{"id":"gallamine","rwe":[],"tags":[{"label":"gallamine","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2","category":"target"},{"label":"CHRM2","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRNA1","category":"gene"},{"label":"CHRM1","category":"gene"},{"label":"M03AC02","category":"atc"},{"label":"Off-Patent","category":"patent"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Davis And Geck","category":"company"},{"label":"Cholinergic Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cholinergic Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Blocking Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Nicotinic Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Peripheral Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"drugInteractions":[{"url":"/drug/gentamicin","drug":"gentamicin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Gallamine Triethiodide, Gentamicin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"gentamicin"},{"url":"/drug/kanamycin","drug":"kanamycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Gallamine Triethiodide, Kanamycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"kanamycin"},{"url":"/drug/neomycin","drug":"neomycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Gallamine Triethiodide, Neomycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"neomycin"},{"url":"/drug/netilmicin","drug":"netilmicin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Gallamine Triethiodide, Netilmicin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"netilmicin"},{"url":"/drug/streptomycin","drug":"streptomycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Gallamine Triethiodide, Streptomycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"streptomycin"},{"url":"/drug/tobramycin","drug":"tobramycin","action":"Monitor closely","effect":"May interact with Gallamine Triethiodide, Tobramycin","source":"DrugCentral","drugSlug":"tobramycin"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Davis And Geck","patents":[],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=GALLAMINE","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:51:06.273681+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:51:13.522829+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=GALLAMINE","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:51:14.152292+00:00"},"mechanism.target_chembl":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL mechanism: Muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:51:14.867666+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL1200993/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T04:51:14.780173+00:00"}},"allNames":"flaxedil","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["flaxedil","gallamine triethochloride","gallamonium iodide","gallamine triethyl iodide","gallamine triethiodide","gallamine"],"timeline":[],"approvals":[{"date":"","orphan":false,"company":"DAVIS AND GECK","regulator":"FDA"}],"brandName":"Flaxedil","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha, Acetylcholinesterase, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1","novelty":"First-in-class","targets":[{"gene":"CHRM2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2"},{"gene":"CHRNA1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha","protein":"Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha"},{"gene":"CHRM1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1"},{"gene":"ACHE","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Acetylcholinesterase","protein":"Acetylcholinesterase"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"gallamine","explanation":"","oneSentence":"","technicalDetail":"Flaxedil competitively antagonizes the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2, inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system's effects on the heart, smooth muscle, and other tissues."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1273","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=GALLAMINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"},{"id":3,"url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/orange-book-data-files","fields":["patents","exclusivity","genericManufacturers"],"source":"FDA Orange Book"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T11:39:12.329491","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T04:51:16.915173+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"pancuronium","drugSlug":"pancuronium","fdaApproval":"1972-10-24","genericCount":4,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"vecuronium","drugSlug":"vecuronium","fdaApproval":"1984-04-30","genericCount":9,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"atracurium","drugSlug":"atracurium","fdaApproval":"1983-11-23","genericCount":11,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"hexafluronium","drugSlug":"hexafluronium","fdaApproval":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"pipecuronium","drugSlug":"pipecuronium","fdaApproval":"1990-06-26","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"doxacurium","drugSlug":"doxacurium","fdaApproval":"1991-03-07","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"rocuronium","drugSlug":"rocuronium","fdaApproval":"1994-03-17","patentExpiry":"Jul 22, 2039","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"mivacurium","drugSlug":"mivacurium","fdaApproval":"1992-01-22","genericCount":2,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugName":"cisatracurium","drugSlug":"cisatracurium","fdaApproval":"1995-12-15","genericCount":16,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-class"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"gallamine","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"patentStatus":"Off-patent — no active Orange Book patents","relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"pancuronium","brandName":"pancuronium","genericName":"pancuronium","approvalYear":"1972","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"vecuronium","brandName":"vecuronium","genericName":"vecuronium","approvalYear":"1984","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"atracurium","brandName":"atracurium","genericName":"atracurium","approvalYear":"1983","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"hexafluronium","brandName":"hexafluronium","genericName":"hexafluronium","approvalYear":"","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"pipecuronium","brandName":"pipecuronium","genericName":"pipecuronium","approvalYear":"1990","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"doxacurium","brandName":"doxacurium","genericName":"doxacurium","approvalYear":"1991","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"rocuronium","brandName":"rocuronium","genericName":"rocuronium","approvalYear":"1994","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"mivacurium","brandName":"mivacurium","genericName":"mivacurium","approvalYear":"1992","relationship":"same-class"},{"drugId":"cisatracurium","brandName":"cisatracurium","genericName":"cisatracurium","approvalYear":"1995","relationship":"same-class"}],"trialDetails":[],"genericFilers":[],"latestUpdates":[],"manufacturing":[],"administration":{},"_patentsChecked":true,"crossReferences":{"NUI":"N0000147209","NDDF":"002402","UNII":"1146X1WTNM","VUID":"4018916","CHEBI":"CHEBI:94609","VANDF":"4018916","INN_ID":"1928","RXNORM":"151770","UMLSCUI":"C0016971","chemblId":"CHEMBL1200993","ChEMBL_ID":"CHEMBL360055","KEGG_DRUG":"D02292","DRUGBANK_ID":"DB13584","PDB_CHEM_ID":" GMN","PUBCHEM_CID":"67425","SNOMEDCT_US":"387097006","IUPHAR_LIGAND_ID":"356","SECONDARY_CAS_RN":"65-29-2","MESH_DESCRIPTOR_UI":"D005703"},"formularyStatus":[],"_enricherVersion":"v2","developmentCodes":[],"ownershipHistory":[{"period":"","companyName":"Davis And Geck","relationship":"Original Developer"}],"pharmacokinetics":{"source":"DrugCentral","halfLife":"2.52 hours","clearance":"1.51 mL/min/kg","volumeOfDistribution":"0.27 L/kg"},"publicationCount":1307,"therapeuticAreas":["Cardiovascular"],"atcClassification":{"source":"DrugCentral","atcCode":"M03AC02","allCodes":["M03AC02"]},"biosimilarFilings":[],"originalDeveloper":"Davis And Geck","recentPublications":[],"companionDiagnostics":[],"genericManufacturers":0,"_genericFilersChecked":true,"genericManufacturerList":[],"status":"approved","companyName":"Davis And Geck","companyId":"davis-and-geck","modality":"Small molecule","firstApprovalDate":"1982","aiSummary":"","enrichmentLevel":3,"visitCount":1,"regulatoryByCountry":[{"country_code":"US","regulator":"FDA","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"DAVIS AND GECK","brand_name_local":null,"application_number":""},{"country_code":"CA","regulator":"Health Canada","status":"approved","approval_date":null,"mah":"","brand_name_local":"","application_number":""},{"country_code":"IL","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"SG","regulator":"HSA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AE","regulator":"MOH","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"KR","regulator":"MFDS","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"AU","regulator":"TGA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null},{"country_code":"GB","regulator":"MHRA","status":"likely_approved","approval_date":null,"mah":null,"brand_name_local":null,"application_number":null}],"trialStats":{"total":0,"withResults":0},"validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T04:51:16.915173+00:00","fieldsConflicting":1,"overallConfidence":0.8},"verificationStatus":"enriching","dataCompleteness":{"mechanism":false,"indications":false,"safety":false,"trials":false,"score":0}}