{"id":"intranasal-insulin","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Nasal irritation or congestion"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypoglycemia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Headache"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Rhinitis"}]},"_chembl":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL1201631","moleculeType":"Protein"},"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Insulin administered intranasally is absorbed through the highly vascularized nasal epithelium, allowing it to enter systemic circulation while avoiding degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and first-pass hepatic metabolism. This route of administration may provide more physiologic insulin kinetics and potentially improve postprandial glucose control compared to subcutaneous injection. The nasal mucosa's large surface area and rich blood supply facilitate rapid absorption of the peptide hormone.","oneSentence":"Intranasal insulin delivers insulin directly to the nasal mucosa for systemic absorption, bypassing first-pass hepatic metabolism to improve glycemic control.","_ai_confidence":"medium"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T01:16:40.976Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus"},{"name":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT05062785","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Dose-Finding Study of Intranasal Insulin in Healthy Participants Insulin in Healthy Participants","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Robert Silbergleit","startDate":"2021-10-04","conditions":"Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, Healthy","enrollment":24},{"nctId":"NCT07384052","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Safety and Feasibility of Intranasal Insulin in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"HealthPartners 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