{"id":"intraduodenal-quinine-hydrochloride","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Gastrointestinal distress"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Nausea"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Bitter taste sensation"}]},"_chembl":{"chemblId":"CHEMBL588046","moleculeType":"Small molecule","molecularWeight":"360.89"},"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Quinine activates bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) located on enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum, triggering the release of incretin hormones and other metabolic regulators. This localized intestinal stimulation enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion and improves postprandial glucose control without systemic absorption of the drug.","oneSentence":"Intraduodenal quinine hydrochloride acts as a bitter taste receptor agonist that stimulates local sensory pathways in the small intestine to modulate glucose homeostasis and metabolic function.","_ai_confidence":"low"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:49:30.054Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT03985865","phase":"PHASE4","title":"IG vs ID Bitter Administration","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven","startDate":"2017-03-02","conditions":"Obesity","enrollment":14},{"nctId":"NCT02759926","phase":"NA","title":"The Effect of Bitter Taste Receptor Agonists on The Gastrointestinal Tract, Hunger and Food Intake","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven","startDate":"2011-08","conditions":"Healthy, Obesity","enrollment":98}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":7,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["ID QHCl"],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Intraduodenal quinine hydrochloride","genericName":"Intraduodenal quinine hydrochloride","companyName":"Universitaire Ziekenhuizen KU Leuven","companyId":"universitaire-ziekenhuizen-ku-leuven","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Intraduodenal quinine hydrochloride acts as a bitter taste receptor agonist that stimulates local sensory pathways in the small intestine to modulate glucose homeostasis and metabolic function. Used for Type 2 diabetes mellitus.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":1,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}