{"id":"halothane","rwe":[{"pmid":"41739271","year":"2026","title":"Impact of specific genetic polymorphisms on pork quality in Argentinian swine populations.","finding":"","journal":"Tropical animal health and production","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41679312","year":"2026","title":"A bone-derived hormone permits rapid visual escape via GPR37 receptor in a subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons.","finding":"","journal":"Neuron","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41595433","year":"2025","title":"Clinical and Genetic Characterization of a Novel RYR1 Variant (p.Gln474His) in Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility.","finding":"","journal":"Genes","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41478797","year":"2026","title":"European Malignant Hyperthermia Group 2025 guidelines for the investigation of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.","finding":"","journal":"British journal of anaesthesia","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41465764","year":"2025","title":"The Effects of Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) in Humans: A Rapid Review.","finding":"","journal":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"halothane","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","category":"target"},{"label":"GABRA1","category":"gene"},{"label":"GABRA2","category":"gene"},{"label":"GABRA3","category":"gene"},{"label":"N01AB01","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Generic Available","category":"availability"},{"label":"Mature","category":"status"},{"label":"General anesthesia","category":"indication"},{"label":"Approved 1950s","category":"decade"},{"label":"Anesthetics","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Anesthetics, Inhalation","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Depressants","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/ephedrine","drug":"ephedrine","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Ephedrine","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"ephedrine"},{"url":"/drug/labetalol","drug":"labetalol","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Labetalol","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"labetalol"}],"contraindications":["Benign intracranial hypertension","Conduction disorder of the heart","Disease of liver","Low blood pressure","Malignant hyperthermia"]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=HALOTHANE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:21.753470+00:00"},"aiSummary":{"url":"","method":"ai_extraction","source":"AI Strategic Summary","aiModel":"featherless","rawText":"","confidence":0.9,"sourceType":"ai_extraction","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:36.903609+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:26.982771+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=HALOTHANE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:27.355614+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Potassium channel subfamily K member 3 opener","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:28.412389+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL931/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:28.064406+00:00"}},"allNames":"anestan","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["halothane","anestan","fluothane","ftorotan","narcotan","narcotane","rhodialothan"],"timeline":[{"date":"1958-03-12","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval"}],"aiSummary":"Halothane (Anestan) is a marketed general anesthetic that operates by enhancing the inhibitory effects of GABA, currently holding a position in a competitive market dominated by off-patent alternatives such as enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane. A key strength of Halothane is its well-established mechanism of action, which has been widely recognized since its introduction. The primary risk facing Halothane is the strong competition from multiple generic alternatives within the same class, which may limit its market share and revenue potential.","brandName":"Anestan","ecosystem":[{"indication":"General anesthesia","otherDrugs":[{"name":"acetylcysteine","slug":"acetylcysteine","company":"Apothecon"},{"name":"alfentanil","slug":"alfentanil","company":"Akorn"},{"name":"alimemazine","slug":"alimemazine","company":"Allergan Herbert"},{"name":"amobarbital","slug":"amobarbital","company":""}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","novelty":"Follow-on","targets":[{"gene":"GABRA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1"},{"gene":"GABRA2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2"},{"gene":"GABRA3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3"},{"gene":"GABRA4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4"},{"gene":"GABRA5","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5"},{"gene":"GABRA6","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6"},{"gene":"GABRB1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1"},{"gene":"GABRB2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2"},{"gene":"GABRB3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3"},{"gene":"GABRD","source":"DrugCentral","target":"GABA-A receptor; anion channel","protein":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"halothane","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Halothane binds to the GABA-A receptor, anion channel, and enhances the flow of chloride ions into the neuron, leading to hyperpolarization and reduced neuronal excitability."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"1958","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 1958-03-12, )"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1356","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=HALOTHANE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=HALOTHANE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":4,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T02:38:54.632675","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:36.903688+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"enflurane","drugSlug":"enflurane","fdaApproval":"1972-08-28","genericCount":2,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"isoflurane","drugSlug":"isoflurane","fdaApproval":"1979-12-18","genericCount":6,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"desflurane","drugSlug":"desflurane","fdaApproval":"1992-09-18","genericCount":1,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"sevoflurane","drugSlug":"sevoflurane","fdaApproval":"1995-06-07","genericCount":5,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"genericName":"halothane","indications":{"approved":[{"name":"General anesthesia","source":"DrugCentral","snomedId":50697003,"regulator":"FDA"}],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"mature","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"enflurane","brandName":"enflurane","genericName":"enflurane","approvalYear":"1972","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"isoflurane","brandName":"isoflurane","genericName":"isoflurane","approvalYear":"1979","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"desflurane","brandName":"desflurane","genericName":"desflurane","approvalYear":"1992","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"sevoflurane","brandName":"sevoflurane","genericName":"sevoflurane","approvalYear":"1995","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT04287556","phase":"","title":"Population at Risk of Malignant Hyperthermia: Ambispective Cohort.","status":"UNKNOWN","sponsor":"Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz","startDate":"2020-02-26","conditions":["Hyperthermia, Malignant"],"enrollment":90,"completionDate":"2025-02-28"},{"nctId":"NCT05031676","phase":"NA","title":"Opioid Free Anesthesia in Maxillofacial Surgery","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Université NAZI BONI","startDate":"2019-02-15","conditions":["Maxillofacial Surgery"],"enrollment":66,"completionDate":"2020-10-05"},{"nctId":"NCT02964481","phase":"","title":"Malignant Hyperthermia Registry and Genetic Testing","status":"TERMINATED","sponsor":"Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati","startDate":"2015-08-18","conditions":["Malignant Hyperthermia"],"enrollment":64,"completionDate":"2017-02-28"},{"nctId":"NCT00815269","phase":"NA","title":"Vasodilation Effect of Inhalational Anesthetics","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Nanjing Medical University","startDate":"2008-12","conditions":["General Anesthesia"],"enrollment":300,"completionDate":"2009-12"}],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000146821","MMSL":"4820","NDDF":"001394","UNII":"UQT9G45D1P","VUID":"4018499","CHEBI":"CHEBI:5615","VANDF":"4018499","INN_ID":"697","RXNORM":"1302180","UMLSCUI":"C0018549","chemblId":"CHEMBL931","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL931","KEGG_DRUG":"D00542","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB01159","PUBCHEM_CID":"3562","SNOMEDCT_US":"387351001","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"2401","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D006221"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[],"publicationCount":15108,"therapeuticAreas":["Neuroscience"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"N01AB01","allCodes":["N01AB01"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"recentPublications":[{"date":"2026 Feb 25","pmid":"41739271","title":"Impact of specific genetic polymorphisms on pork quality in Argentinian swine populations.","journal":"Tropical animal health and production"},{"date":"2026 Feb 11","pmid":"41679312","title":"A bone-derived hormone permits rapid visual escape via GPR37 receptor in a subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons.","journal":"Neuron"},{"date":"2025 Dec 24","pmid":"41595433","title":"Clinical and Genetic Characterization of a Novel RYR1 Variant (p.Gln474His) in Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility.","journal":"Genes"},{"date":"2026 Feb","pmid":"41478797","title":"European Malignant Hyperthermia Group 2025 guidelines for the investigation of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.","journal":"British journal of anaesthesia"},{"date":"2025 Nov 28","pmid":"41465764","title":"The Effects of Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) in Humans: A Rapid Review.","journal":"Life (Basel, Switzerland)"}],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":3,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":["Bh","Halocarbon","Hospira"],"status":"approved","companyName":"","companyId":"","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1958","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":0,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":1,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T01:29:36.903688+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"partial","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":true,"safety":false,"trials":true,"score":2}}