{"id":"hydroflumethiazide","rwe":[{"pmid":"30000041","year":"2006","title":"Hydroflumethiazide.","finding":"","journal":"","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"30905848","year":"2019","title":"Discovery of therapeutic agents for prostate cancer using genome-scale metabolic modeling and drug repositioning.","finding":"","journal":"EBioMedicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"23488823","year":"2013","title":"Diuretics with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory action: a patent and literature review (2005 - 2013).","finding":"","journal":"Expert opinion on therapeutic patents","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"20006096","year":"2010","title":"Interfacing on-line solid phase extraction with monolithic column multisyringe chromatography and chemiluminescence detection: An effective tool for fast, sensitive and selective determination of thiazide diuretics.","finding":"","journal":"Talanta","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"19750501","year":"2009","title":"Rapid determination of 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Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/lithium","drug":"lithium","action":"Avoid combination","effect":"May interact with Lithium","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"lithium"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Nausea","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vomiting","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Diarrhea","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Constipation","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Dizziness","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Headache","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Rash","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Weakness","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Anorexia","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Gastric irritation","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Cramping","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Vertigo","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Paresthesias","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Xanthopsia","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Photosensitivity","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Urticaria","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Orthostatic hypotension","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Hyperglycemia","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Hyperuricemia","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""},{"effect":"Muscle spasm","drugRate":"","severity":"common","organSystem":""}],"contraindications":["Calculus in biliary tract","Chronic disease of respiratory system","Chronic heart failure","Conduction disorder of the heart","Depressive disorder","Electroconvulsive therapy","Epilepsy","Kidney disease","Peptic ulcer","Suicidal thoughts","Ulcerative colitis"],"seriousAdverseEvents":[{"effect":"Aplastic anemia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Agranulocytosis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Pancreatitis","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Jaundice (intrahepatic cholestatic)","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Necrotizing angiitis (vasculitis)","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Leukopenia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Thrombocytopenia","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Purpura","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Glycosuria","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"},{"effect":"Restlessness","drugRate":"","severity":"serious"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Shire Llc","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T06:01:42.846476+00:00"},"timeline":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroflumethiazide","method":"deterministic","source":"Wikipedia","rawText":"","confidence":0.8,"sourceType":"wikipedia","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T06:01:50.797223+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T06:01:49.491434+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T06:01:50.224096+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter inhibitor","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T06:01:50.796809+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1763/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T06:01:50.692762+00:00"}},"allNames":"saluron","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["hydroflumethiazide","trifluoromethylhydrothiazide"],"timeline":[{"date":"1959-01-01","type":"neutral","source":"FDA Orange Book","milestone":"Rights transferred from SHIRE LLC to Shire Llc"},{"date":"1959-07-22","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Shire Llc)"}],"aiSummary":"Saluron (HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE) is a thiazide diuretic small molecule drug that targets the solute carrier family 12 member 3. It was originally developed by SHIRE LLC and is currently owned by Shire LLC. FDA approved in 1959, it is used to treat edema and hypertensive disorders. As an off-patent medication, it is available as a generic from multiple manufacturers. Key safety considerations include its short half-life of 5.2 hours and moderate bioavailability of 50%.","approvals":[{"date":"1959-07-22","orphan":false,"company":"SHIRE LLC","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Saluron","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Edema","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetazolamide","slug":"acetazolamide","company":"Teva Branded Pharm"},{"name":"amiloride","slug":"amiloride","company":"Paddock Llc"},{"name":"bumetanide","slug":"bumetanide","company":""},{"name":"chlorothiazide","slug":"chlorothiazide","company":"Oak Pharms Akorn"}],"globalPrevalence":200000},{"indication":"Hypertensive disorder","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acebutolol","slug":"acebutolol","company":"Promius Pharma"},{"name":"aliskiren","slug":"aliskiren","company":"Novartis"},{"name":"amiloride","slug":"amiloride","company":"Paddock Llc"},{"name":"amlodipine","slug":"amlodipine","company":"Pfizer"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"Solute carrier family 12 member 3","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"SLC12A3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Solute carrier family 12 member 3","protein":"Solute carrier family 12 member 3"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Thiazide Diuretic","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Saluron (HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE) acts as a competitive inhibitor of the sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidneys, reducing sodium and chloride reabsorption and increasing sodium and chloride excretion, leading to increased urine production and decreased blood volume."},"_wikipedia":{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide","title":"Furosemide","extract":"Furosemide, sold under the brand name Lasix among others, is a loop diuretic medication used to treat edema due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. Furosemide may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure. It can be taken intravenously or orally. When given intravenously, furosemide typically takes effect within five minutes; when taken orally, it typically metabolizes within an hour."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1959","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1959-07-22, SHIRE LLC)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1392","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=HYDROFLUMETHIAZIDE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furosemide","fields":["history","overview"],"source":"Wikipedia"},{"id":5,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange 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