{"id":"hydroquinone-4-cream","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Contact dermatitis"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Irritation and erythema"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Dryness and scaling"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Ochronosis (with prolonged use)"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Hydroquinone is a depigmenting agent that works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. By blocking this key step in melanin biosynthesis, it reduces the production and transfer of melanin to keratinocytes, leading to gradual lightening of hyperpigmented skin lesions. The 4% concentration is a standard topical formulation used for treating various forms of hyperpigmentation.","oneSentence":"Hydroquinone inhibits melanin synthesis by suppressing tyrosinase activity, reducing pigment production in the skin.","_ai_confidence":"high"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:48:07.008Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Melasma"},{"name":"Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation"},{"name":"Lentigines and other forms of hyperpigmentation"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07345507","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of Efficacy of Metformin Gel 30% vs Triple Combination Cream (Hydroquinone 4%, Flucinolone Acetonide 0.01%, Tretinoin 0.025%) in Treatment of Melasma in Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre","startDate":"2025-02-01","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":34},{"nctId":"NCT07327983","phase":"NA","title":"Azelaic Acid 20% vs Hydroquinone 4% in Epidermal Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Gujranwala medical college District Headquarters Hospital, Gujranwala","startDate":"2025-05-04","conditions":"Melasma, Melasma (Facial Melasma)","enrollment":146},{"nctId":"NCT07071363","phase":"NA","title":"COMPARISON OF A COSMETIC SERUM AND 4% HYDROQUINONE FOR TREATING MELASMA OVER 84 DAYS","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Laboratoire Dermatologique ACM","startDate":"2025-06-23","conditions":"Healthy, Melasma (Facial Melasma), Epidermal Melasma","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT07121439","phase":"NA","title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Combined Serum Containing Melasyl™, 10% Niacinamide, Hyaluronic Acid, and HEPES","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Dr.dr.Irma Bernadette, SpKK (K)","startDate":"2025-09-15","conditions":"Melasma, Post-acne Hyperpigmentation","enrollment":68},{"nctId":"NCT06787846","phase":"NA","title":"EFFICACY and TOLERABILITY of TESTED FORMULA VS. HYDROQUINONE 4% in the TREATMENT of FACIAL MELASMA","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Cosmetique Active International","startDate":"2023-08-17","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":109},{"nctId":"NCT06780644","phase":"NA","title":"Comparison of Effectiveness and Safety of Triple Combination Cream of Fucinolone Acetonide 0.01%, Hydroquinone 4%, Tretinoin 0.05% with Mometasone Furoate 0.1%, Hydroquinone 4%, Tretinoin 0.05% in the Treatment of Melasma","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Indonesia University","startDate":"2025-02-17","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":56},{"nctId":"NCT06522984","phase":"NA","title":"Fractional Erbium YAG Laser vs Intradermal and Systemic Tranexamic Acid","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Egymedicalpedia","startDate":"2024-06-01","conditions":"Refractory Melasma","enrollment":45},{"nctId":"NCT06516224","phase":"NA","title":"Anti-pigmenting Effect of a Routine of Facial Products in Subjects With Melasma","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Cosmetique Active International","startDate":"2024-07-15","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":150},{"nctId":"NCT05511948","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Randomized and Open Label Study for Safety and Efficacy of DBI-102 vs. Vehicle vs. Hydroquinone on Skin Pigmentation and Lentigos","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"DermBiont, Inc.","startDate":"2022-08-18","conditions":"Hyperpigmentation","enrollment":75},{"nctId":"NCT05969587","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Cysteamine Compared to Hydroquinone in Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"China Medical University Hospital","startDate":"2019-11-28","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":28},{"nctId":"NCT05887219","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Comparison of Azelaic Acid 20 % Cream Versus Hydroquinone 4% Cream as an Adjuvant to Oral Tranexamic Acid in Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Combined Military Hospital Abbottabad","startDate":"2022-11-01","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT00669071","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Treatment w/ Tri-Luma® Cream & Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) vs a Mild Inactive Control Cream & Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) in Melasma","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Galderma R&D","startDate":"2008-01","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":56},{"nctId":"NCT00469183","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Assessment of Atrophogenic Potential of Triple Combination Cream for Treatment of Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Galderma R&D","startDate":"2006-05","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":70},{"nctId":"NCT00472966","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Therapy With Tri-Luma® Cream in Sequence With Glycolic Acid Peels for Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Galderma R&D","startDate":"2006-11","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT00616239","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Salicylic Acid Peels Combined With 4% Hydroquinone in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Melasma in Hispanic Women","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","startDate":"2008-01","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT03982849","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Comparison of Topical Silymarin With Hydroquinone in the Treatment of Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Islamabad Medical and Dental College","startDate":"2019-07-15","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":92},{"nctId":"NCT02095990","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Efficacy and Safety of a 4% Hydroquinone Cream for the Treatment of Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mesoestetic Pharma Group S.L.","startDate":"2014-03","conditions":"Facial Melasma","enrollment":17},{"nctId":"NCT02977507","phase":"NA","title":"Split-face Study Comparing the Cosmetic Efficacy and Tolerability of Two Topical Products in Participants With Moderate Facial Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Allergan","startDate":"2016-12-13","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":18},{"nctId":"NCT03751163","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Oral Tranexamic Acid and Topical Hydroquinone in the Treatment of Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia","startDate":"2016-03-16","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":50},{"nctId":"NCT03585179","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Oral and Topical Tranexamic Acid for the Treatment of Melasma","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Centro Dermatológico Dr. Ladislao de la Pascua","startDate":"2018-08-01","conditions":"Melasma, Chloasma, Melanosis","enrollment":120},{"nctId":"NCT03049059","phase":"PHASE2","title":"A Comparative Study for Efficacy and Safety Between 4% Hydroquinone Cream With or Without Fractional Picosecond 1,064 nm Laser for the Treatment of Dermal or Mixed Type Melasma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mae Fah Luang University Hospital","startDate":"2016-06-01","conditions":"Picoseconds Laser, Melasma","enrollment":30},{"nctId":"NCT03040089","phase":"NA","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Picosecond, Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Therapy Using 1,064 nm and 595 nm","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"CynosureLutronic","startDate":"2016-03-09","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":40},{"nctId":"NCT01661556","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Clinical Trial of Hydroquinone Versus Miconazol in Melasma","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí","startDate":"2011-10","conditions":"Melasma","enrollment":60},{"nctId":"NCT00863278","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Treatment of Melasma With Stabilized Kligman Preparation Associated or Not With Pulsed Dye Laser","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice","startDate":"2009-03","conditions":"Melanosis","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT00975312","phase":"PHASE2","title":"Solar Lentigines Treatment With the Triple Combination Cream","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile","startDate":"2008-08","conditions":"Lentigo","enrollment":22},{"nctId":"NCT00927771","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Azelaic Acid Versus Hydroquinone in Melasma","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Callender Center for Clinical Research","startDate":"2009-06","conditions":"Melanosis","enrollment":30}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":27,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":["HQ"],"phase":"phase_3","status":"active","brandName":"Hydroquinone 4% Cream","genericName":"Hydroquinone 4% Cream","companyName":"Islamabad Medical and Dental College","companyId":"islamabad-medical-and-dental-college","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Hydroquinone inhibits melanin synthesis by suppressing tyrosinase activity, reducing pigment production in the skin. Used for Melasma, Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, Lentigines and other forms of hyperpigmentation.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":2,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}