{"id":"levobupivacaine-0-5-epinephrin-1-200000","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Transient paresthesia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypotension"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Tachycardia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Headache"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Nausea"},{"rate":null,"effect":"CNS toxicity (at high doses)"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Cardiac arrhythmias (rare, at high doses)"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Levobupivacaine is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine, a long-acting amide local anesthetic that reversibly inhibits sodium influx into nerve fibers, preventing depolarization and action potential propagation. The addition of epinephrine (1:200,000) acts as a vasopressor, reducing blood flow to the injection site, which decreases systemic toxicity and extends the duration of local anesthesia by slowing drug clearance.","oneSentence":"Levobupivacaine blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes to produce local anesthesia, while epinephrine causes vasoconstriction to prolong the anesthetic effect and reduce systemic absorption.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:33:58.663Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Local and regional anesthesia for surgical and dental procedures"},{"name":"Infiltration anesthesia"},{"name":"Nerve blocks"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT02691442","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Comparison of the Analgesic Effect of Different Local Anesthetics in Interscalene Nerve Block for Shoulder Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Antwerp","startDate":"2010-12","conditions":"Other Peripheral Nerve Disease","enrollment":30}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":0,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["Chirocaine"],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Levobupivacaine 0.5% + epinephrin 1/200000","genericName":"Levobupivacaine 0.5% + epinephrin 1/200000","companyName":"University Hospital, Antwerp","companyId":"university-hospital-antwerp","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Levobupivacaine blocks sodium channels in nerve cell membranes to produce local anesthesia, while epinephrine causes vasoconstriction to prolong the anesthetic effect and reduce systemic absorption. Used for Local and regional anesthesia for surgical and dental procedures, Infiltration anesthesia, Nerve blocks.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}