{"id":"intra-articular-corticosteroid-injections","rwe":[],"tags":[],"safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"drug":"Aspirin","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of bleeding"},{"drug":"Anticoagulants","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of bleeding"},{"drug":"Antibiotics","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of tendon rupture"},{"drug":"Antifungals","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of tendon rupture"},{"drug":"Cyclosporine","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of nephrotoxicity"},{"drug":"Methotrexate","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of toxicity"},{"drug":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding"},{"drug":"Warfarin","action":"Monitor","effect":"Increased risk of bleeding"},{"drug":"Live vaccines","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased immune response"},{"drug":"Typhoid vaccine","action":"Avoid","effect":"Decreased immune response"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Arthralgia","drugRate":"4.0%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":1115,"totalAffected":45,"trialsReporting":5},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"6.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":613,"totalAffected":39,"trialsReporting":3},{"effect":"Viral upper respiratory tract infection","drugRate":"2.9%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":484,"totalAffected":14,"trialsReporting":2},{"effect":"Injection site pain","drugRate":"3.2%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":8,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Toothache","drugRate":"2.0%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":5,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Upper respiratory tract infection","drugRate":"2.0%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":5,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Joint swelling","drugRate":"1.0%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":502,"totalAffected":5,"trialsReporting":2},{"effect":"Spinal 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Infection","drugRate":"1.6%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":129,"totalAffected":2,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Back Pain","drugRate":"1.6%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":129,"totalAffected":2,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Angina pectoris","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Arrhythmia","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Palpitation","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Inner ear inflammation","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Lens dislocation","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Constipation","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Irritable bowel syndrome","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Asthenia","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Injection site oedema","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Injection site swelling","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Cystitis","drugRate":"0.2%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":502,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":2},{"effect":"Gingivitis","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Herpes zoster","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Lyme disease","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Pharyngitis","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Sinusitis","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Urinary tract infection","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Ankle fracture","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Contusion","drugRate":"0.3%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":380,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":2},{"effect":"Head injury","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Joint dislocation","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Ligament sprain","drugRate":"0.2%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":502,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":2},{"effect":"Blood pressure decreased","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1},{"effect":"Joint effusion","drugRate":"0.4%","placeboRate":"","totalAtRisk":251,"totalAffected":1,"trialsReporting":1}],"contraindications":["Active infection: Sepsis, Bacteremia, Systemic infection, Local joint infection or cellulitis","Hypersensitivity: Known allergy to any components of the corticosteroid preparation","Planned joint replacement: Increased risk of periprosthetic joint infection","Fracture: Acute fracture in or around the joint","Prosthetic joint: Routine injections into prosthetic joints should be avoided","Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus: Patients should be informed about the need to monitor glucose levels closely","Bleeding disorders: Patients on anticoagulation therapy","Unstable joints: Severely unstable joint where injection may worsen instability","Frequent injections: Risk of accelerated cartilage volume loss with repeated injections","Adjacent skin conditions: Psoriasis or other skin disorders at the injection site","Immunocompromised patients: Suspected Strongyloides infestation, History of amebiasis, Systemic fungal infections","Viral infections","Osteoporosis: Consider alternative treatments in patients with severe osteoporosis"],"specialPopulations":{"Pregnancy":"No information available","Geriatric use":"No information available","Paediatric use":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common chronic rheumatic diseases of childhood, with a prevalence of 50%–80% of all chronic arthritis cases in North America and Europe. The 2011, 2013, 2019 and 2021 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) JIA treatment guidelines have consistently recommended intra-articular corticosteroid injections (IACI) as a primary treatment for oligoarticular disease and as adjunct or bridging therapy for polyarticular disease, sacroiliitis, and systemic disease.","Renal impairment":"No information available","Hepatic impairment":"No information available"}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Pfizer","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=intra-articular-corticosteroid-injections","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:38:27.613779+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:38:35.072049+00:00"},"regulatory.eu":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"European Medicines Agency","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ema_api","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:38:27.636061+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=intra-articular-corticosteroid-injections","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:38:35.871693+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Voltage-gated N-type calcium channel alpha-1B subunit blocker","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:38:36.634231+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1795072/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-19T23:38:36.520972+00:00"}},"allNames":"intra-articular corticosteroid injections","offLabel":[],"timeline":[],"aiSummary":"Intra-articular corticosteroid injections, developed by Pfizer Inc., are used to treat various joint-related conditions. The mechanism involves reducing inflammation within the joint. Key indications include osteoarthritis of the knee and hip, rheumatoid arthritis, tendinitis, and bursitis. This treatment has a significant commercial presence, with $21.2B in revenue. Clinical differentiation lies in its targeted approach to joint inflammation. Commercial significance is evident in its widespread use. Pipeline developments are not specified.","brandName":"Intra-articular corticosteroid injections","ecosystem":[],"isGeneric":true,"mechanism":{"target":"Glucocorticoid receptor","novelty":"Best-in-class","modality":"Biological","drugClass":"Corticosteroid","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Intra-articular corticosteroid injections contain corticosteroids, such as triamcinolone or methylprednisolone, which are administered directly into the joint space. This allows for a high concentration of the medication to be delivered directly to the site of inflammation. The corticosteroids then work to reduce inflammation and swelling within the joint."},"_companyIR":{"url":"https://www.pfizer.com/investors","revenueRefs":[],"pipelineRefs":[]},"commercial":{"yoyGrowth":"7%","annualCostUS":"$80,000/yr","genericStatus":"Biologic — patent protected","currentRevenue":"$21.2B","peakSalesEstimate":"$21.2B"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=intra-articular-corticosteroid-injections","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=intra-articular-corticosteroid-injections","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/","fields":["molecular"],"source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/","fields":["regulatoryStatus"],"source":"European Medicines Agency (EMA)"},{"id":5,"url":"https://list.essentialmeds.org/","fields":["regulatoryStatus"],"source":"WHO Essential Medicines List"}],"_tgaChecked":true,"_validation":{"fieldsValidated":2,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T08:28:25.776980+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"_whoChecked":true,"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"name":"Triamcinolone","company":"Unknown","advantage":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties"},{"name":"Methylprednisolone","company":"Unknown","advantage":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties"},{"name":"Betamethasone","company":"Unknown","advantage":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties"},{"name":"Dexamethasone","company":"Unknown","advantage":"Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties"}],"genericName":"intra-articular-corticosteroid-injections","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Osteoarthritis of the knee","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Osteoarthritis of the hip","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Rheumatoid arthritis","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Tendinitis (e.g., Achilles, rotator cuff)","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Bursitis (e.g., olecranon, prepatellar)","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Synovitis (e.g., of the knee, elbow)","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Epicondylitis (e.g., tennis elbow)","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Trigger finger","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Gouty arthritis","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Psoriatic arthritis","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Ankylosing spondylitis","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Polymyalgia rheumatica","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Frozen shoulder","regulator":"FDA"},{"name":"Tendinosis (e.g., patellar)","regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"_mhraChecked":true,"labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07497737","phase":"PHASE4","title":"OMT for Adhesive Capsulitis","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center","startDate":"2026-04-01","conditions":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder, Frozen Shoulder","enrollment":300},{"nctId":"NCT07409779","phase":"NA","title":"Capsular Distension Versus Corticosteroid Injection in Adhesive Capsulitis","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Faculty of Medicine of Tunis","startDate":"2026-04-01","conditions":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT05845125","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Evolution of Post-Stroke Shoulder Pain With a Capsular Pattern With Physiotherapy Alone Versus Coupled With Mild Arthrographic Distension With Cortisone","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Claire Bourgeois","startDate":"2023-05-21","conditions":"Shoulder Pain","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT04641351","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Corticosteroid Meniscectomy Randomized Trial","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"The Cleveland Clinic","startDate":"2021-05-27","conditions":"Osteoarthritis, Knee, Meniscus Tear, Meniscus; Degeneration","enrollment":150},{"nctId":"NCT06782529","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Knee Injections for Obese Patients With Knee Arthritis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Mayo Clinic","startDate":"2025-01-24","conditions":"Osteoarthritis of Knee","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT05844930","phase":"PHASE4","title":"A Study to Determine the Safety and Effectiveness of a Connective Tissue Allograft (ActiveMatrix) Verses Standard of Care in Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston","startDate":"2023-01-03","conditions":"Adhesive Capsulitis","enrollment":56},{"nctId":"NCT05023369","phase":"PHASE4","title":"This is a Study to Verify if Periarticular Hip Injection of Corticosteroid After Hip Replacement Reduce the Pain and the Hospitalisation Time","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona","startDate":"2021-12-10","conditions":"Femoral Neck Fractures","enrollment":110},{"nctId":"NCT07416916","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Ultrasound-Guided Intra-Articular vs Gluteal Intramuscular Corticosteroid Injection for Frozen Shoulder","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","startDate":"2026-02-23","conditions":"Frozen Shoulder","enrollment":528},{"nctId":"NCT07427238","phase":"","title":"Pericapsular Nerve Group Block Added to Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injection in the Treatment of Hip Pain","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi","startDate":"2025-02-01","conditions":"Hip Pain Chronic, Osteoarthritis, Hip","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT04949087","phase":"NA","title":"Efficacy of Intra-articular Injections for the Treatment of Primary Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis(GHOA)","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Rush University Medical Center","startDate":"2023-03-13","conditions":"Arthritis Shoulder","enrollment":200},{"nctId":"NCT06600958","phase":"","title":"IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SEVERITY AND RADIO-CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris","startDate":"2022-11-03","conditions":"Knee Osteoarthritis, Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatism","enrollment":300},{"nctId":"NCT06084364","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Intraarticular Steroids, Saline and Occupational Therapy in People With CMC1 Osteoarthritis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Diakonhjemmet Hospital","startDate":"2023-11-03","conditions":"Osteoarthritis Thumb","enrollment":354},{"nctId":"NCT06865170","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Pain Perception During Intra-Articular Knee Joint Injection: What is the Effect of Needle Gauge and the Use of Ethyl Chloride?","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of California, Davis","startDate":"2026-05","conditions":"Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee, Fear of Needles","enrollment":88},{"nctId":"NCT03467919","phase":"PHASE3","title":"The Effect of Micro Fragmented Adipose Tissue (MFAT) on Knee Osteoarthritis","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Stanford University","startDate":"2018-04-01","conditions":"Osteoarthritis, Knee, Knee Pain","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT07363876","phase":"NA","title":"The Efficacy of Ultrasonication in Combination With Corticosteroid Intraarticular Injection for Arthritis","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Taichung Veterans General Hospital","startDate":"2025-12-29","conditions":"Arthritis, Ultrasonication, Intra-articular Injections","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT07364227","phase":"NA","title":"Anterior vs Posterior vs Combined Intra-Articular Injections for Adhesive Capsulitis","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Aslinur Keles Ercisli, MD, PhD","startDate":"2026-01","conditions":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder, Intra Articular Injection","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT06401317","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Corticosteroid Against Saline Injections for Thumb Osteoarthritis (CASITOA)","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","startDate":"2025-11-04","conditions":"Trapeziometacarpal Osteoarthritis","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT04859764","phase":"NA","title":"Effect of Reparel Knee Sleeve With Knee 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Osteoarthritis(Primary), Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT07278323","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Frozen Shoulder and Hormone Replacement Therapy","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of California, San Francisco","startDate":"2026-01-01","conditions":"Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder, Frozen Shoulder","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT06872567","phase":"NA","title":"Randomized Controlled Study Evaluating Genicular Artery Embolization Against Intra-Articular Corticosteroid Knee Injection for Osteoarthritic Knee Pain","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"North American Science Associates Ltd.","startDate":"2025-10-01","conditions":"Knee Osteoarthritis (Knee OA)","enrollment":126},{"nctId":"NCT07242846","phase":"PHASE4","title":"EFFECT OF INTRAARTICULAR TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE AND BETAMETHASONE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Nigde Omer Halisdemir University","startDate":"2025-10-02","conditions":"Knee Osteoarthritis (Knee OA), Intraocular Pressure","enrollment":80},{"nctId":"NCT07243392","phase":"NA","title":"Effects of Steroid, Dextrose Prolotherapy, and Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections in Knee Joint OA Patients","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Lincoln University College","startDate":"2025-11-28","conditions":"Knee Osteoarthritis","enrollment":72},{"nctId":"NCT06929585","phase":"NA","title":"Genicular Artery Embolization (GAE) vs inTra-articular Corticosteroid Injection for Osteoarthritic Knee Pain.","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"National Taiwan University Hospital","startDate":"2025-03-25","conditions":"Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee","enrollment":1},{"nctId":"NCT04929951","phase":"PHASE1","title":"The Effect of Micro Fragmented Adipose Tissue (MFAT) on Shoulder Osteoarthritis","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Stanford University","startDate":"2022-07-28","conditions":"Osteoarthritis Shoulder, Shoulder Pain","enrollment":48},{"nctId":"NCT06700109","phase":"NA","title":"INJECTABLE COLD ENERGY THERAPY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE KNEE","status":"ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Brixton Biosciences, Inc.","startDate":"2024-11-19","conditions":"Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Knee","enrollment":263},{"nctId":"NCT06653985","phase":"NA","title":"Intra-articular Corticosteroid With Hyaluronic Acid Plus Physiotherapy for Hip Pathologies (NON-OP HIP)","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"ArthroBiologix Inc.","startDate":"2024-05-01","conditions":"Osteoarthritis, Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome, Labrum Injury of the Hip Joint","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT07194135","phase":"NA","title":"Intra-articular Tenoxicam Versus Triamcinolone Acetonide in Knee Osteoarthritis Management","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Benha University","startDate":"2024-11-03","conditions":"Osteoarthritis, Knee","enrollment":100},{"nctId":"NCT07183436","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Intra-articular Corticosteroids Are Widely Used for Adhesive Capsulitis, But 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