{"id":"hokunalin-tulobuterol-tape","safety":{"commonSideEffects":[{"rate":null,"effect":"Tremor"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Headache"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Palpitations"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Nervousness"},{"rate":null,"effect":"Skin irritation at application site"}]},"_chembl":null,"_dailymed":null,"mechanism":{"_ai_source":"claude-haiku-4.5","explanation":"Tulobuterol binds to and activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle cells, triggering a cascade that increases intracellular cAMP levels. This leads to smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation, improving airway patency and reducing airway resistance. The transdermal tape formulation (Hokunalin) provides sustained delivery over 24 hours for chronic asthma and COPD management.","oneSentence":"Tulobuterol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that stimulates beta-2 receptors on airway smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation and improve airflow.","_ai_confidence":"medium"},"_scrapedAt":"2026-03-28T00:22:41.527Z","_scrapedBy":"cloudflare-swarm","_wikipedia":null,"indications":{"approved":[{"name":"Asthma"},{"name":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"}]},"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT00950794","phase":"PHASE4","title":"Study of Salmeterol (SN408D) for Adult Asthma","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"GlaxoSmithKline","startDate":"2003-09","conditions":"Asthma, Bronchial Asthma","enrollment":367}],"_emaApprovals":[],"_faersSignals":[],"_approvalHistory":[],"publicationCount":1,"rwe":[],"genericFilers":[],"relatedDrugs":[],"labelChanges":[],"biosimilarFilings":[],"pricing":[],"formularyStatus":[],"manufacturing":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"competitors":[],"timeline":[],"patents":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"trials":[],"biosimilars":[],"latestUpdates":[],"references":[],"tags":[],"ecosystem":[],"genericManufacturerList":[],"offLabel":[],"developmentCodes":[],"aliases":[],"phase":"marketed","status":"active","brandName":"Hokunalin (tulobuterol) tape","genericName":"Hokunalin (tulobuterol) tape","companyName":"GlaxoSmithKline","companyId":"gsk","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"","aiSummary":"Tulobuterol is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist that stimulates beta-2 receptors on airway smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation and improve airflow. Used for Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"verificationStatus":"verified","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":true,"indications":true,"safety":true,"trials":true,"score":4}}