{"id":"lysine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41906552","year":"2026","title":"Obesity Disrupts H3K4me3-Mediated Lactate Accumulation and Efferocytosis in Hypoxic Macrophages.","finding":"","journal":"FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41906536","year":"2026","title":"Cationic Poly(amino acid)/Black Phosphorus Hydrogel for Immediate and Durable Relief of Dentin Hypersensitivity Through Ion Flow Blockade, Photo-Thermal Occlusion, and Biomineralization.","finding":"","journal":"Advanced healthcare materials","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41906349","year":"2026","title":"Sex- and skeletal muscle-specific gene expression response of histone 3 lysine 27-modifying enzymes by voluntary running in mice.","finding":"","journal":"Physiological reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41906156","year":"2026","title":"An epigenomic investigation of atrial fibrillation in a matched left and right atrial human cohort.","finding":"","journal":"Clinical epigenetics","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41905718","year":"2026","title":"Non-canonical K27 polyubiquitination is a sex-specific regulator of contextual fear memory in the hippocampus but not the amygdala.","finding":"","journal":"Behavioural brain research","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"b04f1a4b-222c-45ee-82b0-f02459edf473","set_id":"0d46216b-bb97-4b10-8002-a93371f4bf24","openfda":{"unii":["K3Z4F929H6"],"route":["ORAL"],"spl_id":["b04f1a4b-222c-45ee-82b0-f02459edf473"],"brand_name":["L-Lysine 7415"],"spl_set_id":["0d46216b-bb97-4b10-8002-a93371f4bf24"],"package_ndc":["63083-7415-2"],"product_ndc":["63083-7415"],"generic_name":["L-LYSINE"],"product_type":["HUMAN OTC DRUG"],"substance_name":["LYSINE"],"manufacturer_name":["Professional Complementary Health Formulas"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"purpose":["*Claims based on traditional homeopathic practice, not accepted medical evidence. Not FDA evaluated."],"version":"2","warnings":["WARNINGS In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a poison control center right away. Keep out of the reach of children. If pregnant or breastfeeding, ask a healthcare professional before use."],"questions":["QUESTIONS Professional Formulas PO Box 2034 Lake Oswego, OR 97035"],"effective_time":"20260108","active_ingredient":["ACTIVE INGREDIENTS L-Lysine 4X, 7X, 12X"],"inactive_ingredient":["INACTIVE INGREDIENTS 20% ethanol, purified water."],"indications_and_usage":["INDICATIONS For the temporary relief of itchy, painful, red, or irritated skin, anxiousness, diarrhea, or indigestion.*"],"other_safety_information":["OTHER INFORMATION Tamper resistant. If seal is broken, do not use. After opening, close container tightly and store at room temperature away from heat."],"dosage_and_administration":["DIRECTIONS Place drops under tongue 30 minutes before/after meals. Adults and children 12 years and over: Take 10 drops up to 3 times per day. Consult a physician for use in children under 12 years of age."],"spl_product_data_elements":["L-Lysine 7415 L-Lysine LYSINE LYSINE ALCOHOL WATER"],"pregnancy_or_breast_feeding":["If pregnant or breastfeeding, ask a healthcare professional before use."],"keep_out_of_reach_of_children":["Keep out of the reach of children."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["LABEL Est 1985 Professional Formulas Complementary Health L-Lysine Homeopathic Remedy 2 FL. OZ. 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However, malnutrition in pregnant women is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Parenteral nutrition should be considered if pregnant womans nutritional requirements cannot be fulfilled by oral or enteral intake. Severe malnutrition in pregnant women is associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital malformations and perinatal mortality. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. However, the background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is to 4% and of miscarriage is 15 to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.","Geriatric use":"Clinical studies of CLINIMIX did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from other younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardi","Paediatric use":"Neonates, especially premature infants with low birth weight, are at increased risk of developing hypo- or hyperglycemia and therefore need close monitoring during treatment with intravenous glucose solutions to ensure adequate glycemic control in order to avoid potential long term adverse effects. Plasma electrolyte concentrations should be closely monitored in the pediatric patients who may have impaired ability to regulate fluids and electrolytes. Increased risk of hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia: monitor serum glucose concentrations."},"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Gastrointestinal Perforation","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Necrotizing Enterocolitis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Pulmonary Hypertension","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Cardiac Failure","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Renal Failure","drugRate":"1%","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Convulsions","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Hypotension","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Cholestasis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Inguinal Hernia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Advanced Accelerator 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Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:13:33.086018+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=LYSINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:13:56.140115+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:13:27.950712+00:00"},"indications.approved":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"FDA Label + AI","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:14:22.063176+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed 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Ltd.)"}],"approvals":[{"date":"2019-07-25","orphan":false,"company":"Advanced Accelerator Applications","regulator":"EMA"},{"date":"2021-06-23","orphan":false,"company":"FUJIFILM TOYAMA CHEMICAL Co., Ltd.","regulator":"PMDA"},{"date":"","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"L-Lysine","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Partial Central Diabetes Insipidus","otherDrugs":[{"name":"desmopressin","slug":"desmopressin","company":"Ferring Pharms Inc"},{"name":"lypressin","slug":"lypressin","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"vasopressin","slug":"vasopressin","company":"Parke Davis"}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Renal radiation exposure from Lutetium (177Lu) oxodotreotide","otherDrugs":[{"name":"arginine","slug":"arginine","company":"Pharmacia And Upjohn"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"GSR","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial","protein":"Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"lysine","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"L-Lysine acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutathione reductase, specifically targeting the mitochondrial isoform of the enzyme, which is involved in the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine","title":"Lysine","extract":"Lysine is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. Lysine contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain (CH2)4NH2, and so it is classified as a basic, charged, aliphatic amino acid. It is encoded by the codons AAA and AAG. Like almost all other amino acids, the α-carbon is chiral and lysine may refer to either enantiomer or a racemic mixture of both. For the purpose of this article, lysine will refer to the biologically active enantiomer L-lysine, where the α-carbon is in the S 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