{"id":"flunarizine","rwe":[{"pmid":"41846063","year":"2026","title":"Sibelium exerts anti-migraine effects by remodeling the gut microbiota and regulating metabolic and immune pathways of the brain-gut axis.","finding":"","journal":"International immunopharmacology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41840615","year":"2026","title":"Flunarizine attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced ovarian injury in rats.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of ovarian research","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41827402","year":"2026","title":"Treatment Persistence in Migraine Prophylaxis Comparing CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies vs. High-/Low-Evidence Conventional Oral Preventives-A Comparative Real-World Evidence Study of Depersonalized Data of the German Pain e-Registry.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of clinical medicine","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41764707","year":"2026","title":"Antiseizure Medications that Did Not Reach the Epilepsy Market: An Assessment of Factors Contributing to Their Failed Clinical Development Over the Last Three Decades.","finding":"","journal":"Drugs","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"41761584","year":"2026","title":"Blockade of T-type Ca2+ channels disrupts mitochondrial function and follicle development by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway.","finding":"","journal":"Reproduction (Cambridge, England)","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"tags":[{"label":"flunarizine","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1","category":"target"},{"label":"SIGMAR1","category":"gene"},{"label":"HRH1","category":"gene"},{"label":"ADRA2C","category":"gene"},{"label":"N07CA03","category":"atc"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Anticonvulsants","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Calcium Channel Blockers","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Central Nervous System Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Histamine Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Histamine Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Histamine H1 Antagonists","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Membrane Transport Modulators","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Neurotransmitter Agents","category":"pharmacology"},{"label":"Vasodilator Agents","category":"pharmacology"}],"phase":"phase_2","safety":{"safetySignals":[{"llr":93.866,"date":"","count":104,"signal":"Drug ineffective","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 104 times (LLR=94)"},{"llr":72.288,"date":"","count":15,"signal":"Bronchial hyperreactivity","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 15 times (LLR=72)"},{"llr":68.158,"date":"","count":45,"signal":"Product use in unapproved indication","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 45 times (LLR=68)"},{"llr":63.259,"date":"","count":13,"signal":"Breast disorder","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 13 times (LLR=63)"},{"llr":50.653,"date":"","count":18,"signal":"Withdrawal syndrome","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 18 times (LLR=51)"},{"llr":45.536,"date":"","count":38,"signal":"Drug intolerance","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 38 times (LLR=46)"},{"llr":40.595,"date":"","count":14,"signal":"Therapy partial responder","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 14 times (LLR=41)"},{"llr":35.716,"date":"","count":26,"signal":"Paraesthesia","source":"DrugCentral FAERS","actionTaken":"Reported 26 times (LLR=36)"}],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Bronchial hyperreactivity","drugRate":"LLR 72","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Breast disorder","drugRate":"LLR 63","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Withdrawal syndrome","drugRate":"LLR 51","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Drug intolerance","drugRate":"LLR 46","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Therapy partial responder","drugRate":"LLR 41","severity":"common"},{"effect":"Paraesthesia","drugRate":"LLR 36","severity":"common"}]},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"patents":[],"pricing":[],"allNames":"sibelium","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["flunarizine","sibelium","flunarizine dihydrochloride","flunarizine hydrochloride","flunarizine HCl"],"timeline":[],"aiSummary":"Sibelium, also known as Flunarizine, is a small molecule medication used to treat various conditions, including migraine and adolescent migraine. It is typically administered in a dosage of 5mg.","approvals":[],"brandName":"Sibelium","ecosystem":[],"mechanism":{"target":"Adenosine receptor A3, CAAX prenyl protease 2, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A","targets":[{"gene":"SIGMAR1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1","protein":"Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1"},{"gene":"HRH1","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Histamine H1 receptor","protein":"Histamine H1 receptor"},{"gene":"ADRA2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"DRD3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(3) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(3) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"HTR2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A"},{"gene":"DRD2","source":"DrugCentral","target":"D(2) dopamine receptor","protein":"D(2) dopamine receptor"},{"gene":"ADRA2A","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor","protein":"Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor"},{"gene":"SLC6A4","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter","protein":"Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter"},{"gene":"CHRM3","source":"DrugCentral","target":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3","protein":"Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3"},{"gene":"HTR2C","source":"DrugCentral","target":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C","protein":"5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C"}],"modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"flunarizine","explanation":"Imagine your cells have locks on them, and Flunarizine has a key that fits into one of those locks. When it binds to the receptor, it can affect how the cell behaves and responds to its environment. This can lead to changes in how the cell functions and interacts with other cells.","oneSentence":"Flunarizine works by binding to the Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1, which is involved in various cellular processes.","technicalDetail":"Flunarizine acts as a selective antagonist of the Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1, which is a type of G protein-coupled receptor involved in modulating calcium channels and influencing various cellular processes."},"commercial":{},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/1200","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=FLUNARIZINE","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=FLUNARIZINE","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T11:33:43.493015","biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"cannabidiol","drugSlug":"cannabidiol","fdaApproval":"2018-06-25","patentExpiry":"Oct 13, 2035","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"cefapirin","drugSlug":"cefapirin","fdaApproval":"1974-03-12","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"dronabinol","drugSlug":"dronabinol","fdaApproval":"1985-05-31","patentExpiry":"Aug 6, 2028","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"econazole","drugSlug":"econazole","fdaApproval":"1982-12-23","patentExpiry":"Aug 8, 2031","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"mestranol","drugSlug":"mestranol","fdaApproval":"1961-03-09","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"mezlocillin","drugSlug":"mezlocillin","fdaApproval":"1981-09-21","genericCount":1,"patentStatus":"Off-patent — generic available","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"miconazole","drugSlug":"miconazole","fdaApproval":"1974-01-08","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"nabilone","drugSlug":"nabilone","fdaApproval":"1985-12-26","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"nimodipine","drugSlug":"nimodipine","fdaApproval":"1988-12-28","patentExpiry":"Apr 16, 2038","patentStatus":"Patent protected","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugName":"orlistat","drugSlug":"orlistat","fdaApproval":"1999-04-23","patentStatus":"Unknown","relationship":"same-target"}],"dataSources":[{"url":"https://drugcentral.org","name":"DrugCentral","fields":["indications","contraindications","safety","target","drugInteractions"],"retrievedDate":"2026-04-07"}],"genericName":"flunarizine","indications":{"approved":[],"offLabel":[],"pipeline":[]},"drugCategory":"active","labelChanges":[],"relatedDrugs":[{"drugId":"cannabidiol","brandName":"cannabidiol","genericName":"cannabidiol","approvalYear":"2018","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"cefapirin","brandName":"cefapirin","genericName":"cefapirin","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"dronabinol","brandName":"dronabinol","genericName":"dronabinol","approvalYear":"1985","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"econazole","brandName":"econazole","genericName":"econazole","approvalYear":"1982","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"mestranol","brandName":"mestranol","genericName":"mestranol","approvalYear":"1961","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"mezlocillin","brandName":"mezlocillin","genericName":"mezlocillin","approvalYear":"1981","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"miconazole","brandName":"miconazole","genericName":"miconazole","approvalYear":"1974","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"nabilone","brandName":"nabilone","genericName":"nabilone","approvalYear":"1985","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"nimodipine","brandName":"nimodipine","genericName":"nimodipine","approvalYear":"1988","relationship":"same-target"},{"drugId":"orlistat","brandName":"orlistat","genericName":"orlistat","approvalYear":"1999","relationship":"same-target"}],"trialDetails":[{"nctId":"NCT07445464","phase":"PHASE1","title":"An Open Label Pharmacokinetic Study of ASP-001 Formulations in Healthy Volunteers","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Aspartes Pharmaceuticals, Inc.","startDate":"2026-04-09","conditions":["Pharmacokinetic Analysis"],"enrollment":12,"completionDate":"2026-07"},{"nctId":"NCT03461874","phase":"NA","title":"ACT Therapy for HF Migraine","status":"COMPLETED","sponsor":"Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta","startDate":"2018-03-15","conditions":["Migraine Without Aura"],"enrollment":64,"completionDate":"2022-12-31"},{"nctId":"NCT07354126","phase":"NA","title":"Comparative Efficacy of Flunarizine and Propanolol in Pediatric Migraine","status":"RECRUITING","sponsor":"Muhammad Aamir Latif","startDate":"2025-09-01","conditions":["Migraine"],"enrollment":44,"completionDate":"2026-02-28"},{"nctId":"NCT07203248","phase":"","title":"Chinese Real-world Study of Treatment of Vestibular Migraine","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University","startDate":"2025-12","conditions":["Vestibular Migraine","Dizziness","Vertigo"],"enrollment":2000,"completionDate":"2028-12"},{"nctId":"NCT07068815","phase":"PHASE1","title":"Efficacy and Mechanism of Fu's Subcutaneous Needling Treatment for Migraine Without Aura","status":"NOT_YET_RECRUITING","sponsor":"Guangzhou University of Chinese 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