{"id":"isoprenaline","rwe":[],"tags":[{"label":"beta-Adrenergic Agonist","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Beta-2 adrenergic receptor","category":"target"},{"label":"ADRB2","category":"gene"},{"label":"ADRB1","category":"gene"},{"label":"ADRB3","category":"gene"},{"label":"C01CA02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intramuscular","category":"route"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Intracardiac","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Atrioventricular block","category":"indication"},{"label":"Cardiac arrest","category":"indication"},{"label":"Common cold","category":"indication"},{"label":"Hypovolemic shock","category":"indication"},{"label":"Low cardiac output syndrome","category":"indication"},{"label":"Syncope due to Heart Block","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1950s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Adrenergic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Adrenergic Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Adrenergic beta-Agonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anti-Asthmatic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Bronchodilator Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiotonic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Protective Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Respiratory System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sympathomimetics","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":195.913,"date":"","count":52,"signal":"Toxic epidermal necrolysis","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 52 times (LLR=196)"},{"llr":111.339,"date":"","count":101,"signal":"Drug ineffective","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 101 times (LLR=111)"},{"llr":68.564,"date":"","count":23,"signal":"Ventricular tachycardia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 23 times (LLR=69)"},{"llr":62.353,"date":"","count":20,"signal":"Ventricular fibrillation","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 20 times (LLR=62)"}],"commonSideEffects":[],"contraindications":["Angina pectoris","Atrioventricular Conduction Defect","Chronic myocardial ischemia","Diabetes mellitus","Digitalis Toxicity with AV Conduction Defects","Disorder of coronary artery","Hypertensive disorder","Hyperthyroidism","Myocardial infarction","Tachyarrhythmia","Tachycardia due to Digitalis Toxicity"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"Prolonged experience with isoproterenol use in pregnant women over several decades, based on published literature, do not identify drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. However, there are risks to the mother and fetus associated with isoproterenol use during labor or delivery (see Clinical Considerations). The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the United States general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.. Clinical ConsiderationsHypotension associated with shock is medical emergency in pregnancy which can be fatal if left untreated. Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with shock may increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Life-sustaining therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld due to potential concerns regarding the effects of isoproterenol on the fetus.. Labor and DeliveryIsoproterenol usually inhibits spontaneous or oxytocin induced contractions of the pregnant human uterus and may delay the second stage of labor. Avoid isoproterenol during the second stage of labor. Avoid isoproterenol in obstetrics when maternal blood ...","Geriatric use":"Clinical studies of isoproterenol hydrochloride injection did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects in clinical circumstances. There are, however, some data that suggest that elderly healthy or hypertensive patients are less responsive to beta-adrenergic stimulation than are younger subjects. In general, dose selection for elderly patients should usually start at the low end of the dosing ran","Paediatric use":"Safety and efficacy of isoproterenol in pediatric patients have not been established.Intravenous infusions of isoproterenol in refractory asthmatic children at rates of 0.05-2.7 mcg/kg/min have caused clinical deterioration, myocardial necrosis, congestive heart failure and death. The risks of cardiac toxicity appear to be increased by some factors [acidosis, hypoxemia, coadministration of corticosteroids, coadministration of methylxanthines (theophylline, theobromine) or aminophy"}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=isoprenaline","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:34:58.425361+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenaline","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:05.021501+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:03.574464+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=isoprenaline","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:03.969214+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1160723/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:04.672209+00:00"}},"allNames":"isuprel","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["isoprenaline","isoproterenol","isoproterenol hydrochloride","DL-Isoproterenol","isoprenalin","isoprenaline sulfate","DL-isoprenaline hydrochloride","isoproterenol sulfate","isoproterenol HCl","DL-isoprenaline HCl"],"timeline":[{"date":"1956-03-09","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Isuprel (isoprenaline) is a small molecule beta-adrenergic agonist that targets the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. Originally developed in 1956, it is used to treat various conditions including atrioventricular block, cardiac arrest, and low cardiac output syndrome. Isuprel is a non-selective beta-adrenergic agonist, meaning it affects both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, which can lead to increased heart rate and contractility. The drug is off-patent and has multiple generic manufacturers. Key safety considerations include potential arrhythmias and tachycardia.","approvals":[{"date":"1956-03-09","orphan":false,"company":"","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Isuprel","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Atrioventricular block","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Cardiac arrest","otherDrugs":[{"name":"calcium acetate","slug":"calcium-acetate","company":"B Braun"},{"name":"calcium chloride","slug":"calcium-chloride","company":"Baxter Hlthcare"},{"name":"calcium glucoheptonate","slug":"calcium-glucoheptonate","company":"Abbott"},{"name":"calcium glycerylphosphate","slug":"calcium-glycerylphosphate","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Common cold","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylsalicylic acid","slug":"acetylsalicylic-acid","company":"Endo Pharms"},{"name":"acrivastine","slug":"acrivastine","company":"Auxilium Pharms Inc"},{"name":"ammonium chloride","slug":"ammonium-chloride","company":"B Braun"},{"name":"azatadine","slug":"azatadine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Hypovolemic shock","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Low cardiac output syndrome","otherDrugs":[{"name":"dopamine","slug":"dopamine","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Syncope due to Heart Block","otherDrugs":[],"globalPrevalence":null},{"indication":"Thick Bronchial Secretions","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylcysteine","slug":"acetylcysteine","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"cysteine","slug":"cysteine","company":"Hospira"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Beta-2 adrenergic receptor","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"ADRB2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Beta-2 adrenergic receptor","protein":"Beta-2 adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"ADRB1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Beta-1 adrenergic receptor","protein":"Beta-1 adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"ADRB3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Beta-3 adrenergic receptor","protein":"Beta-3 adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"TAS2R1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Taste receptor type 2 member 1","protein":"Taste receptor type 2 member 1"},{"gene":"TAS2R10","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Taste receptor type 2 member 10","protein":"Taste receptor type 2 member 10"},{"gene":"TAS2R13","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Taste receptor type 2 member 13","protein":"Taste receptor type 2 member 13"},{"gene":"TAS2R14","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Taste receptor type 2 member 14","protein":"Taste receptor type 2 member 14"},{"gene":"TAS2R16","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Taste receptor type 2 member 16","protein":"Taste receptor type 2 member 16"},{"gene":"TAS2R19","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Taste receptor type 2 member 19","protein":"Taste receptor type 2 member 19"},{"gene":"TAS2R20","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Taste receptor type 2 member 20","protein":"Taste receptor type 2 member 20"}],"moaClass":"Adrenergic beta-Agonists","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"beta-Adrenergic Agonist","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Isuprel binds to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, activating the Gs protein and increasing the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA) and leads to increased heart rate and contractility."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenaline","title":"Isoprenaline","extract":"Isoprenaline, also known as isoproterenol and sold under the brand name Isuprel among others, is a sympathomimetic medication which is used in the treatment of acute bradycardia, heart block, and rarely for asthma, among other indications. It is used by injection into a vein, muscle, fat, or the heart, by inhalation, and in the past under the tongue or into the rectum.","wiki_history":"==History==\nIsoprenaline was discovered in 1940 and was developed in the 1940s. Isoprenaline was one of the first synthetic sympathomimetic amines, was the first selective β-adrenergic receptor agonist, and was the first major sympathomimetic agent devoid of pressor effects.\n\nBetween 1963 and 1968 in England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand there was an increase in deaths among people using isoprenaline to treat asthma. This was attributed to unintentional overdose: the inhalers produced in that area were dispensing five times the dosage dispensed by inhalers produced in the United States and Canada, where the deaths were not observed.\n\nThe short duration of action and poor oral activity of isoprenaline led to the development of the much longer-acting and orally active orciprenaline (metaproterenol).","wiki_society_and_culture":"==Society and culture==\n\n===Names===\nIsoprenaline is the major generic name of the drug and its , , and . Isoprenalina is its Italian generic name and its . Isoprenaline hydrochloride and isoprenaline sulfate are its  in the case of the hydrochloride and sulfate salts, respectively. Isoproterenol is another important synonym of the drug. Isoproterenol hydrochloride is its  and  in the case of the hydrochloride salt and isoproterenol sulfate is its  and  in the case of the sulfate salt. Other synonyms of the drug include isopropylnorepinephrine, isopropylnoradrenaline, and isopropydine. It is additionally known by the former developmental code name WIN-5162.\n\nIsoprenaline has been marketed under many brand names worldwide. These include Aleudrina, Asthpul, Iludrin, Iprenol, Isomenyl, Isuprel, Isoprenaline, Isoprenalina, Isoproterenol, Neo-Epinine, Neodrenal, Proternol, and Saventrine, among others. It is also marketed as a combination drug with cromoglicic acid as Frenal Compositum, in combination with pronase as Isopal P, and in combination with atropine as Stmerin D."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1956","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1956-03-09, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1499","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=isoprenaline","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=isoprenaline","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprenaline","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T12:11:12.277386","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T03:35:06.264610+00:00","fieldsConflicting":2,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"norepinephrine","drugSlug":"norepinephrine","fdaApproval":"1950-07-13","patentExpiry":"Mar 8, 2041","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dopamine","drugSlug":"dopamine","fdaApproval":"1974-02-25","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"phenylephrine","drugSlug":"phenylephrine","fdaApproval":"1952-01-21","patentExpiry":"Sep 26, 2036","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"dobutamine","drugSlug":"dobutamine","fdaApproval":"1978-07-18","genericCount":10,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"metaraminol","drugSlug":"metaraminol","fdaApproval":"1954-09-29","genericCount":5,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"methoxamine","drugSlug":"methoxamine","fdaApproval":"","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"mephentermine","drugSlug":"mephentermine","fdaApproval":"1951-12-29","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"midodrine","drugSlug":"midodrine","fdaApproval":"1996-09-06","genericCount":14,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"fenoldopam","drugSlug":"fenoldopam","fdaApproval":"1997-09-23","genericCount":4,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"arbutamine","drugSlug":"arbutamine","fdaApproval":"1997-09-12","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"epinephrine","drugSlug":"epinephrine","fdaApproval":"1948-11-19","patentExpiry":"Oct 20, 2036","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"ephedrine","drugSlug":"ephedrine","fdaApproval":"","patentExpiry":"May 16, 2040","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"droxidopa","drugSlug":"droxidopa","fdaApproval":"2014-02-18","genericCount":16,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"isoprenaline","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Atrioventricular block","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":233917008,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Adults and children with mild or transient episodes of heart block"},{"name":"Cardiac arrest","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":410429000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Adults and children until electric shock or pacemaker therapy is available"},{"name":"Common cold","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":82272006,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Not applicable (isoproterenol is not indicated for common cold)"},{"name":"Hypovolemic shock","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":39419009,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Adults and children as an adjunct to fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy and other treatments"},{"name":"Low cardiac output syndrome","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":44088000,"regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Adults and children as an adjunct to fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy and other treatments"},{"name":"Syncope due to Heart Block","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Adults and children with serious episodes of heart block and Adams-Stokes attacks"},{"name":"Thick Bronchial Secretions","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":"","regulator":"FDA","eligibility":"Adults with bronchospasm occurring during anesthesia"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"norepinephrine","brandName":"norepinephrine","genericName":"norepinephrine","approvalYear":"1950","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"dopamine","brandName":"dopamine","genericName":"dopamine","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"phenylephrine","brandName":"phenylephrine","genericName":"phenylephrine","approvalYear":"1952","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"dobutamine","brandName":"dobutamine","genericName":"dobutamine","approvalYear":"1978","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"metaraminol","brandName":"metaraminol","genericName":"metaraminol","approvalYear":"1954","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"methoxamine","brandName":"methoxamine","genericName":"methoxamine","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"mephentermine","brandName":"mephentermine","genericName":"mephentermine","approvalYear":"1951","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"midodrine","brandName":"midodrine","genericName":"midodrine","approvalYear":"1996","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"fenoldopam","brandName":"fenoldopam","genericName":"fenoldopam","approvalYear":"1997","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"arbutamine","brandName":"arbutamine","genericName":"arbutamine","approvalYear":"1997","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07445334","phase":"NA","title":"Catheter Ablation Versus Anti-arrhythmic Drugs for Premature Ventricular Complexes","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Western Sydney Local Health District","startDate":"2026-03-01","conditions":["Premature Ventricular Complexes","Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)","Premature Ventricular Beats"],"enrollment":40,"completionDate":"2028-03-01"},{"nctId":"NCT07341308","phase":"NA","title":"Does Vitamin C Increase the Body Heat Generated By The Nervous System?","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Colorado State University","startDate":"2025-03-17","conditions":["Metabolism Changes","Vitamin D"],"enrollment":20,"completionDate":"2026-12-08"},{"nctId":"NCT05997732","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Sympathetic Neurovascular Transduction: Role of Adrenergic Receptors and Sex Differences","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Alberta","startDate":"2023-10-31","conditions":["Vasoconstriction","Vasodilation"],"enrollment":30,"completionDate":"2027-12-01"},{"nctId":"NCT06416657","phase":"NA","title":"General Anesthesia vs Local Anesthesia for Endovascular Treatment in Patients With Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Using Flow Diverter","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Ming Lv","startDate":"2024-06-01","conditions":["Intracranial Aneurysm"],"enrollment":188,"completionDate":"2026-06-01"},{"nctId":"NCT06520982","phase":"EARLY_PHASE1","title":"Early Neurovascular Adaptations in Aging Women","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of Missouri-Columbia","startDate":"2024-09-20","conditions":["Women","Sympathetic Nervous System","Aging","Blood Flow"],"enrollment":64,"completionDate":"2028-06-30"},{"nctId":"NCT07227740","phase":"","title":"Testosterone Deficiency and Endothelial Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Craig Hospital","startDate":"2025-07-15","conditions":["Spinal 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University","startDate":"2025-10","conditions":["Atrial Fibrillation"],"enrollment":406,"completionDate":"2030-08-31"},{"nctId":"NCT05905835","phase":"NA","title":"Treatment of PAF With the Synaptic System","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Synaptic Medical Corporation","startDate":"2023-09-20","conditions":["Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation"],"enrollment":128,"completionDate":"2025-12-05"},{"nctId":"NCT06553391","phase":"","title":"Heart Rhythm Changes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiopulmonary Bypass: a Retrospective Analysis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuwai Hospital","startDate":"2024-08-01","conditions":["Atrial Fibrillation"],"enrollment":106,"completionDate":"2025-05-30"},{"nctId":"NCT03079414","phase":"","title":"The Role of Electrophysiology Testing in Survivors of Unexplained Cardiac Arrest","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Western University, Canada","startDate":"2017-05-01","conditions":["Sudden Cardiac 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