{"id":"leflunomide","rwe":[{"pmid":"41898754","year":"2026","title":"Upadacitinib-Induced Remission in Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis: Expanding the Therapeutic Role of JAK Inhibition.","finding":"","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41891236","year":"2026","title":"Tracheobronchial Stenosis in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: Immunosuppressant Use and Airway Dilation Frequency.","finding":"","journal":"ACR open rheumatology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41887175","year":"2026","title":"Mitochondrial fusion induced by Mdivi-1 and leflunomide alters cell proliferation and viability, steroidogenesis and oxidative stress in chicken ovarian cells.","finding":"","journal":"Poultry science","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41884501","year":"2026","title":"Clinical and Sonographic Pattern of Late-Onset and Early-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparative Study.","finding":"","journal":"Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41870773","year":"2026","title":"Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of ectoine-leflunomide combination in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, and its colonic protective action against leflunomide-induced gastrointestinal injury.","finding":"","journal":"Inflammopharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"46268884-f963-f34a-e063-6294a90aa8d5","set_id":"006b5bf4-97c0-48dc-8e5e-3c6f64d7bdc1","openfda":{"nui":["N0000175713"],"upc":["0362135793302","0362135794309"],"unii":["G162GK9U4W"],"route":["ORAL"],"rxcui":["205284","205285"],"spl_id":["46268884-f963-f34a-e063-6294a90aa8d5"],"brand_name":["Leflunomide"],"spl_set_id":["006b5bf4-97c0-48dc-8e5e-3c6f64d7bdc1"],"package_ndc":["62135-793-30","62135-794-30"],"product_ndc":["62135-793","62135-794"],"generic_name":["LEFLUNOMIDE"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["LEFLUNOMIDE"],"pharm_class_epc":["Antirheumatic Agent [EPC]"],"manufacturer_name":["Chartwell RX, LLC"],"application_number":["ANDA077086"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"2","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to leflunomide during pregnancy. Health care providers and patients are encouraged to report pregnancies by calling 1-877-311-8972 or visit http://www.pregnancystudies.org/participate-in a-study/. Risk Summary Leflunomide is contraindicated for use in pregnant women because of the potential for fetal harm. In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of leflunomide during organogenesis at a dose of 1/10 of and equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on AUC, respectively in rats and rabbits, caused teratogenicity (rats and rabbits) and embryo-lethality (rats) [see Data] . Pregnancy exposure registry data are not available at this time to inform the presence or absence of drug-associated risk with the use of leflunomide during pregnancy. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. The background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2 to 4% and of miscarriage is 15 to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, stop treatment with leflunomide, apprise the patient of the potential hazard to a fetus, and perform the accelerated drug elimination procedure to achieve teriflunomide concentrations of less than 0.02 mg/L (0.02 mcg/mL) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions Lowering the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, teriflunomide, by instituting an accelerated drug elimination procedure as soon as pregnancy is detected may decrease the risk to the fetus from leflunomide. The accelerated drug elimination procedure includes verification that the plasma teriflunomide concentration is less than 0.02 mg/L. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Data Animal Data In an embryofetal development study, pregnant rats administered leflunomide during organogenesis from gestation days 7 to 19 at a dose approximately 1/10 of the MRHD (on an AUC basis at a maternal oral dose of 15 mg/kg), teratogenic effects, most notably anophthalmia or microophthalmia and internal hydrocephalus, were observed. Under these exposure conditions, leflunomide also caused a decrease in the maternal body weight and an increase in embryolethality with a decrease in fetal body weight for surviving fetuses. In an embryofetal development study, pregnant rabbits administered leflunomide during organogenesis from gestation days 6 to 18 at a dose approximately equivalent to the MRHD (on an AUC basis at a maternal oral dose of 10 mg/kg), a teratogenic finding of fused, dysplastic sternebrae was observed. Leflunomide was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits at doses approximately 1/150 and 1/10 of the MRHD, respectively (on an AUC basis at maternal oral dose of 1 mg/kg in both rats and rabbits). In a pre- and post-natal development study, when female rats were treated leflunomide at a dose that was approximately 1/100 of the MRHD (on an AUC basis at a maternal dose of 1.25 mg/kg) beginning 14 days before mating and continuing until the end of lactation, the offspring exhibited marked (greater than 90%) decreases in postnatal survival."],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE There have been reports of chronic overdose in patients taking leflunomide at daily dose up to five times the recommended daily dose and reports of acute overdose in adults and children. Adverse events were consistent with the safety profile for leflunomide [See Adverse Reactions (6) ]. The most frequent adverse events observed were diarrhea, abdominal pain, leukopenia, anemia and elevated liver function tests. In the event of a significant overdose or toxicity, perform an accelerated drug elimination procedure to accelerate elimination [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Studies with both hemodialysis and CAPD (chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) indicate that teriflunomide, the primary metabolite of leflunomide, is not dialyzable [See Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION Leflunomide Tablets, USP is a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor. The chemical name for leflunomide is N-(4´-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamide. It has an empirical formula C 12 H 9 F 3 N 2 O 2 , a molecular weight of 270.2 and the following structural formula: Leflunomide is available for oral administration as tablets containing 10 or 20 mg of active drug. Combined with leflunomide are the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, pregelatinized starch, and talc. \"Image Description\""],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING How Supplied Leflunomide Tablets, USP Strength Quantity NDC Number Description 10 mg 30 count bottle 62135-793-30 White, round bi-convex tablet debossed with \"HP 43\" on one side and plain on the other. 20 mg 30 count bottle 62135-794-30 White, triangular bi-convex tablet debossed with \"HP 44\" on one side and plain on the other. Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from light."],"boxed_warning":["WARNING: EMBRYO-FETAL TOXICITY and HEPATOTOXICITY Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Leflunomide is contraindicated for use in pregnant women because of the potential for fetal harm. Teratogenicity and embryo-lethality occurred in animals administered leflunomide at doses lower than the human exposure level. Exclude pregnancy before the start of treatment with leflunomide in females of reproductive potential. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during leflunomide treatment and during an accelerated drug elimination procedure after leflunomide treatment. Stop leflunomide tablets and use an accelerated drug elimination procedure if the patient becomes pregnant. [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.3 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 , 8.3 ), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] Hepatotoxicity Severe liver injury, including fatal liver failure, has been reported in patients treated with leflunomide. Leflunomide is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Concomitant use of leflunomide with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs may increase the risk of liver injury. Patients with pre-existing acute or chronic liver disease, or those with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >2xULN before initiating treatment, are at increased risk and should not be treated with leflunomide. Monitor ALT levels at least monthly for six months after starting leflunomide, and thereafter every 6 to 8 weeks. If leflunomide-induced liver injury is suspected, stop leflunomide treatment, start an accelerated drug elimination procedure, and monitor liver tests weekly until normalized. [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 , 5.3 ), Use in Special Populations (8.6) ] WARNING: EMBRYO-FETAL TOXICITY and HEPATOTOXICITY See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Teratogenicity and embryo-lethality occurred in animals administered leflunomide. ( 5.1 , 8.1 ) Exclude pregnancy prior to initiating leflunomide tablets therapy. ( 5.1 , 8.3 ) Advise use of effective contraception in females of reproductive potential during treatment and during a drug elimination procedure. ( 5.1 , 5.3 , 8.3 ) Stop leflunomide tablets and use an accelerated drug elimination procedure if the patient becomes pregnant. ( 5.1 , 5.3 , 8.1 ) Hepatotoxicity Severe liver injury and fatal liver failure have been reported. ( 5.2 ) Avoid leflunomide use in patients with pre-existing liver disease, or those with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)>2xULN. ( 5.2 , 8.6 ) Use caution when leflunomide is given with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs. ( 5.2 ) Monitor ALT levels. Interrupt leflunomide treatment if ALT elevation > 3 fold ULN. If likely leflunomide-induced, start accelerated drug elimination procedure and monitor liver tests weekly until normalized. ( 5.2 , 5.3 )"],"geriatric_use":["8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of subjects in controlled clinical trials (Trials 1, 2, and 3) of leflunomide, 234 subjects were 65 years and over [see Clinical Studies (14) ]. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. No dosage adjustment is needed in patients over 65."],"pediatric_use":["8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in pediatric patients have not been established. The safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was evaluated in a single multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled trial in 94 pediatric patients (1:1 randomization) with polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) as defined by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). In this population, leflunomide treatment was found not to be effective. The safety of leflunomide was studied in 74 patients with polyarticular course JIA ranging in age from 3 to 17 years (47 patients from the active-controlled study and 27 from an open-label safety and pharmacokinetic study). The most common adverse events included abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, oral ulcers, upper respiratory tract infections, alopecia, rash, headache, and dizziness. Less common adverse events included anemia, hypertension, and weight loss. Fourteen pediatric patients experienced ALT and/or AST elevations, nine between 1.2 and 3-fold the upper limit of normal, five between 3 and 8-fold the upper limit of normal."],"effective_time":"20251217","clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES The efficacy of leflunomide in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was demonstrated in three controlled trials showing reduction in signs and symptoms, and inhibition of structural damage. In two placebo controlled trials, efficacy was demonstrated for improvement in physical function. In these trials, efficacy was evaluated by: 1. Reduction of signs and symptoms Relief of signs and symptoms was assessed using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 Responder Index, a composite of clinical, laboratory, and functional measures in rheumatoid arthritis. An \"ACR20 Responder\" is a patient who had ≥ 20% improvement in both tender and swollen joint counts and in 3 of the following 5 criteria: physician global assessment, patient global assessment, functional ability measure [Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ)], visual analog pain scale, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein. An \"ACR20 Responder at Endpoint\" is a patient who completed the study and was an ACR20 Responder at the completion of the study. 2. Inhibition of structural damage Inhibition of structural damage compared to control was assessed using the Sharp Score, a composite score of X-ray erosions and joint space narrowing in hands/wrists and forefeet. 3. Improvement in physical function Improvement in physical function was assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form (SF-36). In all leflunomide trials, participants of at least 18 years of age and in ARA functional class of I, II or III received an initial loading dosage of 100 mg leflunomide per day for three days, followed by 20 mg per day thereafter. Exclusion criteria included patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the study medication; women who were pregnant or breast feeding and men or women of child bearing age and potential who had not received contraceptives for at least 4 weeks before entering the study and to be maintained throughout the study and for at least 6 months after discontinuing treatment; Patients with a history of inflammatory disease, impaired renal function or liver impairment, cardiac failure, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, impaired coagulation, or a history of recent major traumatic injury; patients taking intra-articular or systemic concomitant medications which could affect the safety and/or efficacy of the study medication. Trial 1 Trial 1, a 2 year study, randomized 482 patients with active RA of at least 6 months duration to leflunomide 20 mg/day (n=182), methotrexate 7.5 mg/week increasing to 15 mg/week (n=182), or placebo (n=118). All patients received folate 1 mg BID. The primary analysis was at 52 weeks with blinded treatment to 104 weeks. Overall, 235 of the 508 randomized treated patients (482 in primary data analysis and an additional 26 patients), continued into a second 12 months of double-blind treatment (98 leflunomide, 101 methotrexate, 36 placebo). Leflunomide dose continued at 20 mg/day and the methotrexate dose could be increased to a maximum of 20 mg/week. In total, 190 patients (83 leflunomide, 80 methotrexate, 27 placebo) completed 2 years of double-blind treatment. Trial 2 Trial 2 randomized 358 patients with active RA to leflunomide 20 mg/day (n=133), sulfasalazine 2.0 g/day (n=133), or placebo (n=92). Treatment duration was 24 weeks. An extension of the study was an optional 6-month blinded continuation of Trial 2 without the placebo arm, resulting in a 12-month comparison of leflunomide and sulfasalazine. Of the 168 patients who completed 12 months of treatment, 146 patients (87%) entered a 1-year extension study of double blind active treatment; (60 leflunomide, 60 sulfasalazine, 26 placebo/ sulfasalazine). Patients continued on the same daily dosage of leflunomide or sulfasalazine that they had been taking at the completion of Trial 2. A total of 121 patients (53 leflunomide, 47 sulfasalazine, 21 placebo/sulfasalazine) completed the 2 years of double-blind treatment. Trial 3 Trial 3 randomized 999 patients with active RA to leflunomide 20 mg/day (n=501) or methotrexate at 7.5 mg/week increasing to 15 mg/week (n=498). Folate supplementation was used in 10% of patients. Treatment duration was 52 weeks. Of the 736 patients who completed 52 weeks of treatment in study Trial 3, 612 (83%) entered the double-blind, 1-year extension study (292 leflunomide, 320 methotrexate). Patients continued on the same daily dosage of leflunomide or methotrexate that they had been taking at the completion of Trial 3. There were 533 patients (256 leflunomide, 277 methotrexate) who completed 2 years of double-blind treatment. Clinical Trial Results Clinical Response The ACR20 Responder at Endpoint rates are shown in Figure 1. Leflunomide was statistically significantly superior to placebo in reducing the signs and symptoms of RA by the primary efficacy analysis, ACR20 Responder at Endpoint, in study Trial 1 (at the primary 12 months endpoint) and Trial 2 (at 6 month endpoint). ACR20 Responder at Endpoint rates with leflunomide treatment were consistent across the 6 and 12 month studies (41 - 49%). No consistent differences were demonstrated between leflunomide and methotrexate or between leflunomide and sulfasalazine. Leflunomide treatment effect was evident by 1 month, stabilized by 3 to 6 months, and continued throughout the course of treatment as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Percentage of ACR20 Responders at Endpoint in Patients with Active RA in Trials 1, 2, and 3 Comparisons 95%Confidence Interval p Value Trial 1 Leflunomide vs. Placebo (12, 32) <0.0001 Methotrexate vs. Placebo (8, 30) <0.0001 Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate (-4, 16) NS Trial 2 Leflunomide vs. Placebo (7, 33) 0.0026 Sulfasalazine vs. Placebo (4, 29) 0.0121 Leflunomide vs. Sulfasalazine (-8, 16) NS Trial 3 Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate (-19, -7) <0.0001 Figure 2. ACR20 Responders over Time in Patients with Active RA in Trial 1* ACR50 and ACR70 Responders are defined in an analogous manner to the ACR 20 Responder, but use improvements of 50% or 70%, respectively (Table 3). Mean change for the individual components of the ACR Responder Index are shown in Table 4. Table 3. Summary of ACR Response Rates in Patients with Active RA in Trials 1, 2, and 3* Study and Treatment Group ACR20 ACR50 ACR70 Placebo-Controlled Studies Trial 1 (12 months) Leflunomide (n=178) † 52 ‡ 34 ‡ 20 ‡ Placebo (n=118) † 26 8 4 Methotrexate (n=180) † 46 23 9 Trial 2 (6 months) Leflunomide (n=130) † 55 ‡ 33 ‡ 10 ▪️ Placebo (n=91)† 29 14 2 Sulfasalazine (n=132) † 57 30 8 Non-Placebo Active-Controlled Studies Trial 3 (12 months) Leflunomide (n=495) † 51 31 10 Methotrexate (n=489) † 65 44 16 * Intent to treat (ITT) analysis using last observation carried forward (LOCF) technique for patients who discontinued early. † N is the number of ITT patients for whom adequate data were available to calculate the indicated rates. ‡ p<0.001 Leflunomide vs placebo § p<0.02 Leflunomide vs placebo Table 4 shows the results of the components of the ACR response criteria for Trial 1, Trial 2 and Trial 3. Leflunomide was significantly superior to placebo in all components of the ACR Response criteria in study Trial 1 and Trial 2. In addition, leflunomide was significantly superior to placebo in improving morning stiffness, a measure of RA disease activity, not included in the ACR Response criteria. No consistent differences were demonstrated between leflunomide and the active comparators. Table 4. Mean Change in the Components of the ACR Responder Index in Patients with Active RA in Trials 1, 2, and 3* Components Placebo-Controlled Studies Non-placebo Controlled Study Trial 1 (12 months) Trial 2 Non-US (6 months) Trial 3 Non-US (12 months) Leflu nomide Metho trexate Placebo Leflu nomide Sulfa salazine Placebo Leflu nomide Metho trexate Tender joint count 1 -7.7 -6.6 -3.0 -9.7 -8.1 -4.3 -8.3 -9.7 Swollen joint count 1 -5.7 -5.4 -2.9 -7.2 -6.2 -3.4 -6.8 -9.0 Patient global assessment 2 -2.1 -1.5 0.1 -2.8 -2.6 -0.9 -2.3 -3.0 Physician global assessment 2 -2.8 -2.4 -1.0 -2.7 -2.5 -0.8 -2.3 -3.1 Physical function/ disability (MHAQ/HAQ) -0.29 -0.15 0.07 -0.50 -0.29 -0.04 -0.37 -0.44 Pain intensity 2 -2.2 -1.7 -0.5 -2.7 -2.0 -0.9 -2.1 -2.9 Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate -6.26 -6.48 2.56 -7.48 -16.56 3.44 -10.12 -22.18 C-reactive protein -0.62 -0.50 0.47 -2.26 -1.19 0.16 -1.86 -2.45 Not included in the ACR Responder Index Morning Stiffness (min) -101.4 -88.7 14.7 -93.0 -42.4 -6.8 -63.7 -86.6 * Last Observation Carried Forward; Negative Change Indicates Improvement 1 Based on 28 joint count 2 Visual Analog Scale - 0=Best; 10=Worst Maintenance of effect After completing 12 months of treatment, patients continuing on study treatment were evaluated for an additional 12 months of double-blind treatment (total treatment period of 2 years). ACR Responder rates at 12 months were maintained over 2 years in most patients continuing a second year of treatment. Improvement from baseline in the individual components of the ACR responder criteria was also sustained in most patients during the second year of leflunomide treatment in all three trials. Radiographic Response The change from baseline to endpoint in progression of structural disease, as measured by the Sharp X-ray score, is displayed in Figure 3. Leflunomide was statistically significantly superior to placebo in inhibiting the progression of disease by the Sharp Score. No consistent differences were demonstrated between leflunomide and methotrexate or between leflunomide and sulfasalazine. Figure 3. Change in Sharp Score in Patients with Active RA in Trials 1, 2, and 3 L =Leflunomide; M =methotrexate; S =sulfasalazine; P =placebo Comparisons 95% Confidence Interval p Value Trial 1 Leflunomide vs. Placebo (-4.0, -1.1) 0.0007 Methotrexate vs. Placebo (-2.6, -0.2) 0.0196 Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate (-2.3, 0.0) 0.0499 Trial 2 Leflunomide vs. Placebo (-6.2, -1.8) 0.0004 Sulfasalazine vs. Placebo (-6.9, 0.0) 0.0484 Leflunomide vs. Sulfasalazine (-3.3, 1.2) NS Trial 3 Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate (-2.2, 7.4) NS Physical Function Response The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) assesses a patient's physical function and degree of disability. The mean change from baseline in functional ability as measured by the HAQ Disability Index (HAQ DI) in the 6 and 12 month placebo and active controlled trials is shown in Figure 4. Leflunomide was statistically significantly superior to placebo in improving physical function. Superiority to placebo was demonstrated consistently across all eight HAQ DI subscales (dressing, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip and activities) in both placebo controlled studies. The Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36 (SF-36), a generic health-related quality of life questionnaire, further addresses physical function. In Trial 1, at 12 months, leflunomide provided statistically significant improvements compared to placebo in the Physical Component Summary (PCS) Score. Figure 4. Change in Functional Ability Measure in Patients with Active RA in Trials 1, 2, and 3* * as measured by HAQ Disability Index L =Leflunomide, M =Methotrexate, P =Placebo, S =Sulfasalazine Comparison 95% Confidence Interval p Value Trial 1 Leflunomide vs. Placebo (-0.58, -0.29) 0.0001 Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate (-0.34, -0.07) 0.0026 Trial 2 Leflunomide vs. Placebo (-0.67, -0.36) <0.0001 Leflunomide vs. Sulfasalazine (-0.33, -0.03) 0.0163 Trial 3 Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate (0.01, 0.16) 0.0221 Maintenance of effect The improvement in physical function demonstrated at 6 and 12 months was maintained over two years. In those patients continuing therapy for a second year, this improvement in physical function as measured by HAQ and SF-36 (PCS) was maintained. \"Image Description\" \"Image Description\" \"Image Description\" \"Image Description\""],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics Following oral administration, leflunomide is metabolized to an active metabolite, teriflunomide, which is responsible for essentially all of leflunomide's in vivo activity. Plasma concentrations of the parent drug, leflunomide, have been occasionally seen at very low concentrations. Studies of the pharmacokinetics of leflunomide have primarily examined the plasma concentrations of the active metabolite, teriflunomide. Absorption Following oral administration, peak teriflunomide concentrations occurred between 6 to 12 hours after dosing. Due to the very long half-life of teriflunomide (18 to 19 days), a loading dose of 100 mg for 3 days was used in clinical studies to facilitate the rapid attainment of steady-state teriflunomide concentrations. Without a loading dose, it is estimated that attainment of steady- state plasma concentrations would require about two months of dosing. The resulting plasma concentrations following both loading doses and continued clinical dosing indicate that plasma teriflunomide concentrations are dose proportional. Effect of Food Co-administration of leflunomide with a high fat meal did not have a significant impact on teriflunomide plasma concentrations. Distribution Teriflunomide is extensively bound to plasma protein (>99%) and is mainly distributed in plasma. The volume of distribution is 11 L after a single intravenous (IV) administration. Elimination Teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, has a median half-life of 18 to 19 days in healthy volunteers. The elimination of teriflunomide can be accelerated by administration of cholestyramine or activated charcoal. Without use of an accelerated drug elimination procedure, it may take up to 2 years to reach plasma teriflunomide concentrations of less than 0.02 mg/L, due to individual variation in drug clearance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. After a single IV administration of the metabolite (teriflunomide), the total body clearance of teriflunomide was 30.5 mL/h. Metabolism In vitro inhibition studies in human liver microsomes suggest that cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C19 and 3A4 are involved in leflunomide metabolism. In vivo , leflunomide is metabolized to one primary (teriflunomide) and many minor metabolites. In vitro, teriflunomide is not metabolized by CYP450 or flavin monoamine oxidase enzymes. The parent compound is rarely detectable in plasma. Excretion Teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, is eliminated by direct biliary excretion of unchanged drug as well as renal excretion of metabolites. Over 21 days, 60.1% of the administered dose is excreted via feces (37.5%) and urine (22.6%). After an accelerated elimination procedure with cholestyramine, an additional 23.1% was recovered (mostly in feces). Studies with both hemodialysis and CAPD (chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) indicate that teriflunomide is not dialyzable. Specific Populations Gender. Gender has not been shown to cause a consistent change in the in vivo pharmacokinetics of teriflunomide. Smoking. A population based pharmacokinetic analysis of the clinical trial data indicates that smokers have a 38% increase in clearance over non-smokers; however, no difference in clinical efficacy was seen between smokers and nonsmokers. Drug Interaction Studies Drug interaction studies have been conducted with both leflunomide and with its active metabolite, teriflunomide, where the metabolite was directly administered to the test subjects. The Potential Effect of Other Drugs on leflunomide Potent CYP and transporter inducers: Following concomitant administration of a single dose of leflunomide to subjects receiving multiple doses of rifampin, teriflunomide peak concentrations were increased (~40%) over those seen when leflunomide was given alone [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • An in vivo interaction study with leflunomide and cimetidine (non-specific weak CYP inhibitor) has demonstrated a lack of a significant impact on teriflunomide exposure. The Potential Effect of leflunomide on Other Drugs • CYP2C8 Substrates There was an increase in mean repaglinide C max and AUC (1.7-and 2.4-fold, respectively), following repeated doses of teriflunomide and a single dose of 0.25 mg repaglinide, suggesting that teriflunomide is an inhibitor of CYP2C8 in vivo . The magnitude of interaction could be higher at the recommended repaglinide dose [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • CYP1A2 Substrates Repeated doses of teriflunomide decreased mean C max and AUC of caffeine by 18% and 55%, respectively, suggesting that teriflunomide may be a weak inducer of CYP1A2 in vivo . • OAT3 Substrates There was an increase in mean cefaclor C max and AUC (1.43-and 1.54-fold, respectively), following repeated doses of teriflunomide, suggesting that teriflunomide is an inhibitor of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in vivo [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • BCRP and OATP1B1/1B3 Substrates There was an increase in mean rosuvastatin C max and AUC (2.65-and 2.51-fold, respectively), following repeated doses of teriflunomide, suggesting that teriflunomide is an inhibitor of BCRP transporter and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1/1B3) [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • Oral Contraceptives There was an increase in mean ethinylestradiol C max and AUC 0-24 (1.58-and 1.54-fold, respectively) and levonorgestrel C max and AUC 0-24 (1.33-and 1.41-fold, respectively) following repeated doses of teriflunomide [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • Teriflunomide did not affect the pharmacokinetics of bupropion (a CYP2B6 substrate), midazolam (a CYP3A4 substrate), S-warfarin (a CYP2C9 substrate), omeprazole (a CYP2C19 substrate), and metoprolol (a CYP2D6 substrate). \"Image Description\""],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] Immunosuppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Bone marrow suppression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) ] Peripheral neuropathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7) ] Interstitial lung disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8) ] The most commonly reported adverse reactions (≥10%) regardless of relation to leflunomide treatment were diarrhea, respiratory infection, nausea, headache, rash, abnormal liver enzymes, dyspepsia. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Chartwell RX, LLC. at 1-845-232-1683 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical studies of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. In clinical studies (Trials 1, 2, and 3), 1,865 patients were treated with leflunomide administered as either monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or sulfasalazine. Patients ranged in age from 19 to 85 years, with an overall median age of 58 years. The mean duration of RA was 6 years ranging from 0 to 45 years. Elevation of Liver Enzymes Treatment with leflunomide was associated with elevations of liver enzymes, primarily ALT and AST, in a significant number of patients; these effects were generally reversible. Most transaminase elevations were mild (≤ 2-fold ULN) and usually resolved while continuing treatment. Marked elevations (>3-fold ULN) occurred infrequently and reversed with dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment. Table 1 shows liver enzyme elevations seen with monthly monitoring in clinical trials Trial 1 and Trial 2. It was notable that the absence of folate use in Trial 3 was associated with a considerably greater incidence of liver enzyme elevation on methotrexate. Table 1. Liver Enzyme Elevations >3-fold Upper Limits of Normal (ULN) in Patients with RA in Trials 1, 2, and 3** Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3* LEF 20 mg/day (n=182) PL (n=118) MTX 7.5-15 mg/wk (n=182) LEF 20mg/day (n=133) PL (n=92) SSZ 2.0 g/day LEF 20 mg/day (n=501) MTX 7.5-15 mg/wk (n=498) ALT(SGPT)>3-fold ULN (n%) 8(4.4) 3(2.5) 5(2.7) 2(1.5) 1(1.1) 2(1.5) 13(2.6) 83(16.7) Reversed to ≤ 2-fold ULN: 8 3 5 2 1 2 12 82 Timing of Elevation 0 - 3 Months 4 - 6 Months 7 - 9 Months 10 - 12 Months 6 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 3 1 - 2 - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - 7 1 - 5 27 34 16 6 LEF = leflunomide, MTX = methotrexate, PL = placebo, SSZ = sulfasalazine, ULN = Upper limit of normal *Only 10% of patients in Trial 3 received folate. All patients in Trial 1 received folate. In a 6 month study of 263 patients with persistent active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy, and with normal LFTs, leflunomide was administered to a group of 130 patients starting at 10 mg per day and increased to 20 mg as needed. An increase in ALT greater than or equal to three times the ULN was observed in 3.8% of patients compared to 0.8% in 133 patients continued on methotrexate with placebo. Most Common Adverse Reactions The most common adverse reactions in leflunomide-treated patients with RA include diarrhea, elevated liver enzymes (ALT and AST), alopecia and rash. Table 2 displays the most common adverse reactions in the controlled studies in patients with RA at one year (≥5% in any leflunomide treatment group). Table 2. Percentage of Patients with Adverse Events ≥ 5% In Any Leflunomide Treated Group in all RA Studies in Patients with RA Placebo-Controlled Trials Active-Controlled Trials All RA Studies Trial 1 and 2 Trial 3 1 LEF 20 mg/day (N=315) PL (N=210) SSZ 2.0g/day (N=133) MTX 7.5-15 mg/wk (N=182) LEF 20 mg/day (N=501) MTX 7.5–15 mg/wk (N=498) LEF (N=1339) 2 Diarrhea 27% 12% 10% 20% 22% 10% 17% Headache 13% 11% 12% 21% 10% 8% 7% Nausea 13% 11% 19% 18% 13% 18% 9% Rash 12% 7% 11% 9% 11% 10% 10% Abnormal Liver Enzymes 10% 2% 4% 10% 6% 17% 5% Alopecia 9% 1% 6% 6% 17% 10% 10% Hypertension 3 9% 4% 4% 3% 10% 4% 10% Asthenia 6% 4% 5% 6% 3% 3% 3% Back Pain 6% 3% 4% 9% 8% 7% 5% GI/Abdominal Pain 6% 4% 7% 8% 8% 8% 5% Abdominal Pain 5% 4% 4% 8% 6% 4% 6% Allergic Reaction 5% 2% 0% 6% 1% 2% 2% Bronchitis 5% 2% 4% 7% 8% 7% 7% Dizziness 5% 3% 6% 5% 7% 6% 4% Mouth Ulcer 5% 4% 3% 10% 3% 6% 3% Pruritus 5% 2% 3% 2% 6% 2% 4% Rhinitis 5% 2% 4% 3% 2% 2% 2% Vomiting 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% Tenosynovitis 2% 0% 1% 2% 5% 1% 3% LEF = leflunomide, MTX = methotrexate, PL = placebo, SSZ = sulfasalazine 1 Only 10% of patients in Trial3 received folate. All patients in Trial 1 received folate; none in Trial 2 received folate. 2 Includes all controlled and uncontrolled trials with leflunomide (duration up to 12 3 Hypertension as a preexisting condition was overrepresented in all leflunomide treatment groups in phase III trials. Adverse events during a second year of treatment with leflunomide in clinical trials were consistent with those observed during the first year of treatment and occurred at a similar or lower incidence. Less Common Adverse Reactions In addition, in controlled clinical trials, the following adverse events in the leflunomide treatment group occurred at a higher incidence than in the placebo group. These adverse events were deemed possibly related to the study drug. Blood and Lymphatic System: leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia; Cardiovascular: chest pain, palpitation, thrombophlebitis of the leg, varicose vein; Eye: blurred vision, eye disorder, papilledema, retinal disorder, retinal hemorrhage; Gastrointestinal: alkaline phosphatase increased, anorexia, bilirubinemia, flatulence, gamma- GT increased, salivary gland enlarged, sore throat, vomiting, dry mouth; General Disorders: malaise; Immune System: anaphylactic reaction; Infection: abscess, flu syndrome, vaginal moniliasis; Nervous System: dizziness, headache, somnolence; Respiratory System: dyspnea; 6.2 Post Marketing Experience The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of leflunomide. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Blood and Lymphatic System: agranulocytosis, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia; Infection: opportunistic infections, severe infections including sepsis; Gastrointestinal: acute hepatic necrosis, colitis, including microscpic colitis, hepatitis, jaundice/cholestasis, pancreatitis; severe liver injury such as hepatic failure Immune System: angioedema; Nervous system: peripheral neuropathy; Respiratory: interstitial lung disease, including interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, which may be fatal; pulmonary hypertension; Skin and Appendages: erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, vasculitis including cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, pustular psoriasis or worsening psoriasis."],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Leflunomide tablets are contraindicated in: Pregnant women. Leflunomide may cause fetal harm. If a woman becomes pregnant while taking this drug, stop leflunomide, apprise the patient of the potential hazard to the fetus, and begin a drug elimination procedure [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 and 5.3 ) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Patients with severe hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]. Patients with known hypersensitivity to leflunomide or any of the other components of leflunomide tablets. Known reactions include anaphylaxis [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]. Patients being treated with teriflunomide [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. Pregnancy. ( 4 , 5.1 , 8.1 ) Severe hepatic impairment. ( 4 , 5.2 ) Hypersensitivity to leflunomide tablet or any of its inactive components. ( 4 ) Current teriflunomide treatment. ( 4 )"],"drug_interactions":["7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Following oral administration, leflunomide is metabolized to an active metabolite, teriflunomide, which is responsible for essentially all of leflunomide's in vivo activity. Drug interaction studies have been conducted with both leflunomide and with its active metabolite, teriflunomide, where the metabolite was directly administered to the test subjects. Effect of potent CYP and transporter inducers Leflunomide is metabolized by CYP450 metabolizing enzymes. Concomitant use of leflunomide and rifampin, a potent inducer of CYP and transporters, increased the plasma concentration of teriflunomide by 40%. However, when co-administered with the metabolite, teriflunomide, rifampin did not affect its pharmacokinetics. No dosage adjustment is recommended for leflunomide when coadministered with rifampin. Because of the potential for leflunomide concentrations to continue to increase with multiple dosing, caution should be used if patients are to be receiving both leflunomide and rifampin [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Effect on CYP2C8 substrates Teriflunomide is an inhibitor of CYP2C8 in vivo . In patients taking leflunomide, exposure of drugs metabolized by CYP2C8 (e.g., paclitaxel, pioglitazone, repaglinide, rosiglitazone) may be increased. Monitor these patients and adjust the dose of the concomitant drug(s) metabolized by CYP2C8 as required [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Effect on warfarin Coadministration of leflunomide with warfarin requires close monitoring of the international normalized ratio (INR) because teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, may decrease peak INR by approximately 25%. Effect on oral contraceptives Teriflunomide may increase the systemic exposures of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel. Consideration should be given to the type or dose of contraceptives used in combination with leflunomide [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] Effect on CYP1A2 substrates Teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, may be a weak inducer of CYP1A2 in vivo . In patients taking leflunomide, exposure of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 (e.g., alosetron, duloxetine, theophylline, tizanidine) may be reduced. Monitor these patients and adjust the dose of the concomitant drug(s) metabolized by CYP1A2 as required [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Effect on organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) substrates Teriflunomide inhibits the activity of OAT3 in vivo . In patients taking leflunomide, exposure of drugs which are OAT3 substrates (e.g., cefaclor, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, ketoprofen, furosemide, methotrexate, zidovudine) may be increased. Monitor these patients and adjust the dose of the concomitant drug(s) which are OAT3 substrates as required [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Effect on BCRP and organic anion transporting polypeptide B1 and B3 (OATP1B1/1B3) substrates Teriflunomide inhibits the activity of BCRP and OATP1B1/1B3 in vivo . For a patient taking leflunomide, the dose of rosuvastatin should not exceed 10 mg once daily. For other substrates of BCRP (e.g., mitoxantrone) and drugs in the OATP family (e.g., methotrexate, rifampin), especially HMG-Co reductase inhibitors (e.g., atorvastatin, nateglinide, pravastatin, repaglinide, and simvastatin), consider reducing the dose of these drugs and monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of increased exposures to the drugs while patients are taking leflunomide [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Drugs metabolized by CYP2C8 and OAT3 transporters: Monitor patients because teriflunomide may increase exposure of these drugs. ( 7 ) Teriflunomide may increase exposure of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel. Choose an appropriate oral contraceptive. ( 7 ) Drugs metabolized by CYP1A2: Monitor patients because teriflunomide may decrease exposure of these drugs. ( 7 ) Warfarin: Monitor INR as teriflunomide may decrease INR. ( 7 ) Drugs metabolized by BCRP and OATP1B1/B3 transporters: Monitor patients because teriflunomide may increase exposure of these drugs. ( 7 ) Rosuvastatin: The dose of rosuvastatin should not exceed 10 mg once daily in patients taking leflunomide. ( 7 )"],"how_supplied_table":["
StrengthQuantityNDC NumberDescription
10 mg30 count bottle 62135-793-30White, round bi-convex tablet debossed with "HP 43" on one side and plain on the other.
20 mg30 count bottle 62135-794-30White, triangular bi-convex tablet debossed with "HP 44" on one side and plain on the other.
"],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of Action Leflunomide is an isoxazole immunomodulatory agent that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (a mitochondrial enzyme involved in de novo pyrimidine synthesis) and has antiproliferative activity. Several in vivo and in vitro experimental models have demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Leflunomide is an isoxazole immunomodulatory agent that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (a mitochondrial enzyme involved in de novo pyrimidine synthesis) and has antiproliferative activity. Several in vivo and in vitro experimental models have demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Following oral administration, leflunomide is metabolized to an active metabolite, teriflunomide, which is responsible for essentially all of leflunomide's in vivo activity. Plasma concentrations of the parent drug, leflunomide, have been occasionally seen at very low concentrations. Studies of the pharmacokinetics of leflunomide have primarily examined the plasma concentrations of the active metabolite, teriflunomide. Absorption Following oral administration, peak teriflunomide concentrations occurred between 6 to 12 hours after dosing. Due to the very long half-life of teriflunomide (18 to 19 days), a loading dose of 100 mg for 3 days was used in clinical studies to facilitate the rapid attainment of steady-state teriflunomide concentrations. Without a loading dose, it is estimated that attainment of steady- state plasma concentrations would require about two months of dosing. The resulting plasma concentrations following both loading doses and continued clinical dosing indicate that plasma teriflunomide concentrations are dose proportional. Effect of Food Co-administration of leflunomide with a high fat meal did not have a significant impact on teriflunomide plasma concentrations. Distribution Teriflunomide is extensively bound to plasma protein (>99%) and is mainly distributed in plasma. The volume of distribution is 11 L after a single intravenous (IV) administration. Elimination Teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, has a median half-life of 18 to 19 days in healthy volunteers. The elimination of teriflunomide can be accelerated by administration of cholestyramine or activated charcoal. Without use of an accelerated drug elimination procedure, it may take up to 2 years to reach plasma teriflunomide concentrations of less than 0.02 mg/L, due to individual variation in drug clearance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. After a single IV administration of the metabolite (teriflunomide), the total body clearance of teriflunomide was 30.5 mL/h. Metabolism In vitro inhibition studies in human liver microsomes suggest that cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2C19 and 3A4 are involved in leflunomide metabolism. In vivo , leflunomide is metabolized to one primary (teriflunomide) and many minor metabolites. In vitro, teriflunomide is not metabolized by CYP450 or flavin monoamine oxidase enzymes. The parent compound is rarely detectable in plasma. Excretion Teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide, is eliminated by direct biliary excretion of unchanged drug as well as renal excretion of metabolites. Over 21 days, 60.1% of the administered dose is excreted via feces (37.5%) and urine (22.6%). After an accelerated elimination procedure with cholestyramine, an additional 23.1% was recovered (mostly in feces). Studies with both hemodialysis and CAPD (chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) indicate that teriflunomide is not dialyzable. Specific Populations Gender. Gender has not been shown to cause a consistent change in the in vivo pharmacokinetics of teriflunomide. Smoking. A population based pharmacokinetic analysis of the clinical trial data indicates that smokers have a 38% increase in clearance over non-smokers; however, no difference in clinical efficacy was seen between smokers and nonsmokers. Drug Interaction Studies Drug interaction studies have been conducted with both leflunomide and with its active metabolite, teriflunomide, where the metabolite was directly administered to the test subjects. The Potential Effect of Other Drugs on leflunomide Potent CYP and transporter inducers: Following concomitant administration of a single dose of leflunomide to subjects receiving multiple doses of rifampin, teriflunomide peak concentrations were increased (~40%) over those seen when leflunomide was given alone [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • An in vivo interaction study with leflunomide and cimetidine (non-specific weak CYP inhibitor) has demonstrated a lack of a significant impact on teriflunomide exposure. The Potential Effect of leflunomide on Other Drugs • CYP2C8 Substrates There was an increase in mean repaglinide C max and AUC (1.7-and 2.4-fold, respectively), following repeated doses of teriflunomide and a single dose of 0.25 mg repaglinide, suggesting that teriflunomide is an inhibitor of CYP2C8 in vivo . The magnitude of interaction could be higher at the recommended repaglinide dose [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • CYP1A2 Substrates Repeated doses of teriflunomide decreased mean C max and AUC of caffeine by 18% and 55%, respectively, suggesting that teriflunomide may be a weak inducer of CYP1A2 in vivo . • OAT3 Substrates There was an increase in mean cefaclor C max and AUC (1.43-and 1.54-fold, respectively), following repeated doses of teriflunomide, suggesting that teriflunomide is an inhibitor of organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in vivo [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • BCRP and OATP1B1/1B3 Substrates There was an increase in mean rosuvastatin C max and AUC (2.65-and 2.51-fold, respectively), following repeated doses of teriflunomide, suggesting that teriflunomide is an inhibitor of BCRP transporter and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1/1B3) [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • Oral Contraceptives There was an increase in mean ethinylestradiol C max and AUC 0-24 (1.58-and 1.54-fold, respectively) and levonorgestrel C max and AUC 0-24 (1.33-and 1.41-fold, respectively) following repeated doses of teriflunomide [see Drug Interactions (7) ]. • Teriflunomide did not affect the pharmacokinetics of bupropion (a CYP2B6 substrate), midazolam (a CYP3A4 substrate), S-warfarin (a CYP2C9 substrate), omeprazole (a CYP2C19 substrate), and metoprolol (a CYP2D6 substrate). \"Image Description\""],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Leflunomide Tablets, USP are indicated for the treatment of adults with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Leflunomide tablets are a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adults with active rheumatoid arthritis. ( 1 )"],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS After stopping leflunomide, it is recommended that an accelerated drug elimination procedure be used to reduce the plasma concentrations of the active metabolite, teriflunomide. ( 5.3 ) Severe infections (including sepsis), pancytopenia, agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia: Stop leflunomide and use accelerated elimination procedure. Do not start leflunomide in patients with active infection. Monitor CBCs during treatment with leflunomide. ( 5.4 ) Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Stop leflunomide and use accelerated elimination procedure. ( 5.5 ) Peripheral neuropathy: If patient develops symptoms consistent with peripheral neuropathy evaluate patient and consider discontinuing leflunomide. ( 5.7 ) Interstitial lung disease: May be fatal. New onset or worsening symptoms may necessitate discontinuation of leflunomide and initiation of accelerated elimination procedure. ( 5.8 ) Increased blood pressure: Monitor and treat. ( 5.10 ) 5.1 Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Leflunomide may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Teratogenicity and embryo-lethality occurred in animal reproduction studies with leflunomide at doses lower than the human exposure level [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Leflunomide is contraindicated for use in pregnant women [see Contraindications (4) ] . Exclude pregnancy before starting treatment with leflunomide in females of reproductive potential [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ] . Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during leflunomide treatment and during an accelerated drug elimination procedure after leflunomide treatment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) ]. If a woman becomes pregnant while taking leflunomide, stop treatment with leflunomide, apprise the patient of the potential risk to a fetus, and perform an accelerated drug elimination procedure to achieve non-detectable plasma concentrations of teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Upon discontinuing leflunomide, it is recommended that all females of reproductive potential undergo an accelerated drug elimination procedure. Women receiving leflunomide treatment who wish to become pregnant must discontinue leflunomide and undergo an accelerated drug elimination procedure, which includes verification that plasma concentrations of the active metabolite of leflunomide, teriflunomide, are less than 0.02 mg/L (0.02 mcg/mL). Based on animal data, human plasma concentrations of teriflunomide of less than 0.02 mg/L (0.02 mcg/mL) are expected to have minimal embryo-fetal risk [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions (5.3) , and Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. 5.2 Hepatotoxicity Severe liver injury, including fatal liver failure, has been reported in some patients treated with leflunomide. Patients with pre-existing acute or chronic liver disease, or those with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of greater than twice the upper limits of normal (>2xULN) before initiating treatment, should not be treated with leflunomide. Use caution when leflunomide is given with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs. Monitoring of ALT levels is recommended at least monthly for six months after starting leflunomide, and thereafter every 6 to 8 weeks. If ALT elevation > 3 fold ULN occurs, interrupt leflunomide therapy and investigate the cause. If likely leflunomide-induced, perform the accelerated drug elimination procedure and monitor liver tests weekly until normalized [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ] If leflunomide-induced liver injury is unlikely because some other cause has been found, resumption of leflunomide therapy may be considered. If leflunomide and methotrexate are given concomitantly, follow the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines for monitoring methotrexate liver toxicity with ALT, AST, and serum albumin testing. 5.3 Procedure for Accelerated Elimination of leflunomide and its Active Metabolite The active metabolite of leflunomide, teriflunomide, is eliminated slowly from the plasma [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Use of an accelerated drug elimination procedure will rapidly reduce plasma concentrations of leflunomide and its active metabolite, teriflunomide. Therefore, an accelerated elimination procedure should be considered at any time after discontinuation of leflunomide, and in particular, when a patient has experienced a severe adverse reaction (e.g., hepatotoxicity, serious infection, bone marrow suppression, Steven Johnson Syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, peripheral neuropathy, interstitial lung disease), suspected hypersensitivity, or has become pregnant. It is recommended that all women of childbearing potential undergo an accelerated elimination procedure after stopping leflunomide treatment. Without use of an accelerated drug elimination procedure, it may take up to 2 years to reach plasma teriflunomide concentrations of less than 0.02 mg/L, the plasma concentration not associated with embryo-fetal toxicity in animals. Elimination can be accelerated by the following procedures: 1) Administer cholestyramine 8 grams orally 3 times daily for 11 days. 2) Alternatively, administer 50 grams of activated charcoal powder (made into a suspension) orally every 12 hours for 11 days. Verify plasma teriflunomide concentrations of less than 0.02 mg/L (0.02 µg/mL) by two separate tests at least 14 days apart. If plasma teriflunomide concentrations are higher than 0.02 mg/L, repeat cholestyramine and/or activated charcoal treatment. The duration of accelerated drug elimination treatment may be modified based on the clinical status and tolerability of the elimination procedure. The procedure may be repeated as needed, based on teriflunomide concentrations and clinical status. Use of the accelerated drug elimination procedure may potentially result in return of disease activity if the patient had been responding to leflunomide treatment. 5.4 Immunosuppression, Bone Marrow Suppression, and Risk of Serious Infections Leflunomide is not recommended for patients with severe immunodeficiency, bone marrow dysplasia, or severe, uncontrolled infections. If a serious infection occurs, consider interrupting leflunomide therapy and initiating the accelerated drug elimination procedure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Medications like leflunomide that have immunosuppression potential may cause patients to be more susceptible to infections, including opportunistic infections, especially Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, tuberculosis (including extra-pulmonary tuberculosis), and aspergillosis. Severe infections including sepsis, which may be fatal, have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide, especially Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and aspergillosis. Most of the reports were confounded by concomitant immunosuppressant therapy and/or comorbid illness which, in addition to rheumatoid arthritis, may predispose patients to infection. Cases of tuberculosis were observed in clinical studies with teriflunomide, the metabolite of leflunomide. Prior to initiating leflunomide, all patients should be screened for active and inactive (\"latent\") tuberculosis infection as per commonly used diagnostic tests. Leflunomide has not been studied in patients with a positive tuberculosis screen, and the safety of leflunomide in individuals with latent tuberculosis infection is unknown. Patients testing positive in tuberculosis screening should be treated by standard medical practice prior to therapy with leflunomide and monitored carefully during leflunomide treatment for possible reactivation of the infection. Pancytopenia, agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide alone. These events have been reported most frequently in patients who received concomitant treatment with methotrexate or other immunosuppressive agents, or who had recently discontinued these therapies; in some cases, patients had a prior history of a significant hematologic abnormality. Patients taking leflunomide should have platelet, white blood cell count and hemoglobin or hematocrit monitored at baseline and monthly for six months following initiation of therapy and every 6 to 8 weeks thereafter. If used with concomitant methotrexate and/or other potential immunosuppressive agents, chronic monitoring should be monthly. If evidence of bone marrow suppression occurs in a patient taking leflunomide, stop treatment with leflunomide, and perform an accelerated drug elimination procedure to reduce the plasma concentration of the leflunomide active metabolite, teriflunomide [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. In any situation in which the decision is made to switch from leflunomide to another anti-rheumatic agent with a known potential for hematologic suppression, it would be prudent to monitor for hematologic toxicity, because there will be overlap of systemic exposure to both compounds. 5.5 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, and Drug Reactions with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Rare cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide. If a patient taking leflunomide develops any of these conditions, stop leflunomide treatment and perform an accelerated drug elimination procedure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. 5.6 Malignancy and Lymphoproliferative Disorder The risk of malignancy, particularly lymphoproliferative disorders, is increased with the use of some immunosuppression medications. There is a potential for immunosuppression with leflunomide. No apparent increase in the incidence of malignancies and lymphoproliferative disorders was reported in the clinical trials of leflunomide, but larger dosages and longer-term studies would be needed to determine whether there is an increased risk of malignancy or lymphoproliferative disorders with leflunomide. 5.7 Peripheral Neuropathy Cases of peripheral neuropathy have been reported in patients receiving leflunomide and in clinical studies with teriflunomide, the active metabolite of leflunomide. Most patients recovered after discontinuation of treatment, but some patients had persistent symptoms. Age older than 60 years, concomitant neurotoxic medications, and diabetes may increase the risk for peripheral neuropathy. If a patient taking leflunomide develops a peripheral neuropathy, consider discontinuing leflunomide therapy and performing an accelerated drug elimination procedure [see Dosage and Administration ( 5.3 )]. 5.8 Interstitial Lung Disease Interstitial lung disease and worsening of pre-existing interstitial lung disease have been reported during treatment with leflunomide and has been associated with fatal outcomes [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) ]. The risk of leflunomide -associated interstitial lung disease is increased in patients with a history of interstitial lung disease. Interstitial lung disease is a potentially fatal disorder that may occur acutely at any time during therapy and has a variable clinical presentation. New onset or worsening pulmonary symptoms, such as cough and dyspnea, with or without associated fever, may be a reason for discontinuation of leflunomide therapy and for further investigation as appropriate. If discontinuation of leflunomide is necessary, consider performing an accelerated drug elimination procedure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. 5.9 Vaccinations No clinical data are available on the efficacy and safety of vaccinations during leflunomide treatment. Vaccination with live vaccines is, however, not recommended. The long half-life of the active metabolite of leflunomide should be considered when contemplating administration of a live vaccine after stopping leflunomide. 5.10 Blood Pressure Monitoring In placebo-controlled studies with the active metabolite of leflunomide, teriflunomide, elevations in blood pressure were observed in some subjects. Blood pressure should be checked before starting treatment with leflunomide and monitored periodically thereafter [See Adverse Reactions (6.1) ]."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Comparisons95%Confidence Intervalp Value
Trial 1Leflunomide vs. Placebo(12, 32)<0.0001
Methotrexate vs. Placebo(8, 30)<0.0001
Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate(-4, 16)NS
Trial 2Leflunomide vs. Placebo(7, 33)0.0026
Sulfasalazine vs. Placebo(4, 29)0.0121
Leflunomide vs. Sulfasalazine(-8, 16)NS
Trial 3Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate(-19, -7)<0.0001
","
Study and Treatment GroupACR20ACR50ACR70
Placebo-Controlled Studies
Trial 1 (12 months)
Leflunomide (n=178) †52 ‡34 ‡20 ‡
Placebo (n=118) †2684
Methotrexate (n=180) †46239
Trial 2 (6 months)
Leflunomide (n=130) †55 ‡33 ‡10 ▪️
Placebo (n=91)†29142
Sulfasalazine (n=132) †57308
Non-Placebo Active-Controlled Studies
Trial 3 (12 months)
Leflunomide (n=495) †513110
Methotrexate (n=489) †654416
* Intent to treat (ITT) analysis using last observation carried forward (LOCF) technique for patients who discontinued early.
†N is the number of ITT patients for whom adequate data were available to calculate the indicated rates.
‡p<0.001 Leflunomide vs placebo
§p<0.02 Leflunomide vs placebo
","
ComponentsPlacebo-Controlled StudiesNon-placebo Controlled Study
Trial 1 (12 months)Trial 2 Non-US (6 months) Trial 3 Non-US (12 months)
Leflu nomide Metho trexate PlaceboLeflu nomide Sulfa salazine PlaceboLeflu nomide Metho trexate
Tender joint count 1-7.7-6.6-3.0-9.7-8.1-4.3-8.3-9.7
Swollen joint count 1-5.7-5.4-2.9-7.2-6.2-3.4-6.8-9.0
Patient global assessment 2-2.1-1.50.1-2.8-2.6-0.9-2.3-3.0
Physician global assessment 2-2.8-2.4-1.0-2.7-2.5-0.8-2.3-3.1
Physical function/ disability (MHAQ/HAQ) -0.29-0.150.07-0.50-0.29-0.04-0.37-0.44
Pain intensity 2-2.2-1.7-0.5-2.7-2.0-0.9-2.1-2.9
Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate -6.26-6.482.56-7.48-16.563.44-10.12-22.18
C-reactive protein-0.62-0.500.47-2.26-1.190.16-1.86-2.45
Not included in the ACR Responder Index
Morning Stiffness (min)-101.4-88.714.7-93.0-42.4-6.8-63.7-86.6
* Last Observation Carried Forward; Negative Change Indicates Improvement 1Based on 28 joint count 2Visual Analog Scale - 0=Best; 10=Worst
","
Comparisons95% Confidence Intervalp Value
Trial 1Leflunomide vs. Placebo(-4.0, -1.1)0.0007
Methotrexate vs. Placebo(-2.6, -0.2)0.0196
Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate(-2.3, 0.0)0.0499
Trial 2Leflunomide vs. Placebo(-6.2, -1.8)0.0004
Sulfasalazine vs. Placebo(-6.9, 0.0)0.0484
Leflunomide vs. Sulfasalazine(-3.3, 1.2)NS
Trial 3Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate(-2.2, 7.4)NS
","
Comparison95% Confidence Intervalp Value
Trial 1Leflunomide vs. Placebo(-0.58, -0.29)0.0001
Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate(-0.34, -0.07)0.0026
Trial 2Leflunomide vs. Placebo(-0.67, -0.36)<0.0001
Leflunomide vs. Sulfasalazine(-0.33, -0.03)0.0163
Trial 3Leflunomide vs. Methotrexate(0.01, 0.16)0.0221
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in a 2-year bioassay in rats at oral doses of leflunomide up to the maximally tolerated dose of 6 mg/kg (approximately 1/40 the maximum human teriflunomide systemic exposure based on AUC). However, male mice in a 2-year bioassay exhibited an increased incidence in lymphoma at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg, the highest dose studied (1.7 times the human teriflunomide exposure based on AUC). Female mice, in the same study, exhibited a dose-related increased incidence of bronchoalveolar adenomas and carcinomas combined beginning at 1.5 mg/kg (approximately 1/10 the human teriflunomide exposure based on AUC). The significance of the findings in mice relative to the clinical use of leflunomide is not known. Leflunomide was not mutagenic in the Ames assay, the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, or in the HGPRT gene mutation assay. In addition, leflunomide was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay or in the in vivo Chinese hamster bone marrow cell cytogenic test. However, 4-trifluoromethylaniline (TFMA), a minor metabolite of leflunomide, was mutagenic in the Ames assay and in the HGPRT gene mutation assay, and was clastogenic in the in vitro Chinese hamster cell chromosomal aberration assay. TFMA was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay or in the in vivo Chinese hamster bone marrow cell cytogenic test. However, 4-trifluoromethylaniline (TFMA), a minor metabolite of leflunomide, was mutagenic in the Ames assay and in the HGPRT gene mutation assay, and was clastogenic in the in vitro Chinese hamster cell chromosomal aberration assay. TFMA was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay or in the in vivo Chinese hamster bone marrow cell cytogenic test. Leflunomide had no effect on fertility or reproductive performance in either male or female rats at oral doses up to 4.0 mg/kg (approximately 1/30 the human teriflunomide exposure based on AUC) [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 , 8.6 )]."],"adverse_reactions_table":["
Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3*
LEF 20 mg/day (n=182) PL (n=118) MTX 7.5-15 mg/wk (n=182) LEF 20mg/day (n=133) PL (n=92) SSZ 2.0 g/day LEF 20 mg/day (n=501) MTX 7.5-15 mg/wk (n=498)
ALT(SGPT)>3-fold ULN (n%)8(4.4)3(2.5)5(2.7)2(1.5)1(1.1)2(1.5)13(2.6)83(16.7)
Reversed to ≤ 2-fold ULN:8352121282
Timing of Elevation 0 - 3 Months 4 - 6 Months 7 - 9 Months 10 - 12 Months 6 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 3 1 - 2 - - - 1 - - - 2 - - - 7 1 - 5 27 34 16 6
LEF = leflunomide, MTX = methotrexate, PL = placebo, SSZ = sulfasalazine, ULN = Upper limit of normal *Only 10% of patients in Trial 3 received folate. All patients in Trial 1 received folate.
","
Placebo-Controlled TrialsActive-Controlled TrialsAll RA Studies
Trial 1 and 2Trial 3 1
LEF 20 mg/day (N=315) PL (N=210) SSZ 2.0g/day (N=133) MTX 7.5-15 mg/wk (N=182) LEF 20 mg/day (N=501) MTX 7.5–15 mg/wk (N=498) LEF (N=1339) 2
Diarrhea27%12%10%20%22%10%17%
Headache13%11%12%21%10%8%7%
Nausea13%11%19%18%13%18%9%
Rash12%7%11%9%11%10%10%
Abnormal Liver Enzymes10%2%4%10%6%17%5%
Alopecia9%1%6%6%17%10%10%
Hypertension 39%4%4%3%10%4%10%
Asthenia6%4%5%6%3%3%3%
Back Pain6%3%4%9%8%7%5%
GI/Abdominal Pain6%4%7%8%8%8%5%
Abdominal Pain5%4%4%8%6%4%6%
Allergic Reaction5%2%0%6%1%2%2%
Bronchitis5%2%4%7%8%7%7%
Dizziness5%3%6%5%7%6%4%
Mouth Ulcer5%4%3%10%3%6%3%
Pruritus5%2%3%2%6%2%4%
Rhinitis5%2%4%3%2%2%2%
Vomiting5%4%4%3%3%3%3%
Tenosynovitis2%0%1%2%5%1%3%
LEF = leflunomide, MTX = methotrexate, PL = placebo, SSZ = sulfasalazine
1Only 10% of patients in Trial3 received folate. All patients in Trial 1 received folate; none in Trial 2 received folate. 2Includes all controlled and uncontrolled trials with leflunomide (duration up to 12 3Hypertension as a preexisting condition was overrepresented in all leflunomide treatment groups in phase III trials.
"],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Advise females of reproductive potential Of the potential for fetal harm if leflunomide is taken during pregnancy. To notify their healthcare provider immediately if a pregnancy occurs or is suspected. To use effective contraception during treatment with leflunomide and until the active metabolite (teriflunomide) plasma concentration is verified to be less than 0.02 mg/L [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.3 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 , 8.3 ), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to leflunomide during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Lactation Advise nursing women to discontinue breastfeeding during treatment with leflunomide [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2) ]. Advise patients of the possibility of rare, serious skin reactions. Instruct patients to promptly report if they develop a skin rash or mucous membrane lesions. Advise patients of the potential hepatotoxic effects of leflunomide and of the need for monitoring liver enzymes. Instruct patients to report if they develop symptoms such as unusual tiredness, abdominal pain or jaundice. Advise patients that they may develop a lowering of their blood counts and should have frequent hematologic monitoring. This is particularly important for patients who are receiving other immunosuppressive therapy concurrently with leflunomide, who have recently discontinued such therapy before starting treatment with leflunomide, or who have had a history of a significant hematologic abnormality. Instruct patients to promptly report if they notice symptoms consistent with pancytopenia, such as easy bruising or bleeding, recurrent infections, fever, paleness or unusual tiredness. Inform patients about the early warning signs of interstitial lung disease and ask to promptly if these symptoms appear or worsen during therapy. Manufactured for: Chartwell RX, LLC. Congers, NY 10920 L71783 Rev. 10/2023"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Loading dosage for patients at low risk for leflunomide -associated hepatotoxicity and leflunomide -associated myelosuppression: 100 mg daily for 3 days. ( 2.1 ) Maintenance dosage: 20 mg daily. ( 2.1 ) Maximum recommended daily dosage: 20 mg once daily. ( 2.1 ) If 20 mg once daily is not tolerated, may decrease dosage to 10 mg once daily. ( 2.1 ) Screen patients for active and latent tuberculosis, pregnancy test (females), blood pressure, and laboratory tests before starting leflunomide tablets.( 2.2 ) 2.1 Recommended Dosage The recommended dosage of Leflunomide is 20 mg once daily. Treatment may be initiated with or without a loading dose, depending upon the patient's risk of leflunomide -associated hepatotoxicity and leflunomide associated myelosuppression. The loading dosage provides steady-state concentrations more rapidly. For patients who are at low risk for leflunomide-associated hepatotoxicity and leflunomide-associated myelosuppression the recommended leflunomide loading dosage is 100 mg once daily for 3 days. Subsequently administer 20 mg once daily. For patients at high risk for leflunomide-associated hepatotoxicity (e.g., those taking concomitant methotrexate) or leflunomide-associated myelosuppression (e.g., patients taking concomitant immunosuppressants), the recommended leflunomide dosage is 20 mg once daily without a loading dose [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 , 5.4 )]. The maximum recommended daily dosage is 20 mg once per day. Consider dosage reduction to 10 mg once daily for patients who are not able to tolerate 20 mg daily (i.e., for patients who experience any adverse events listed in Table 1). Monitor patients carefully after dosage reduction and after stopping therapy with leflunomide, since the active metabolite of leflunomide, teriflunomide, is slowly eliminated from the plasma [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. After stopping leflunomide treatment, an accelerated drug elimination procedure is recommended to reduce the plasma concentrations of the active metabolite, teriflunomide [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Without use of an accelerated drug elimination procedure, it may take up to 2 years to reach undetectable plasma teriflunomide concentrations after stopping leflunomide [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. 2.2 Evaluation and Testing Prior to Starting leflunomide tablets Prior to starting leflunomide treatment the following evaluations and tests are recommended: Evaluate patients for active tuberculosis and screen patients for latent tuberculosis infection [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4) ] Laboratory tests including serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT); and white blood cell, hemoglobin or hematocrit, and platelet counts [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 , 5.4 )] For females of reproductive potential, pregnancy testing [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] Check blood pressure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) ]"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Leflunomide Leflunomide SILICON DIOXIDE CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE STARCH, CORN TALC LEFLUNOMIDE LEFLUNOMIDE HP43 Leflunomide Leflunomide SILICON DIOXIDE CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE MAGNESIUM STEARATE STARCH, CORN TALC LEFLUNOMIDE LEFLUNOMIDE HP44"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Leflunomide Tablets, USP are available in two strengths: Tablets: 10 mg, supplied as white, round bi-convex tablets debossed with \"HP 43\" on one side and plain on the other. Tablets: 20 mg, supplied as white, triangular bi-convex tablets debossed with \"HP 44\" on one side and plain on the other. Tablets: 10 mg, 20 mg ( 3 )"],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Lactation: Discontinue breastfeeding. ( 8.2 ) Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients <12 years of age has not been established. ( 8.4 ) 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure Registry There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to leflunomide during pregnancy. Health care providers and patients are encouraged to report pregnancies by calling 1-877-311-8972 or visit http://www.pregnancystudies.org/participate-in a-study/. Risk Summary Leflunomide is contraindicated for use in pregnant women because of the potential for fetal harm. In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of leflunomide during organogenesis at a dose of 1/10 of and equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on AUC, respectively in rats and rabbits, caused teratogenicity (rats and rabbits) and embryo-lethality (rats) [see Data] . Pregnancy exposure registry data are not available at this time to inform the presence or absence of drug-associated risk with the use of leflunomide during pregnancy. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. The background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2 to 4% and of miscarriage is 15 to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, stop treatment with leflunomide, apprise the patient of the potential hazard to a fetus, and perform the accelerated drug elimination procedure to achieve teriflunomide concentrations of less than 0.02 mg/L (0.02 mcg/mL) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions Lowering the plasma concentration of the active metabolite, teriflunomide, by instituting an accelerated drug elimination procedure as soon as pregnancy is detected may decrease the risk to the fetus from leflunomide. The accelerated drug elimination procedure includes verification that the plasma teriflunomide concentration is less than 0.02 mg/L. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]. Data Animal Data In an embryofetal development study, pregnant rats administered leflunomide during organogenesis from gestation days 7 to 19 at a dose approximately 1/10 of the MRHD (on an AUC basis at a maternal oral dose of 15 mg/kg), teratogenic effects, most notably anophthalmia or microophthalmia and internal hydrocephalus, were observed. Under these exposure conditions, leflunomide also caused a decrease in the maternal body weight and an increase in embryolethality with a decrease in fetal body weight for surviving fetuses. In an embryofetal development study, pregnant rabbits administered leflunomide during organogenesis from gestation days 6 to 18 at a dose approximately equivalent to the MRHD (on an AUC basis at a maternal oral dose of 10 mg/kg), a teratogenic finding of fused, dysplastic sternebrae was observed. Leflunomide was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits at doses approximately 1/150 and 1/10 of the MRHD, respectively (on an AUC basis at maternal oral dose of 1 mg/kg in both rats and rabbits). In a pre- and post-natal development study, when female rats were treated leflunomide at a dose that was approximately 1/100 of the MRHD (on an AUC basis at a maternal dose of 1.25 mg/kg) beginning 14 days before mating and continuing until the end of lactation, the offspring exhibited marked (greater than 90%) decreases in postnatal survival. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Clinical lactation studies have not been conducted to assess the presence of leflunomide in human milk, the effects of leflunomide on the breastfed child, or the effects of leflunomide on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in a breastfed infant from leflunomide, advise a nursing woman to discontinue breastfeeding during treatment with leflunomide. 8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Leflunomide may cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy. Advise females of the potential risk to the fetus. Advise females to notify their healthcare provider immediately if pregnancy occurs or is suspected during treatment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ]. Women receiving leflunomide treatment who wish to become pregnant should discontinue leflunomide and undergo an accelerated drug elimination procedure to achieve plasma teriflunomide concentrations of less than 0.02 mg/L (0.02 mcg/mL) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. Pregnancy Testing Exclude pregnancy in females of reproductive potential before starting treatment with leflunomide. Contraception Females Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with leflunomide and while undergoing a drug elimination procedure until verification that the plasma teriflunomide concentration is less than 0.02 mg/L [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]. 8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in pediatric patients have not been established. The safety and effectiveness of leflunomide in the treatment of polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was evaluated in a single multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled trial in 94 pediatric patients (1:1 randomization) with polyarticular course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) as defined by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR). In this population, leflunomide treatment was found not to be effective. The safety of leflunomide was studied in 74 patients with polyarticular course JIA ranging in age from 3 to 17 years (47 patients from the active-controlled study and 27 from an open-label safety and pharmacokinetic study). The most common adverse events included abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, oral ulcers, upper respiratory tract infections, alopecia, rash, headache, and dizziness. Less common adverse events included anemia, hypertension, and weight loss. Fourteen pediatric patients experienced ALT and/or AST elevations, nine between 1.2 and 3-fold the upper limit of normal, five between 3 and 8-fold the upper limit of normal. 8.5 Geriatric Use Of the total number of subjects in controlled clinical trials (Trials 1, 2, and 3) of leflunomide, 234 subjects were 65 years and over [see Clinical Studies (14) ]. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. No dosage adjustment is needed in patients over 65. 8.6 Hepatic Impairment Dedicated studies of the effect of hepatic impairment on leflunomide pharmacokinetics have not been conducted. Given the need to metabolize leflunomide into the active species, the role of the liver in drug elimination/recycling, and the possible risk of increased hepatic toxicity, the use of leflunomide in patients with hepatic impairment is not recommended. 8.7 Renal Impairment Dedicated studies of the effect of renal impairment on leflunomide pharmacokinetics have not been conducted. Given that the kidney plays an important role in drug elimination, caution should be used when leflunomide is administered to these patients."],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL Leflunomide Tablets, USP 10 mg - NDC 62135-793-30 - 30's Bottle Label Leflunomide Tablets, USP 20 mg - NDC 62135-794-30 - 30's Bottle Label image description image description"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility No evidence of carcinogenicity was observed in a 2-year bioassay in rats at oral doses of leflunomide up to the maximally tolerated dose of 6 mg/kg (approximately 1/40 the maximum human teriflunomide systemic exposure based on AUC). However, male mice in a 2-year bioassay exhibited an increased incidence in lymphoma at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg, the highest dose studied (1.7 times the human teriflunomide exposure based on AUC). Female mice, in the same study, exhibited a dose-related increased incidence of bronchoalveolar adenomas and carcinomas combined beginning at 1.5 mg/kg (approximately 1/10 the human teriflunomide exposure based on AUC). The significance of the findings in mice relative to the clinical use of leflunomide is not known. Leflunomide was not mutagenic in the Ames assay, the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay, or in the HGPRT gene mutation assay. In addition, leflunomide was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay or in the in vivo Chinese hamster bone marrow cell cytogenic test. However, 4-trifluoromethylaniline (TFMA), a minor metabolite of leflunomide, was mutagenic in the Ames assay and in the HGPRT gene mutation assay, and was clastogenic in the in vitro Chinese hamster cell chromosomal aberration assay. TFMA was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay or in the in vivo Chinese hamster bone marrow cell cytogenic test. However, 4-trifluoromethylaniline (TFMA), a minor metabolite of leflunomide, was mutagenic in the Ames assay and in the HGPRT gene mutation assay, and was clastogenic in the in vitro Chinese hamster cell chromosomal aberration assay. TFMA was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay or in the in vivo Chinese hamster bone marrow cell cytogenic test. Leflunomide had no effect on fertility or reproductive performance in either male or female rats at oral doses up to 4.0 mg/kg (approximately 1/30 the human teriflunomide exposure based on AUC) [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 , 8.6 )]."]},"tags":[{"label":"Antirheumatic Agent","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Cytochrome P450 1A2","category":"target"},{"label":"CYP1A2","category":"gene"},{"label":"SLC6A3","category":"gene"},{"label":"SLC6A2","category":"gene"},{"label":"L04AA13","category":"atc"},{"label":"Oral","category":"route"},{"label":"ORAL","category":"route"},{"label":"Tablet","category":"form"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Established","category":"status"},{"label":"Psoriasis with arthropathy","category":"indication"},{"label":"Rheumatoid arthritis","category":"indication"},{"label":"Sanofi Aventis Us","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 1990s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Analgesics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Analgesics, Non-Narcotic","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antirheumatic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Enzyme Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Immunologic Factors","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Immunosuppressive Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sensory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":["WARNING: EMBRYO-FETAL TOXICITY and HEPATOTOXICITY Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Leflunomide is contraindicated for use in pregnant women because of the potential for fetal harm. Teratogenicity and embryo-lethality occurred in animals administered leflunomide at doses lower than the human exposure level. Exclude pregnancy before the start of treatment with leflunomide in females of reproductive potential. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during leflunomide treatment and during an accelerated drug elimination procedure after leflunomide treatment. Stop leflunomide tablets and use an accelerated drug elimination procedure if the patient becomes pregnant. [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.3 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 , 8.3 ), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ] Hepatotoxicity Severe liver injury, including fatal liver failure, has been reported in patients treated with leflunomide. Leflunomide is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Concomitant use of leflunomide with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs may increase the risk of liver injury. Patients with pre-existing acute or chronic liver disease, or those with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >2xULN before initiating treatment, are at increased risk and should not be treated with leflunomide. Monitor ALT levels at least monthly for six months after starting leflunomide, and thereafter every 6 to 8 weeks. If leflunomide-induced liver injury is suspected, stop leflunomide treatment, start an accelerated drug elimination procedure, and monitor liver tests weekly until normalized. [see Contraindications (4) , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 , 5.3 ), Use in Special Populations (8.6) ] WARNING: EMBRYO-FETAL TOXICITY and HEPATOTOXICITY See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Teratogenicity and embryo-lethality occurred in animals administered leflunomide. ( 5.1 , 8.1 ) Exclude pregnancy prior to initiating leflunomide tablets therapy. ( 5.1 , 8.3 ) Advise use of effective contraception in females of reproductive potential during treatment and during a drug elimination procedure. ( 5.1 , 5.3 , 8.3 ) Stop leflunomide tablets and use an accelerated drug elimination procedure if the patient becomes pregnant. ( 5.1 , 5.3 , 8.1 ) Hepatotoxicity Severe liver injury and fatal liver failure have been reported. ( 5.2 ) Avoid leflunomide use in patients with pre-existing liver disease, or those with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)>2xULN. ( 5.2 , 8.6 ) Use caution when leflunomide is given with other potentially hepatotoxic drugs. ( 5.2 ) Monitor ALT levels. Interrupt leflunomide treatment if ALT elevation > 3 fold ULN. If likely leflunomide-induced, start accelerated drug elimination procedure and monitor liver tests weekly until normalized. ( 5.2 , 5.3 )"],"safetySignals":[{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INEFFECTIVE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"36982 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"24925 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"PAIN","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"20056 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ARTHRALGIA","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"16943 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"DRUG INTOLERANCE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"15586 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"JOINT SWELLING","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"15567 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"FATIGUE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"15385 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"RASH","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"13320 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"OFF LABEL USE","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"11798 reports"},{"date":"","signal":"ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT","source":"FDA FAERS","actionTaken":"11731 reports"}],"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/warfarin","drug":"warfarin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Warfarin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"warfarin"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Respiratory Infection","drugRate":"","severity":"serious","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"22%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"GI/Abdominal Pain","drugRate":"20%","severity":"serious","_validated":true},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"18%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"18%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Alopecia","drugRate":"17%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dyspepsia","drugRate":"15%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Bronchitis","drugRate":"15%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Injury Accident","drugRate":"","severity":"common","_validated":false,"_confidence":0.3},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"13%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"13%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Back Pain","drugRate":"11%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Rash","drugRate":"11%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Increased Cough","drugRate":"10%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Anorexia","drugRate":"10%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Gastroenteritis","drugRate":"10%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pruritus","drugRate":"9%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Eczema","drugRate":"9%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Sinusitis","drugRate":"9%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Pharyngitis","drugRate":"8%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Paresthesia","drugRate":"8%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Rhinitis","drugRate":"8%","severity":"mild","_validated":true},{"effect":"Cholelithiasis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Colitis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Constipation","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Esophagitis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Flatulence","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"},{"effect":"Gastritis","drugRate":"reported","severity":"unknown"}],"contraindications":["Acute hepatitis C","Acute infectious disease","Acute tuberculosis","Agranulocytosis","Anemia","Aspergillosis","Breastfeeding (mother)","Chronic hepatitis C","Chronic type B viral hepatitis","Disease of liver","Hepatic failure","Immunosuppression","Inactive tuberculosis","Interstitial pneumonia","Kidney disease","Liver function tests abnormal","Neutropenic disorder","Pancytopenia","Peripheral nerve disease","Pneumocystosis jiroveci pneumonia","Pregnancy, function","Severe Bone Marrow Depression","Thrombocytopenic disorder","Viral hepatitis type B"],"specialPopulations":{"Lactation":"Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfed infant from leflunomide, advise nursing woman to discontinue breastfeeding during treatment with leflunomide.","Pregnancy":"Leflunomide is contraindicated for use in pregnant women because of the potential for fetal harm. If this drug is used during pregnancy, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.","Geriatric use":"No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients <12 years of age has not been established."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Sanofi","patents":[],"pricing":[{"market":"United States","source":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","asOfDate":"2024-01-03","unitCost":"$0.4234/EA","priceType":"NADAC","sourceUrl":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","annualCost":"$155","description":"LEFLUNOMIDE 10 MG TABLET","retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=LEFLUNOMIDE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:40:55.417989+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:41:01.912995+00:00"},"regulatory.eu":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"European Medicines Agency","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ema_api","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:40:55.442123+00:00"},"regulatory.us":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA Drugs@FDA","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_drugsfda","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:40:54.045765+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=LEFLUNOMIDE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:41:03.292093+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:40:52.563076+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:40:52.563112+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (boxed_warning)","rawText":"WARNING: EMBRYO-FETAL TOXICITY and HEPATOTOXICITY Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Leflunomide is contraindicated for use in pregnant women because of the potential for fetal harm. Teratogenicity and embryo-lethality occurred in animals administered leflunomide at doses lower than the human exposure level. Exclude pregnancy before the start of treatment with leflunomide in females of reproductive potential. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during leflunomide treatment","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:40:52.563123+00:00"},"safety.safetySignals":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/event.json","method":"api_direct","source":"FDA FAERS","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_faers","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:41:04.834359+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:41:03.868527+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL960/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:41:03.766179+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"ANDA077086","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T00:40:52.563126+00:00"}},"allNames":"arava","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["leflunomide medac","leflunomide","arava","avara","leflunomida","leflunomidum","lefumide","repso"],"timeline":[{"date":"1998-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from SANOFI AVENTIS US to Sanofi Aventis Us"},{"date":"1998-09-10","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Sanofi Aventis Us)"},{"date":"1999-09-02","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"EMA approval (Sanofi-aventis Deutschland GmbH)"},{"date":"2019-04-24","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Generic entry — 8 manufacturers approved"}],"aiSummary":"Arava (Leflunomide) is a small molecule antirheumatic agent developed by Sanofi Aventis US, targeting Cytochrome P450 1A2. It is used to treat psoriasis with arthropathy and rheumatoid arthritis, and has been FDA-approved since 1998. Arava is now off-patent, with 12 generic manufacturers available. As an off-patent medication, its commercial status is generic. Key safety considerations include monitoring for liver function and potential interactions with other medications.","approvals":[{"date":"1998-09-10","orphan":false,"company":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","regulator":"FDA"},{"date":"1999-09-02","orphan":false,"company":"Sanofi-aventis Deutschland GmbH","regulator":"EMA"}],"brandName":"Arava","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Psoriasis with arthropathy","otherDrugs":[{"name":"adalimumab","slug":"adalimumab","company":"Abbvie Inc"},{"name":"apremilast","slug":"apremilast","company":"Celgene Corp"},{"name":"betamethasone","slug":"betamethasone","company":""},{"name":"betamethasone acetate","slug":"betamethasone-acetate","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":125000000},{"indication":"Rheumatoid arthritis","otherDrugs":[{"name":"abatacept","slug":"abatacept","company":"Bristol Myers Squibb"},{"name":"aceclofenac","slug":"aceclofenac","company":""},{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"adalimumab","slug":"adalimumab","company":"Abbvie Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":18000000}],"mechanism":{"target":"Cytochrome P450 1A2","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"CYP1A2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Cytochrome P450 1A2","protein":"Cytochrome P450 1A2"},{"gene":"SLC6A3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter"},{"gene":"SLC6A2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter"},{"gene":"SLC28A1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 1","protein":"Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 1"},{"gene":"DHODH","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial","protein":"Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial"},{"gene":"MAOA","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A","protein":"Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A"}],"moaClass":"Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Antirheumatic Agent [EPC]","explanation":"Mechanism of Action. Leflunomide is an isoxazole immunomodulatory agent which inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (an enzyme involved in de novo pyrimidine synthesis) and has antiproliferative activity. Several in vivo and in vitro experimental models have demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect.","oneSentence":"Arava works by inhibiting the enzyme Cytochrome P450 1A2, which is involved in the production of inflammatory chemicals in the body.","technicalDetail":"Arava (Leflunomide) is a prodrug that is metabolized to its active metabolite, teriflunomide, which inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), an enzyme involved in pyrimidine synthesis, thereby reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines.","_target_confidence":0.5},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1998","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1998-09-10, SANOFI AVENTIS US)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1552","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=LEFLUNOMIDE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=LEFLUNOMIDE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_emaChecked":true,"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T12:17:01.926485","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:41:09.799284+00:00","fieldsConflicting":3,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"muromonab-CD3","drugSlug":"muromonab-cd3","fdaApproval":"1992-09-14","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"mycophenolic acid","drugSlug":"mycophenolic-acid","fdaApproval":"2004-02-27","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"sirolimus","drugSlug":"sirolimus","fdaApproval":"1999-09-15","patentExpiry":"Oct 28, 2040","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"alefacept","drugSlug":"alefacept","fdaApproval":"2003-01-30","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"everolimus","drugSlug":"everolimus","fdaApproval":"2009-03-30","patentExpiry":"May 1, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"efalizumab","drugSlug":"efalizumab","fdaApproval":"2003-10-27","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"natalizumab","drugSlug":"natalizumab","fdaApproval":"2004-11-23","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"abatacept","drugSlug":"abatacept","fdaApproval":"2005-12-23","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"eculizumab","drugSlug":"eculizumab","fdaApproval":"2007-03-16","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"belimumab","drugSlug":"belimumab","fdaApproval":"2011-03-09","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"fingolimod","drugSlug":"fingolimod","fdaApproval":"2010-09-21","patentExpiry":"Sep 30, 2032","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"belatacept","drugSlug":"belatacept","fdaApproval":"2011-06-15","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"tofacitinib","drugSlug":"tofacitinib","fdaApproval":"2012-11-06","patentExpiry":"Sep 14, 2034","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"teriflunomide","drugSlug":"teriflunomide","fdaApproval":"2012-09-12","patentExpiry":"Sep 14, 2030","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"apremilast","drugSlug":"apremilast","fdaApproval":"2014-03-21","patentExpiry":"Nov 29, 2034","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"vedolizumab","drugSlug":"vedolizumab","fdaApproval":"2014-05-20","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"alemtuzumab","drugSlug":"alemtuzumab","fdaApproval":"2001-05-07","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ocrelizumab","drugSlug":"ocrelizumab","fdaApproval":"2017-03-28","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"baricitinib","drugSlug":"baricitinib","fdaApproval":"2018-05-31","patentExpiry":"Nov 30, 2032","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ozanimod","drugSlug":"ozanimod","fdaApproval":"2020-03-25","patentExpiry":"Sep 30, 2038","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://data.medicaid.gov/dataset/4j6z-xnwq","name":"CMS National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC)","fields":["pricing"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"leflunomide","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Psoriasis with arthropathy","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":33339001,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"not mentioned in the provided text","usPrevalence":7500000,"globalPrevalence":125000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"WHO, 2023"},{"name":"Rheumatoid arthritis","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":69896004,"regulator":"FDA","usPrevalence":1500000,"globalPrevalence":18000000,"prevalenceMethod":"curated","prevalenceSource":"Lancet Rheumatology, 2023"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"currentOwner":"Sanofi Aventis Us","drugCategory":"established","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"muromonab-cd3","brandName":"muromonab-CD3","genericName":"muromonab-CD3","approvalYear":"1992","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"mycophenolic-acid","brandName":"mycophenolic acid","genericName":"mycophenolic acid","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"sirolimus","brandName":"sirolimus","genericName":"sirolimus","approvalYear":"1999","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"alefacept","brandName":"alefacept","genericName":"alefacept","approvalYear":"2003","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"everolimus","brandName":"everolimus","genericName":"everolimus","approvalYear":"2009","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"efalizumab","brandName":"efalizumab","genericName":"efalizumab","approvalYear":"2003","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"natalizumab","brandName":"natalizumab","genericName":"natalizumab","approvalYear":"2004","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"abatacept","brandName":"abatacept","genericName":"abatacept","approvalYear":"2005","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"eculizumab","brandName":"eculizumab","genericName":"eculizumab","approvalYear":"2007","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"belimumab","brandName":"belimumab","genericName":"belimumab","approvalYear":"2011","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT05789030","phase":"NA","title":"Treatment Strategies for IgG4-RD Patients With Superficial Organ Involvement","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","startDate":"2022-07-01","conditions":["Autoimmune Diseases"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2026-04-30"},{"nctId":"NCT07497282","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Venlafaxine as Adjunct Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Ain Shams University","startDate":"2026-03-26","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":70,"completionDate":"2026-12-26"},{"nctId":"NCT03709446","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide in Previously Treated Metastatic Triple Negative Cancers","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Joseph Sparano","startDate":"2019-04-16","conditions":["Breast Neoplasms","Breast Diseases","Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer"],"enrollment":17,"completionDate":"2025-11-27"},{"nctId":"NCT06714461","phase":"","title":"A Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Risk Minimization Measures Related to ARAVA® (Leflunomide) in Saudi Arabia","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Sanofi","startDate":"2025-05-05","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis","Psoriatic Arthritis"],"enrollment":3500,"completionDate":"2026-03-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05014646","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide for the Treatment of High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma in African-American and European-American Patients","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2022-03-07","conditions":["Smoldering Plasma Cell Myeloma"],"enrollment":27,"completionDate":"2027-01-16"},{"nctId":"NCT07428551","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Comparative Study of Leflunomide Plus Methotrexate Versus Methotrexate Monotherapy in Refractory Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Bangladesh Medical University","startDate":"2024-03-01","conditions":["Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis","Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis","Refractory Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2026-01-28"},{"nctId":"NCT06915701","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"\"Effect of Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) on Clinical Activity and Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis\"","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Guadalajara","startDate":"2026-02-06","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":46,"completionDate":"2027-01-15"},{"nctId":"NCT05782335","phase":"","title":"Analysis of T and B Cell Repertoire Changes in Response to Orencia® (Abatacept) in Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Hospital for Special Surgery, New York","startDate":"2022-11-01","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":72,"completionDate":"2026-12"},{"nctId":"NCT07388407","phase":"","title":"Pharmacogenetics of Leflunomide in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Foundation University Islamabad","startDate":"2024-09-01","conditions":["Rhematoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":110,"completionDate":"2026-09-30"},{"nctId":"NCT07077486","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effects of Telitacicept vs Cyclophosphamide on Lupus Related Interstitial Lung Disease","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Tongji Hospital","startDate":"2025-08-25","conditions":["Lupus or SLE","Interstitial Lung Disease","Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2027-03-25"},{"nctId":"NCT05605587","phase":"NA","title":"Leflunomide Treatment for MEN1 Patients - the LUMEN1 Trial","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland","startDate":"2023-05-02","conditions":["MEN1 Gene Mutation"],"enrollment":3,"completionDate":"2026-01-13"},{"nctId":"NCT04370483","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide for the Treatment of High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2020-10-08","conditions":["Smoldering Plasma Cell Myeloma"],"enrollment":1,"completionDate":"2026-11-10"},{"nctId":"NCT05671497","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"The Effect of Cilostazol on Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ain Shams University","startDate":"2022-11-01","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":70,"completionDate":"2024-10-01"},{"nctId":"NCT04542733","phase":"NA","title":"The Efficacy of Everolimus With Reduced-dose Tacrolimus Versus Reduced-dose Tacrolimus and Leflunomide in Treatment of BK Virus Infection in Kidney Transplantation Recipient","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital","startDate":"2021-02-10","conditions":["Kidney Transplant Infection","BK Virus Infection"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2026-07"},{"nctId":"NCT03739853","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Severe Psoriatic Arthritis - Early intervEntion to Control Disease: the SPEED Trial","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Oxford","startDate":"2019-05-14","conditions":["Psoriatic Arthritis"],"enrollment":192,"completionDate":"2024-10-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05428488","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy of a Sequential Treatment Strategy in Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University Hospital, Montpellier","startDate":"2022-11-28","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":220,"completionDate":"2027-11"},{"nctId":"NCT04932564","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide for Musculoskeletal GVHD After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Tata Memorial Centre","startDate":"2023-09-18","conditions":["Musculoskeletal Disease Other","GVHD, Chronic"],"enrollment":1,"completionDate":"2024-06-25"},{"nctId":"NCT07138898","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"NYU Langone Health","startDate":"2025-09","conditions":["Rheumatic Disease"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2027-09"},{"nctId":"NCT03414502","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis With DMARDs: Predictors of Response","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Nebraska","startDate":"2007-12-10","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":400,"completionDate":"2029-03"},{"nctId":"NCT04508790","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2020-11-27","conditions":["Recurrent Plasma Cell Myeloma","Refractory Plasma Cell Myeloma"],"enrollment":29,"completionDate":"2027-02-14"},{"nctId":"NCT06923488","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide in Combination With Decitabine for Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Myelodysplastic Syndromes","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"West Virginia University","startDate":"2025-08","conditions":["Myelodysplastic Syndromes"],"enrollment":26,"completionDate":"2028-10"},{"nctId":"NCT04212416","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide in Treating Patients With Steroid Dependent Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2020-05-12","conditions":["Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease","Steroid Refractory Graft Versus Host Disease"],"enrollment":18,"completionDate":"2026-06-22"},{"nctId":"NCT05443425","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide in Combination With Steroids for the Treatment of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease After Donor Stem Cell Transplant for Hematologic Malignancies","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2023-06-16","conditions":["Acute Graft Versus Host Disease","Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Neoplasm"],"enrollment":18,"completionDate":"2027-01-05"},{"nctId":"NCT04997993","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide in Patients With PTEN-Altered Advanced Solid Malignancies and HER2 Negative Breast Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Deborah Doroshow","startDate":"2023-12-13","conditions":["PTEN-Altered Advanced Solid Tumors and HER2 Negative Breast Cancer"],"enrollment":24,"completionDate":"2027-12"},{"nctId":"NCT03649061","phase":"PHASE4","title":"COBRA-Slim With or Without Fast Access to TNF Blockade for Remission Induction in Early RA","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"P. Verschueren","startDate":"2018-06-08","conditions":["Arthritis, Rheumatoid"],"enrollment":276,"completionDate":"2022-07-01"},{"nctId":"NCT05998759","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Telitacicept for the Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-associated Thrombocytopenia","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Beijing Hospital","startDate":"2023-12-02","conditions":["Connective Tissue Diseases","Thrombocytopenia"],"enrollment":296,"completionDate":"2025-12"},{"nctId":"NCT02981979","phase":"NA","title":"Takayasu Arteritis Clinical Trial in China","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Jiang lindi","startDate":"2016-12-22","conditions":["Takayasu Arteritis"],"enrollment":116,"completionDate":"2022-11-22"},{"nctId":"NCT06454383","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Gemcitabine and Leflunomide in Patients With Advanced Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2024-05-13","conditions":["Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","Stage III Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8","Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer AJCC v8","Unresectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma"],"enrollment":19,"completionDate":"2026-11-13"},{"nctId":"NCT02714634","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Clinical Trial Evaluating Methotrexate or Leflunomide + Targeted Therapy Versus Methotrexate or Leflunomide + Sulfasalazine + Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Insufficient Response to Methotrexate or Leflunomide","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University Hospital, Strasbourg, France","startDate":"2016-03-30","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis","Insufficient Response to Methotrexate or Leflunomide"],"enrollment":286,"completionDate":"2029-03"},{"nctId":"NCT03531073","phase":"","title":"Multicentre ObservatioNal Initiative in Treat to Target Outcomes in Psoriatic Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Oxford","startDate":"2018-04-18","conditions":["Psoriatic Arthritis"],"enrollment":446,"completionDate":"2024-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT06753565","phase":"PHASE2","title":"L-carnitine Supplementation in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"German University in Cairo","startDate":"2024-12-31","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2025-06"},{"nctId":"NCT05113004","phase":"PHASE2","title":"New Clinical End-points in Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris","startDate":"2022-01-20","conditions":["Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS)"],"enrollment":300,"completionDate":"2025-10-01"},{"nctId":"NCT06640309","phase":"PHASE2","title":"The Effect of Nicotinamide on the Clinical Outcome of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Ain Shams University","startDate":"2023-12-02","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":70,"completionDate":"2025-06"},{"nctId":"NCT00834418","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide 20 mg Tablets Under Fasting Conditions","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Teva Pharmaceuticals USA","startDate":"2002-06","conditions":["Healthy"],"enrollment":84,"completionDate":"2002-07"},{"nctId":"NCT00834405","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide 20 mg Tablets, Non-Fasting","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Teva Pharmaceuticals USA","startDate":"2002-04","conditions":["Healthy"],"enrollment":37,"completionDate":"2002-05"},{"nctId":"NCT06540937","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Phase II Clinical Study of Leflunomide in the Treatment of MEN-1 Neuroendocrine Tumor","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","startDate":"2020-07-01","conditions":["Neuroendocrine Tumors"],"enrollment":50,"completionDate":"2024-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT04725422","phase":"","title":"CHronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis International Registry","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Seattle Children's Hospital","startDate":"2018-08-01","conditions":["Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis","Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis"],"enrollment":2000,"completionDate":"2050-08"},{"nctId":"NCT02451748","phase":"PHASE4","title":"IL-7 and IL-7R Expression in RA Patients With Active vs. Inactive Disease Treated With DMARD or CIMZIA","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Illinois at Chicago","startDate":"2015-08","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":32,"completionDate":"2017-12"},{"nctId":"NCT04532372","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19 in Patients With a Concurrent Malignancy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2021-01-07","conditions":["Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Neoplasm","Malignant Solid Neoplasm","Symptomatic COVID-19 Infection Laboratory-Confirmed"],"enrollment":2,"completionDate":"2021-10-27"},{"nctId":"NCT05789017","phase":"NA","title":"Treatment Strategies for IgG4-RD Patients With Internal Organ Involvement","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","startDate":"2022-07-01","conditions":["Autoimmune Diseases"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2024-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05458531","phase":"","title":"Monitoring of Inflammatory Conditions","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Nottingham","startDate":"2022-06-28","conditions":["Inflammatory Disease","Crohn Disease","Ulcerative Colitis","Rheumatoid Arthritis","System; Lupus Erythematosus","Psoriatic Arthritis","Reactive Arthritis","Inflammatory Arthritis","Psoriasis"],"enrollment":664,"completionDate":"2023-02-08"},{"nctId":"NCT05447520","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Montelukast Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Noha Mansour","startDate":"2021-12-15","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":92,"completionDate":"2022-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT04361214","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide in Mild COVID-19 Patients","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"University of Chicago","startDate":"2020-05-05","conditions":["COVID-19"],"enrollment":11,"completionDate":"2022-01-31"},{"nctId":"NCT06229340","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide or Combination of MEK Inhibitor and Hydroxychloroquine for Refractory Patients With RAS Mutations","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology","startDate":"2023-10-03","conditions":["RAS Mutation","Ras (Kras or Nras) Gene Mutation","Colorectal Cancer Recurrent","Pancreas Cancer","Lung Cancer","Melanoma","Refractory Cancer"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2026-10-01"},{"nctId":"NCT06228443","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Bioequivalence Study of Generic Leflunomide 20 mg Film-coated Tablets and Reference Product Under Fasting Conditions","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"International Bio service","startDate":"2024-04-01","conditions":["Healthy Volunteer"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2024-04-26"},{"nctId":"NCT05247203","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Telitacicept Study in Chinese Subjects With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"RemeGen Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2022-05-11","conditions":["Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"enrollment":92,"completionDate":"2023-11-13"},{"nctId":"NCT04463615","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory CD30+ Lymphoproliferative Disorders","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2021-05-05","conditions":["Recurrent Lymphoproliferative Disorder","Refractory Lymphoproliferative Disorder"],"enrollment":1,"completionDate":"2021-07-28"},{"nctId":"NCT01619176","phase":"NA","title":"Acupuncture Study on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Monitoring Microbiome and Blood","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","startDate":"2012-10","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":10,"completionDate":"2014-12"},{"nctId":"NCT02509052","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2015-12-02","conditions":["Recurrent Plasma Cell Myeloma","Refractory Plasma Cell Myeloma"],"enrollment":12,"completionDate":"2022-06-09"},{"nctId":"NCT00579878","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Triple III Comparison of Leflunomide Alone Versus Two DMARD Combinations in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Nebraska","startDate":"2001-03-27","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":69,"completionDate":"2010-03-11"},{"nctId":"NCT05937191","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide for Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis in Children","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University","startDate":"2023-06-01","conditions":["Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis","Leflunomide"],"enrollment":34,"completionDate":"2026-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05937880","phase":"NA","title":"Leflunomide for Henoch-Schonlein Purpura","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University","startDate":"2023-01-01","conditions":["Henoch-Schonlein Purpura"],"enrollment":36,"completionDate":"2027-06-30"},{"nctId":"NCT05871086","phase":"PHASE2,PHASE3","title":"Coenzyme Q10 in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Nourhan Elsherif","startDate":"2023-05-01","conditions":["Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2023-12"},{"nctId":"NCT05007678","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Targeting de Novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis by Leflunomide for the Treatment of COVID-19 Virus Disease","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Ashford and St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Trust","startDate":"2020-09-16","conditions":["COVID-19"],"enrollment":178,"completionDate":"2022-07-01"},{"nctId":"NCT05626348","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Clinical Efficacy of Immunomodulators in RA Patients","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Qilu Hospital of Shandong University","startDate":"2021-12-22","conditions":["Arthritis, Rheumatoid"],"enrollment":400,"completionDate":"2026-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT04610476","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Impact of Tapering Immunosuppressants on Maintaining Minimal Disease Activity in Adult Subjects With Psoriatic Arthritis","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Medical School","startDate":"2020-10-19","conditions":["Psoriatic Arthritis","Withdrawal","Reduction"],"enrollment":270,"completionDate":"2025-10-19"},{"nctId":"NCT05424393","phase":"","title":"Real-World Study on Long-term Treatment With YISAIPU for Fujian RA Patients","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University","startDate":"2022-03-04","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":500,"completionDate":"2025-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT04434118","phase":"","title":"Anti-rheumatic Drug Use and Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"Sadat City University","startDate":"2020-03-20","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis","COVID"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2021-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT03449758","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effect of Sarilumab on Patient-reported Outcomes in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sanofi","startDate":"2018-03-05","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":84,"completionDate":"2019-07-31"},{"nctId":"NCT01727193","phase":"PHASE3","title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide or Azathioprine Therapy in Myasthenia Gravis Patients After Expand Thymectomy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University","startDate":"2012-09","conditions":["Myasthenia Gravis"],"enrollment":290,"completionDate":"2021-11-18"},{"nctId":"NCT04124861","phase":"NA","title":"Withdraw Drug in Stable IgG4-Related Disease","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","startDate":"2020-06-23","conditions":["Autoimmune Diseases"],"enrollment":138,"completionDate":"2023-06-30"},{"nctId":"NCT04737343","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Leflunomide and Azathioprine for the Maintenance Therapy of ANCA Associated Vasculitis","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Chinese SLE Treatment And Research Group","startDate":"2021-06-30","conditions":["ANCA Associated Vasculitis","Maintenance Therapy"],"enrollment":114,"completionDate":"2024-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT03893136","phase":"","title":"The Registry Study of Takayasu Arteritis in East China","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital","startDate":"2016-11-01","conditions":["Takayasu Arteritis","Mechanisms, Defense","Pregnancy Related","Treatment Refusal","Outcome"],"enrollment":1000,"completionDate":"2026-05-31"},{"nctId":"NCT02930343","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Comparison of Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs Therapy in Patients With RA Failing Methotrexate Monotherapy","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research","startDate":"2016-09","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":136,"completionDate":"2018-08"},{"nctId":"NCT04927000","phase":"PHASE4","title":"The Role of Tofacitinib in Steroid Withdrawal in Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","startDate":"2021-05-31","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":170,"completionDate":"2023-12-30"},{"nctId":"NCT02873936","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Filgotinib Versus Placebo in Adults With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Who Have an Inadequate Response to Biologic Disease-modifying Anti-rheumatic Drug(s) (DMARDs) Treatment","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Gilead Sciences","startDate":"2016-07-27","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":449,"completionDate":"2018-06-26"},{"nctId":"NCT03797872","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Psoriatic Oligoarthritis Intervention With Symptomatic thErapy","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Oxford","startDate":"2019-04-17","conditions":["Psoriatic Arthritis"],"enrollment":1,"completionDate":"2020-07-16"},{"nctId":"NCT04752748","phase":"","title":"Power Doppler in Hand Joints of Early RA Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Federal University of São Paulo","startDate":"2014-08","conditions":["Early Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2016-08"},{"nctId":"NCT04022525","phase":"","title":"Assessment of Leflunomide Efficacy and Hepatotoxicity in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Pharmacokinetic and Genetic Approaches","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Assiut University","startDate":"2018-02-01","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":80,"completionDate":"2019-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT03599986","phase":"","title":"Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide in Egyptian Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eva Pharma","startDate":"2017-06-16","conditions":["Active Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":398,"completionDate":"2018-10-13"},{"nctId":"NCT02885610","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study of RC18 Administered Subcutaneously to Subjects With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"RemeGen Co., Ltd.","startDate":"2015-12","conditions":["Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"enrollment":249,"completionDate":"2019-07-09"},{"nctId":"NCT02532777","phase":"PHASE2","title":"The Research of Standard Diagnosis and Treatment for HSPN in Children","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Nanjing Children's Hospital","startDate":"2015-08","conditions":["Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura Nephritis"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2020-07"},{"nctId":"NCT04020328","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Leflunomide Plus Low Dose Corticosteroid in Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy With Renal Insufficiency","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Shenzhen Second People's Hospital","startDate":"2019-09-12","conditions":["Glomerulonephritis, IGA","Renal Insufficiency, Chronic"],"enrollment":70,"completionDate":"2022-05-31"},{"nctId":"NCT03952832","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Leflunomide in Treating Patients With High-Risk Smoldering Multiple Myeloma","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"City of Hope Medical Center","startDate":"2019-12-11","conditions":["Smoldering Plasma Cell Myeloma"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2021-06-11"},{"nctId":"NCT02644499","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Comparison of Combination Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs With Methotrexate Therapy in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research","startDate":"2015-12-31","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":186,"completionDate":"2017-09-15"},{"nctId":"NCT04066803","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Optimal MTX Dose With Folic Acid Randomized Case-control Trial","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Sun Yat-sen University","startDate":"2018-08-01","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":160,"completionDate":"2020-07-30"},{"nctId":"NCT00476996","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study of Ocrelizumab Compared to Placebo in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Who Don't Have a Response to Anti-TNF-α Therapy (SCRIPT)","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Genentech, Inc.","startDate":"2007-05-15","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":836,"completionDate":"2018-05-14"},{"nctId":"NCT03576794","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Treatment With Leflunomide in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Elisabeth Brouwer","startDate":"2019-03-01","conditions":["Polymyalgia Rheumatica"],"enrollment":94,"completionDate":"2022-11-01"},{"nctId":"NCT03863405","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Metformin Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Ain Shams University","startDate":"2019-01-09","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":60,"completionDate":"2020-01-09"},{"nctId":"NCT02703194","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Leflunomide for Maintenance of Remission in IgG4 Related Disease","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Chinese PLA General Hospital","startDate":"2016-03","conditions":["Immunoglobulin G4 Related Sclerosing Disease"],"enrollment":68,"completionDate":"2019-01"},{"nctId":"NCT01172639","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Effectiveness in Daily Practice of Different Treatment Strategies for Early Rheumatoid Arthritis.","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"P. Verschueren","startDate":"2009-02","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":400,"completionDate":"2015-06"},{"nctId":"NCT01620268","phase":"PHASE2","title":"An Open-Label, Study to Treat Patients With Renal Allograft and Polyoma BK Viruria","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Changzheng-Cinkate","startDate":"2012-07","conditions":["Viruria","Viremia"],"enrollment":24,"completionDate":"2018-06"},{"nctId":"NCT01941095","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study of Subcutaneous Tocilizumab as Monotherapy and/or in Combination With Non-Biologic Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) in Participants With Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Hoffmann-La Roche","startDate":"2013-11-20","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":100,"completionDate":"2016-07-10"},{"nctId":"NCT03736044","phase":"NA","title":"Reconstitution of CD4+CD25highCD127low/-Tcell","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University Hospital of Ferrara","startDate":"2013-11-25","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":48,"completionDate":"2017-03-13"},{"nctId":"NCT03715699","phase":"NA","title":"Leflunomide Treatment for IgG4-RD","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital","startDate":"2018-07-01","conditions":["Autoimmune Disease"],"enrollment":70,"completionDate":"2020-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT02293590","phase":"PHASE2","title":"RICE: Remission by Intra-articular Injection Plus CErtolizumab","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Rüdiger B. Müller","startDate":"2013-11","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":43,"completionDate":"2018-01-15"},{"nctId":"NCT01399281","phase":"","title":"Pharmacovigilance in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients Treated With Biologic Agents and/or Methotrexate","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Istituto Giannina Gaslini","startDate":"2011-12","conditions":["Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis"],"enrollment":9000,"completionDate":"2021-12"},{"nctId":"NCT02373202","phase":"PHASE3","title":"A Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Sarilumab Added to Non-MTX DMARDs or as Monotherapy in Japanese Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (SARIL-RA-HARUKA)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sanofi","startDate":"2015-02","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":91,"completionDate":"2016-11"},{"nctId":"NCT00653003","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Bioavailability Study of Leflunomide Tablets Under Fed Conditions","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Par Pharmaceutical, Inc.","startDate":"2003-12","conditions":["To Determine Bioequivalence Under Fed Conditions"],"enrollment":62,"completionDate":"2004-01"},{"nctId":"NCT01709578","phase":"PHASE3","title":"To Evaluate The Effect Of SAR153191 (REGN88) Added To Other RA Drugs In Patients With RA Who Are Not Responding To Or Intolerant Of Anti-TNF Therapy (SARIL-RA-TARGET)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sanofi","startDate":"2012-10","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":546,"completionDate":"2015-03"},{"nctId":"NCT00101374","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Effect of Leflunomide on T Cell Proliferation in HIV-Infected Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)","startDate":"2005-01-05","conditions":["HIV Infections"],"enrollment":41,"completionDate":"2008-05-21"},{"nctId":"NCT01768572","phase":"PHASE3","title":"To Evaluate The Safety of SAR153191 (REGN88) and Tocilizumab Added to Other RA Drugs in Patients With RA Who Are Not Responding to or Intolerant of Anti-TNF Therapy (SARIL-RA-ASCERTAIN)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sanofi","startDate":"2013-03","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":202,"completionDate":"2014-10"},{"nctId":"NCT02057250","phase":"PHASE3","title":"To Evaluate Sarilumab - SAR153191 (REGN88) - Auto-injector Device In Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sanofi","startDate":"2014-03","conditions":["RA"],"enrollment":217,"completionDate":"2016-03"},{"nctId":"NCT00521924","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Induction of Remission in RA Patients at Low Disease Activity by Additional Infliximab Therapy (Study P04644AM1) (TERMINATED)","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC","startDate":"2007-06","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":8,"completionDate":"2008-04"},{"nctId":"NCT01611675","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Leflunomide+Vemurafenib in V600 Mutant Met. Melanoma","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Massachusetts General Hospital","startDate":"2012-07","conditions":["Melanoma"],"enrollment":3,"completionDate":"2014-01"},{"nctId":"NCT00946686","phase":"PHASE1","title":"To Demonstrate the Relative Bioavailability, Parallel Study Of Leflunomide 20 mg Tablets Under Fasting Conditions","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Sandoz","startDate":"2002-09","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis","Psoriatic Arthritis"],"enrollment":52,"completionDate":"2002-09"},{"nctId":"NCT01033656","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Treatment of Refractory Adult-onset Still's Disease With Anakinra: a Randomized Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Helsinki","startDate":"2005-12","conditions":["Adult-Onset Still's Disease"],"enrollment":23,"completionDate":"2010-04"},{"nctId":"NCT01313208","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Moderate Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) With Etanercept (Enbrel)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Amgen","startDate":"2011-03","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":210,"completionDate":"2013-05"},{"nctId":"NCT01225393","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of MLTA3698A in Combination With a Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug (DMARD) Compared With Adalimumab in Combination With a DMARD in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Genentech, Inc.","startDate":"2010-11","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":211,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT02878161","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Predictability Studies on the Efficacy of TNF-α Inhibitors in Chinese RA From \"Real World\"","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Fen Li","startDate":"2016-01","conditions":["Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"enrollment":240,"completionDate":"2019-12"}],"_emaApprovals":[{"date":"1999-09-02","status":"Authorised","company":"Sanofi-aventis Deutschland GmbH"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"administration":{"route":"Oral","formulation":"Tablet","formulations":[{"form":"TABLET","route":"ORAL","productName":"LEFLUNOMIDE"},{"form":"TABLET","route":"ORAL","productName":"Leflunomide"},{"form":"TABLET","route":"Oral","productName":"Leflunomide"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","productName":"Leflunomide"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","productName":"leflunomide"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","productName":"Arava"},{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","productName":"Leflunomide"}]},"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000148586","MMSL":"11870","NDDF":"007642","UNII":"G162GK9U4W","VUID":"4021132","CHEBI":"CHEBI:6402","VANDF":"4021132","INN_ID":"5079","RXNORM":"1310520","UMLSCUI":"C0063041","chemblId":"CHEMBL960","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL960","KEGG_DRUG":"D00749","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB01097","PUBCHEM_CID":"3899","SNOMEDCT_US":"109143003","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"6825","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D000077339","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C527525"},"formularyStatus":[],"originalProduct":{"form":"TABLET, FILM COATED","route":"ORAL","company":"sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC","brandName":"Arava","isOriginal":true,"marketingStatus":"NDA"},"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[{"period":"1998-","companyName":"Sanofi","relationship":"Original Developer"},{"period":"1999","companyName":"Sanofi-aventis Deutschland GmbH","relationship":"EMA Licensee"}],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","bioavailability":"80%","fractionUnbound":"0.004%"},"publicationCount":2924,"therapeuticAreas":["Immunology"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"L04AA13","allCodes":["L04AA13"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"originalDeveloper":"Sanofi Aventis Us","recentPublications":[{"date":"2026 Mar 23","pmid":"41898754","title":"Upadacitinib-Induced Remission in Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis: Expanding the Therapeutic Role of JAK Inhibition.","journal":"International journal of molecular sciences"},{"date":"2026 Apr","pmid":"41891236","title":"Tracheobronchial Stenosis in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: Immunosuppressant Use and Airway Dilation Frequency.","journal":"ACR open rheumatology"},{"date":"2026 Mar 21","pmid":"41887175","title":"Mitochondrial fusion induced by Mdivi-1 and leflunomide alters cell proliferation and viability, steroidogenesis and oxidative stress in chicken ovarian cells.","journal":"Poultry science"},{"date":"2026","pmid":"41884501","title":"Clinical and Sonographic Pattern of Late-Onset and Early-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparative Study.","journal":"Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders"},{"date":"2026 Mar 23","pmid":"41870773","title":"Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of ectoine-leflunomide combination in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, and its colonic protective action against leflunomide-induced gastrointestinal injury.","journal":"Inflammopharmacology"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":12,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":["Abhai Llc","Aet Pharma","Alembic Pharms Ltd","Apotex","Aurobindo Pharma","Barr","Fosun Wanbang","Heritage","Lupin Ltd","Sandoz","Teva Pharms","Zydus Lifesciences"],"status":"approved","companyName":"Sanofi Aventis Us","companyId":"sanofi","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1998","enrichmentLevel":4,"visitCount":0,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"1998-09-10T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":""},{"country_code":"IL","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":"1998-09-10T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"SG","regulator":"HSA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":"1998-09-10T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"SA","regulator":"SFDA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":"1998-09-10T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AE","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":"1998-09-10T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"KR","regulator":"MFDS","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":"1998-09-10T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"2004-03-05T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"SANOFI AVENTIS US","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":"NDA020905"},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"2020-02-04T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"LUPIN LTD","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":"ANDA211863"},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"2021-05-10T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"AET PHARMA","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":"ANDA213497"},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"2024-09-23T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"ALEMBIC PHARMS LTD","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":"ANDA091369"},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":"2024-09-26T00:00:00.000Z","mah":"ZYDUS LIFESCIENCES","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":"ANDA212308"},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"EU","regulator":"EMA","status":"pending","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""}],"pricingByCountry":[{"country_code":"Un","currency":"USD","price_amount":"155.00","price_per":"year","price_type":"NADAC","annual_cost_usd":null,"reimbursement_status":null}],"trialStats":{"total":9,"withResults":1},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T00:41:09.799284+00:00","fieldsConflicting":3,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}