{"id":"hydroquinone-cream","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Contact dermatitis"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Irritation and erythema"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Dryness and scaling"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Ochronosis (with prolonged use)"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":{"setId":"ced62618-e87d-12b9-e053-2a95a90a3013","title":"HYDROQUINONE CREAM (HYDROQUINONE) CREAM [APNAR PHARMA LP]"},"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent that works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. This reduces melanin synthesis and can gradually lighten hyperpigmented skin lesions. It may also increase the degradation of existing melanin and inhibit the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes.","oneSentence":"Hydroquinone inhibits melanin production by suppressing tyrosinase activity in melanocytes.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-27T23:40:37.707Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Hyperpigmentation disorders (melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, lentigines)"},{"name":"Uneven skin tone and discoloration"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07345507","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of Efficacy of Metformin Gel 30% vs Triple Combination Cream (Hydroquinone 4%, Flucinolone Acetonide 0.01%, Tretinoin 0.025%) in Treatment of Melasma in Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre","startDate":"2025-02-01","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":34},{"nctId":"NCT07327983","phase":"NA","title":"Azelaic Acid 20% vs Hydroquinone 4% in Epidermal Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Gujranwala medical college District Headquarters Hospital, Gujranwala","startDate":"2025-05-04","conditions":"Melasma, Melasma (Facial Melasma)","enrollment":146},{"nctId":"NCT04875715","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Prospective Evaluation of Topical Almond Oil vs Hydroquinone","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"University of California, Davis","startDate":"2021-07-01","conditions":"Skin Pigmentation","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT07071363","phase":"NA","title":"COMPARISON OF A COSMETIC SERUM AND 4% HYDROQUINONE FOR TREATING MELASMA OVER 84 DAYS","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Laboratoire Dermatologique ACM","startDate":"2025-06-23","conditions":"Healthy, Melasma (Facial Melasma), Epidermal Melasma","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT07121439","phase":"NA","title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Combined Serum Containing Melasyl™, 10% Niacinamide, Hyaluronic Acid, and HEPES","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Dr.dr.Irma Bernadette, SpKK (K)","startDate":"2025-09-15","conditions":"Melasma, Post-acne Hyperpigmentation","enrollment":68},{"nctId":"NCT06957834","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Efficacy of Eflornithine Hydrochloride Cream in the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Split-face Controlled Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"National Skin Centre","startDate":"2023-06-06","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT06787846","phase":"NA","title":"EFFICACY and TOLERABILITY of TESTED FORMULA VS. 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