 Mar 18","pmid":"41845450","title":"Inhaled methoxyflurane for fracture reduction in prehospital extremity trauma: an observational review of HEMS clinical practice.","journal":"Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine"},{"date":"2026 Feb","pmid":"41711148","title":"Patient and Staff Satisfaction With Use of Methoxyflurane in the Emergency Department.","journal":"Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA"},{"date":"2026 Feb 17","pmid":"41703446","title":"Pain management of adults in the prehospital setting: a scoping review.","journal":"BMC emergency medicine"},{"date":"2026 Jan 9","pmid":"41514324","title":"MetoksyKval: the extent of pre-hospital methoxyflurane administration for acute traumatic pain: focus on economic impact and rationale for 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