{"id":"irofulven","rwe":[{"pmid":"41174235","year":"2025","title":"Click-code-seq reveals strand biases of DNA oxidation and depurination in human genome.","finding":"","journal":"Nature chemical biology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40709550","year":"2025","title":"Glucose Deprivation-Induced Disulfidptosis via the SLC7A11-INF2 Axis: Pan-Cancer Prognostic Exploration and Therapeutic Validation.","finding":"","journal":"Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40659289","year":"2025","title":"Mapping the immune-genetic architecture of aging: A single-cell causal framework for biomarker discovery and therapeutic targeting.","finding":"","journal":"Ageing research reviews","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"39229560","year":"2024","title":"A new TGF-β risk score predicts clinical and immune landscape in colorectal cancer patients.","finding":"","journal":"Annals of gastroenterological surgery","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"37996508","year":"2023","title":"Nucleotide excision repair deficiency is a targetable therapeutic vulnerability in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.","finding":"","journal":"Scientific reports","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2","category":"target"},{"label":"CHEK2","category":"gene"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Alkylating Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antineoplastic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Noxae","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Radiation-Sensitizing Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"discontinued","safety":{},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"(-)-irofulven","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene","MGI-114","irofulven","(-)-Irofulven"],"timeline":[],"aiSummary":"-)-Irofulven (IROFULVEN) is a small molecule modality targeting the serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2. Its development is attributed to an unspecified original developer, and its current ownership is unknown. Irofulven's commercial status and approved indications are unclear. The compound has a short half-life of 0.3 hours, but its bioavailability and off-patent status are unknown. Further research is needed to determine its potential as a therapeutic agent.","approvals":[],"brandName":"(-)-Irofulven","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2","targets":[{"gene":"CHEK2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2","protein":"Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","explanation":"Think of Chk2 like a quality control manager in a factory. When DNA damage is detected, Chk2 helps to stop the cell from dividing until the damage is fixed. Irofulven blocks Chk2's ability to do this, which can lead to cell death in cancer cells.","oneSentence":"Irofulven works by inhibiting the serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2, a protein involved in DNA repair and cell cycle regulation.","technicalDetail":"Irofulven acts as a competitive inhibitor of Chk2, binding to the ATP-binding site and preventing the kinase from phosphorylating its substrates, thereby disrupting the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1483","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=IROFULVEN","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=IROFULVEN","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T12:09:33.103246","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"bosutinib","drugSlug":"bosutinib","fdaApproval":"2012-09-04","patentExpiry":"Nov 23, 2026","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"gefitinib","drugSlug":"gefitinib","fdaApproval":"2003-05-05","genericCount":5,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"neratinib","drugSlug":"neratinib","fdaApproval":"2017-07-17","patentExpiry":"Oct 15, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"sunitinib","drugSlug":"sunitinib","fdaApproval":"2006-01-26","genericCount":8,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"irofulven","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"bosutinib","brandName":"bosutinib","genericName":"bosutinib","approvalYear":"2012","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"gefitinib","brandName":"gefitinib","genericName":"gefitinib","approvalYear":"2003","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"neratinib","brandName":"neratinib","genericName":"neratinib","approvalYear":"2017","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"sunitinib","brandName":"sunitinib","genericName":"sunitinib","approvalYear":"2006","relationship":"same-target"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT03643107","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in AR-targeted and Docetaxel-Pretreated mCRPC Patients With Drug Response Predictor (DRP®)","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Allarity Therapeutics","startDate":"2018-10-17","conditions":["Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Patients"],"enrollment":15,"completionDate":"2022-08-01"},{"nctId":"NCT00374660","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Study of Irofulven in Combination With Oxaliplatin in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eisai Inc.","startDate":"2003-06","conditions":["Liver Cancer"],"enrollment":63,"completionDate":"2007-04"},{"nctId":"NCT00124527","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study of Irofulven Plus Capecitabine in Patients With Advanced Thyroid Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eisai Inc.","startDate":"2005-03-31","conditions":["Thyroid Cancer"],"enrollment":35,"completionDate":"2006-08-31"},{"nctId":"NCT00053365","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Ovarian Epithelial or Primary Peritoneal Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"2003-06","conditions":["Primary Peritoneal Cavity Cancer","Recurrent Ovarian Epithelial Cancer"],"enrollment":61,"completionDate":"2010-07"},{"nctId":"NCT00003441","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"M.D. Anderson Cancer Center","startDate":"1998-08","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":26,"completionDate":"2000-11-08"},{"nctId":"NCT00003666","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology","startDate":"1998-11","conditions":["Lung Cancer"],"enrollment":36,"completionDate":"2006-01"},{"nctId":"NCT00124566","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Study of Irofulven in Patients With Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eisai Inc.","startDate":"2004-06","conditions":["Prostate Cancer"],"enrollment":135,"completionDate":"2009-12"},{"nctId":"NCT00003786","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Metastatic or Recurrent Colorectal Cancer","status":"WITHDRAWN","sponsor":"University of Chicago","startDate":"1999-04","conditions":["Colorectal Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2000-11"},{"nctId":"NCT00012038","phase":"PHASE1,PHASE2","title":"Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Progressive or Recurrent Brain Tumors","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy Consortium","startDate":"2001-07","conditions":["Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2003-10"},{"nctId":"NCT00003390","phase":"PHASE2","title":"6-Hydroxymethylacylfulvene in Treating Patients With Metastatic Kidney Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","startDate":"1998-06","conditions":["Kidney Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2004-08"},{"nctId":"NCT00019552","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Persistent Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Peritoneal Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"1998-09","conditions":["Fallopian Tube Cancer","Ovarian Cancer","Primary Peritoneal Cavity Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2004-04"},{"nctId":"NCT00005070","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Stage IVB or Recurrent Cervical Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","startDate":"2000-01","conditions":["Cervical Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2001-05"},{"nctId":"NCT00005968","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Stage IV Melanoma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Colorado, Denver","startDate":"1999-11","conditions":["Melanoma (Skin)"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2002-12"},{"nctId":"NCT00005031","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Persistent or Recurrent, Refractory Endometrial Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Gynecologic Oncology Group","startDate":"2000-08","conditions":["Endometrial Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00062257","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Gastric Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Cancer Therapeutics Research Group","startDate":"2003-06","conditions":["Gastric Cancer"],"enrollment":0,"completionDate":"2006-09"},{"nctId":"NCT00003796","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulven in Treating Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"1999-05","conditions":["Breast Cancer"],"enrollment":32,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00003997","phase":"PHASE1","title":"6-Hydroxymethylacylfulvene in Treating Patients With Refractory Myelodysplastic Syndrome, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, or Blastic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"1999-07","conditions":["Leukemia","Myelodysplastic Syndromes"],"enrollment":25,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00003370","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Irofulven in Treating Children With Recurrent or Refractory Solid Tumors","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Cancer Institute (NCI)","startDate":"1998-08","conditions":["Unspecified Childhood Solid Tumor, Protocol Specific"],"enrollment":12,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00033735","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Irofulven Compared With Fluorouracil in Treating Patients With Pancreatic Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Eisai Inc.","startDate":"2000-01","conditions":["Pancreatic Cancer"],"enrollment":158,"completionDate":""},{"nctId":"NCT00003760","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Irofulvene in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio","startDate":"1998-11","conditions":["Pancreatic Cancer"],"enrollment":3,"completionDate":"2000-05"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"administration":{},"crossReferences":{"UNII":"6B799IH05A","CHEBI":"CHEBI:135002","INN_ID":"7889","UMLSCUI":"C0532362","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL118218","KEGG_DRUG":"D04614","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB05786","PUBCHEM_CID":"148189","MESH_SUPPLEMENTAL_RECORD_UI":"C102714"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","halfLife":"0.3 hours","clearance":"140.0 mL/min/kg","volumeOfDistribution":"3.1 L/kg"},"publicationCount":91,"therapeuticAreas":["Oncology"],"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2025 Oct 31","pmid":"41174235","title":"Click-code-seq reveals strand biases of DNA oxidation and depurination in human genome.","journal":"Nature chemical biology"},{"date":"2025 Oct","pmid":"40709550","title":"Glucose Deprivation-Induced Disulfidptosis via the SLC7A11-INF2 Axis: Pan-Cancer Prognostic Exploration and Therapeutic Validation.","journal":"Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)"},{"date":"2025 Sep","pmid":"40659289","title":"Mapping the immune-genetic architecture of aging: A single-cell causal framework for biomarker discovery and therapeutic targeting.","journal":"Ageing research reviews"},{"date":"2024 Sep","pmid":"39229560","title":"A new TGF-β risk score predicts clinical and immune landscape in colorectal cancer patients.","journal":"Annals of gastroenterological surgery"},{"date":"2023 Nov 23","pmid":"37996508","title":"Nucleotide excision repair deficiency is a targetable therapeutic vulnerability in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.","journal":"Scientific reports"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"discontinued","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}