{"id":"human-insulin-inhalation-powder","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Hypoglycemia"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Cough"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Throat irritation"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Bronchospasm"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Injection site reactions (at inhalation site)"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"This formulation delivers recombinant human insulin directly to the lungs for rapid systemic absorption, mimicking the physiological insulin response. It binds to insulin receptors on muscle, adipose, and hepatic cells to facilitate glucose uptake and storage while suppressing hepatic glucose production. The inhalation route provides faster onset compared to subcutaneous injection, potentially improving postprandial glucose control.","oneSentence":"Human insulin delivered via inhalation powder replaces or supplements endogenous insulin to regulate blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and utilization in peripheral tissues.","_ai_confidence":"medium"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:46:53.017Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus"},{"name":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT04974528","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Afrezza® INHALE-1 Study in Pediatrics","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mannkind Corporation","startDate":"2021-09-29","conditions":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","enrollment":319},{"nctId":"NCT05243628","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Afrezza With Basal Combination (ABC): Afrezza® Combined With AID Pump or Insulin Degludec in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mannkind Corporation","startDate":"2022-03-31","conditions":"Type 1 Diabetes","enrollment":33},{"nctId":"NCT05904743","phase":"PHASE4","title":"INHALE-3: Afrezza® Combined With Insulin Degludec Versus Usual Care in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mannkind Corporation","startDate":"2023-07-07","conditions":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","enrollment":141},{"nctId":"NCT03324776","phase":"PHASE3","title":"Initiating Mealtime Ultra-Rapid Acting Insulin (Afrezza) in Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Patients","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Model Clinical Research LLC","startDate":"2017-10-16","conditions":"Type2 Diabetes","enrollment":20},{"nctId":"NCT04849845","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Afrezza® Dosing Optimization Study","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Mannkind Corporation","startDate":"2021-04-09","conditions":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 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Used for Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}