{"id":"fluciclovine-18f","rwe":[{"pmid":"41343804","year":"2025","title":"18F-Fluciclovine PET enables accurate and safe resection of malignant brain tumors: illustrative cases.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"40591209","year":"2025","title":"Study of 18 F-fluciclovine PET for serial assessment of glioblastoma tumor volumes during surgery and radiotherapy.","finding":"","journal":"Journal of neuro-oncology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"33550425","year":"2021","title":"Comparing the diagnostic performance of radiotracers in recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","finding":"","journal":"European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"31998634","year":"2019","title":"Diagnostic Performance of PET/CT Using 18F-FACBC in Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.","finding":"","journal":"Frontiers in oncology","studyType":"Clinical Study"},{"pmid":"20721816","year":"2010","title":"Society of Nuclear Medicine--57th annual meeting.","finding":"","journal":"IDrugs : the investigational drugs journal","studyType":"Clinical Study"}],"_fda":{"id":"2f9c7d6f-7f0f-f9dd-e063-6294a90abf59","set_id":"389a502e-a7d5-43dd-b6bf-f022ff23f3b9","openfda":{"nui":["N0000177914","N0000175869"],"unii":["38R1Q0L1ZE"],"route":["INTRAVENOUS"],"spl_id":["2f9c7d6f-7f0f-f9dd-e063-6294a90abf59"],"brand_name":["Axumin"],"spl_set_id":["389a502e-a7d5-43dd-b6bf-f022ff23f3b9"],"package_ndc":["69932-001-30","69932-001-50"],"product_ndc":["69932-001"],"generic_name":["FLUCICLOVINE F-18"],"product_type":["HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG"],"substance_name":["FLUCICLOVINE F-18"],"pharm_class_epc":["Radioactive Diagnostic Agent [EPC]"],"pharm_class_moa":["Positron Emitting Activity [MoA]"],"manufacturer_name":["Blue Earth Diagnostics"],"application_number":["NDA208054"],"is_original_packager":[true]},"version":"16","pregnancy":["8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Axumin is not indicated for use in females and there is no information on the risk of adverse development outcomes in pregnant women or animals with the use of fluciclovine F 18."],"overdosage":["10 OVERDOSAGE In case of overdose of Axumin, encourage patients to maintain hydration and to void frequently to minimize radiation exposure."],"description":["11 DESCRIPTION 11.1 Chemical Characteristics Axumin contains the fluorine 18 (F 18) labeled synthetic amino acid analog fluciclovine. Fluciclovine F 18 is a radioactive diagnostic agent used with PET imaging. Chemically, fluciclovine F 18 is (1r, 3r)-1-amino-3[ 18 F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid. The molecular weight is 132.1 and the structural formula is: Axumin is a sterile, non-pyrogenic, clear, colorless, hyperosmolal (approximately 500 mOsm/kg to 540 mOsm/kg) injection for intravenous use. Each milliliter contains up to 2 micrograms of fluciclovine, 335 MBq to 8,200 MBq (9 mCi to 221 mCi) fluciclovine F 18 at calibration time and date, and 20 mg trisodium citrate in water for injection. The solution also contains hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and has a pH between 4 and 6. Structural Formula 11.2 Physical Characteristics Fluorine 18 (F 18) is a cyclotron produced radionuclide that decays by positron emission (ß+ decay, 96.7%) and orbital electron capture (3.3%) to stable oxygen 18 with a physical half-life of 109.7 minutes. The positron can undergo annihilation with an electron to produce two gamma rays; the energy of each gamma ray is 511 keV ( Table 2 ). Table 2: Principal Radiation Produced from Decay of Fluorine 18 Radiation Energy (keV) Abundance (%) Positron 249.8 96.7 Gamma 511.0 193.5 11.3 External Radiation The point source air-kerma coefficient for F 18 is 3.75 x 10 -17 Gy m 2 /(Bq s). The first half-value thickness of lead (Pb) for F 18 gamma rays is approximately 6 mm. The relative reduction of radiation emitted by F 18 that results from various thicknesses of lead shielding is shown in Table 3 . The use of 8 cm of Pb will decrease the radiation transmission (i.e., exposure) by a factor of about 10,000. Table 3: Radiation Attenuation of 511 keV Gamma Rays by Lead Shielding Shield Thickness cm of Lead (Pb) Coefficient of Attenuation 0.6 0.5 2 0.1 4 0.01 6 0.001 8 0.0001"],"how_supplied":["16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied Axumin is supplied as a clear, colorless injection in a 30 mL or 50 mL multiple-dose glass vial containing approximately 26 mL solution of 335 MBq/mL to 8,200 MBq/mL (9 mCi/mL to 221 mCi/mL) fluciclovine F 18 at calibration time and date. 30 mL sterile multiple-dose vial: NDC 69932-001-30 50 mL sterile multiple-dose vial: NDC 69932-001-50 16.2 Storage and Handling Store Axumin at controlled room temperature (USP) 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). Axumin does not contain a preservative. Store Axumin within the original container in radiation shielding. Do not use Axumin more than 10 hours after end of synthesis and dispose of in accordance with institutional guidelines. This preparation is approved for use by persons under license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or the relevant regulatory authority of an Agreement State."],"geriatric_use":["8.4 Geriatric Use Of the total number of patients in clinical studies of Axumin, the average age was 66 years with a range of 21 to 90 years. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between older subjects and younger subjects."],"pediatric_use":["8.3 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients."],"effective_time":"20250305","clinical_studies":["14 CLINICAL STUDIES The safety and efficacy of Axumin were evaluated in two studies (Study 1 and Study 2) in men with suspected recurrence of prostate cancer based on rising PSA levels following radical prostatectomy and/or radiotherapy. Study 1 evaluated 105 Axumin scans in comparison to histopathology obtained by biopsy of the prostate bed and biopsies of lesions suspicious by imaging. PET/CT imaging generally included the abdomen and pelvic regions. The Axumin images were originally read by on-site readers. The images were subsequently read by three blinded independent readers. Table 4 shows the performance of Axumin in the detection of recurrence in each patient scan and, specifically, within the prostatic bed and extra-prostatic regions, respectively. The results of the independent read were generally consistent with one another and confirmed the results of the on-site reads. Table 4: Performance of Axumin in Patients with Biochemically Suspected Recurrent Prostate Cancer, at the Patient Level and at the Prostate Bed and Extraprostatic Region Levels N = number of patient scans evaluated Reader 1 Reader 2 Reader 3 Patient N = 104 N = 105 N = 99 True Positive 75 72 63 False Positive 24 23 13 True Negative 5 7 15 False Negative 0 3 8 Prostate Bed N = 98 N = 97 N = 96 True Positive 58 56 47 False Positive 29 26 15 True Negative 10 12 24 False Negative 1 3 10 Extraprostatic N = 28 N = 28 N = 25 True Positive 25 26 22 False Positive 2 2 2 True Negative 0 0 0 False Negative 1 0 1 The detection rate of Axumin seems to be affected by PSA levels [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . In general, patients with negative scans had lower PSA values than those with positive scans. The detection rate (number with positive scans/total scanned) for patients with a PSA value of less than or equal to 1.78 ng/mL (1st PSA quartile) was 15/25, of which 11 were histologically confirmed as positive. In the remaining three PSA quartiles, the detection rate was 71/74, of which 58 were histologically confirmed. Among the 25 patients in the first PSA quartile, there were 4 false positive scans and 1 false negative scan. For the 74 patients with PSA levels greater than1.78 ng/mL, there were 13 false positive scans and no false negative scans. Study 2 evaluated the concordance between 96 Axumin and C11 choline scans in patients with median PSA value of 1.44 ng/mL (interquartile range = 0.78 ng/mL to 2.8 ng/mL). The C 11 choline scans were read by on-site readers. The Axumin scans were read by the same three blinded independent readers used for Study 1. The agreement values between the Axumin and C11 choline reads were 61%, 67% and 77%, respectively."],"pharmacodynamics":["12.2 Pharmacodynamics Following intravenous administration, the tumor-to-normal tissue contrast is highest between 4 and 10 minutes after injection, with a 61% reduction in mean tumor uptake at 90 minutes after injection."],"pharmacokinetics":["12.3 Pharmacokinetics Distribution Following intravenous administration, fluciclovine F 18 distributes to the liver (14% of administered activity), pancreas (3%), lung (7%), red bone marrow (12%) and myocardium (4%). With increasing time, fluciclovine F 18 distributes to skeletal muscle. Excretion Across the first four hours post-injection, 3% of administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Across the first 24 hours post-injection, 5% of administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine."],"adverse_reactions":["6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Most commonly reported adverse reactions are injection site pain, erythema, and dysgeusia ( 6.1 ). To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Blue Earth Diagnostics, Ltd at 1-855-AXUMIN1 (1-855-298-6461) or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The clinical trial database for Axumin includes data from 877 subjects including 797 males diagnosed with prostate cancer. Most patients received a single administration of Axumin, a small number of subjects (n = 50) received up to five administrations of the drug. The mean administered activity was 370 MBq (range, 163 MBq to 485 MBq). Adverse reactions were reported in ≤1% of subjects during clinical studies with Axumin. The most common adverse reactions were injection site pain, injection site erythema and dysgeusia."],"contraindications":["4 CONTRAINDICATIONS None None ( 4 )"],"description_table":["
Table 2: Principal Radiation Produced from Decay of Fluorine 18 Radiation
Energy (keV)Abundance (%)
Positron249.896.7
Gamma511.0193.5
","
Table 3: Radiation Attenuation of 511 keV Gamma Rays by Lead Shielding
Shield Thickness cm of Lead (Pb)Coefficient of Attenuation
0.60.5
20.1
40.01
60.001
80.0001
"],"mechanism_of_action":["12.1 Mechanism of action Fluciclovine F 18 is a synthetic amino acid transported across mammalian cell membranes by amino acid transporters, such as LAT-1 and ASCT2, which are upregulated in prostate cancer cells. Fluciclovine F 18 is taken up to a greater extent in prostate cancer cells compared with surrounding normal tissues."],"storage_and_handling":["16.2 Storage and Handling Store Axumin at controlled room temperature (USP) 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). Axumin does not contain a preservative. Store Axumin within the original container in radiation shielding. Do not use Axumin more than 10 hours after end of synthesis and dispose of in accordance with institutional guidelines. This preparation is approved for use by persons under license by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or the relevant regulatory authority of an Agreement State."],"clinical_pharmacology":["12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of action Fluciclovine F 18 is a synthetic amino acid transported across mammalian cell membranes by amino acid transporters, such as LAT-1 and ASCT2, which are upregulated in prostate cancer cells. Fluciclovine F 18 is taken up to a greater extent in prostate cancer cells compared with surrounding normal tissues. 12.2 Pharmacodynamics Following intravenous administration, the tumor-to-normal tissue contrast is highest between 4 and 10 minutes after injection, with a 61% reduction in mean tumor uptake at 90 minutes after injection. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics Distribution Following intravenous administration, fluciclovine F 18 distributes to the liver (14% of administered activity), pancreas (3%), lung (7%), red bone marrow (12%) and myocardium (4%). With increasing time, fluciclovine F 18 distributes to skeletal muscle. Excretion Across the first four hours post-injection, 3% of administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Across the first 24 hours post-injection, 5% of administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine."],"indications_and_usage":["1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Axumin is indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated blood prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels following prior treatment. Axumin is a radioactive diagnostic agent indicated for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence based on elevated blood prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels following prior treatment ( 1 )."],"warnings_and_cautions":["5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Image interpretation errors can occur with Axumin imaging ( 5.1 ). Radiation risk: Axumin contributes to a patient's long-term cumulative radiation exposure. Ensure safe handling to protect patients and health care workers from unintentional radiation exposure ( 2.1 , 5.3 ). 5.1 Risk for Image Misinterpretation Image interpretation errors can occur with Axumin PET imaging. A negative image does not rule out the presence of recurrent prostate cancer and a positive image does not confirm the presence of recurrent prostate cancer. The performance of Axumin seems to be affected by PSA levels [See Clinical Studies ( 14 )] . Fluciclovine F 18 uptake is not specific for prostate cancer and may occur with other types of cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy in primary prostate cancer. Clinical correlation, which may include histopathological evaluation of the suspected recurrence site, is recommended. 5.2 Hypersensitivity Reactions Hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis may occur in patients who receive Axumin. Emergency resuscitation equipment and personnel should be immediately available. 5.3 Radiation Risks Axumin use contributes to a patient's overall long-term cumulative radiation exposure. Long-term cumulative radiation exposure is associated with an increased risk for cancer. Ensure safe handling to minimize radiation exposure to the patient and health care providers [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 )] ."],"clinical_studies_table":["
Table 4: Performance of Axumin in Patients with Biochemically Suspected Recurrent Prostate Cancer, at the Patient Level and at the Prostate Bed and Extraprostatic Region Levels
N = number of patient scans evaluated
Reader 1Reader 2Reader 3
PatientN = 104N = 105N = 99
True Positive757263
False Positive242313
True Negative5715
False Negative038
Prostate BedN = 98N = 97N = 96
True Positive585647
False Positive292615
True Negative101224
False Negative1310
ExtraprostaticN = 28N = 28N = 25
True Positive252622
False Positive222
True Negative000
False Negative101
"],"nonclinical_toxicology":["13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis No long term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of fluciclovine. Mutagenesis Fluciclovine was not mutagenic in vitro in reverse mutation assay in bacterial cells and in chromosome aberration test in cultured mammalian cells, and was negative in an in vivo clastogenicity assay in rats after intravenous injection of doses up to 43 mcg/kg. However, fluciclovine F 18 has the potential to be mutagenic because of the F 18 radioisotope. Impairment of Fertility No studies in animals have been performed to evaluate potential impairment of fertility in males or females."],"information_for_patients":["17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Instruct patients to avoid significant exercise for at least a day before the PET scan. Instruct patients not to eat or drink for at least 4 hours before the PET scan (other than sips of water for taking medications). Instruct patients to try to urinate approximately 30 minutes to 60 minutes prior to planned start time of the PET scan and to avoid further urination until after the scan has been completed. Marketed by Blue Earth Diagnostics Ltd. Oxford, UK OX4 4GA Axumin ® is a registered trademark of Blue Earth Diagnostics Ltd. © 2022 Blue Earth Diagnostics Ltd – all rights reserved. Blue Earth Diagnostics Logo"],"dosage_and_administration":["2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Use appropriate radiation safety handling measures ( 2.1 ). Aseptically withdraw Axumin from its container and administer 370 MBq (10 mCi) as a bolus intravenous injection. ( 2.2 ). Initiate imaging 3 minutes to 5 minutes after administration. Scanning should start from mid-thigh and proceed to base of skull, with a total scan time of approximately 20 minutes to 30 minutes ( 2.4 ). The (radiation absorbed) effective dose associated with 370 MBq (10 mCi) of injected activity of Axumin is approximately 8 mSv (0.8 rem) in an adult ( 2.6 ). 2.1 Radiation Safety - Drug Handling Axumin is a radioactive drug and should be handled with appropriate safety measures to minimize radiation exposure during administration [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ) ]. Use waterproof gloves and effective shielding, including syringe shields, when handling and administering Axumin. 2.2 Recommended Dose and Administration Instructions The recommended dose is 370 MBq (10 mCi) administered as an intravenous bolus injection. Inspect Axumin visually for particulate matter and discoloration before administration. Do not use the drug if the solution contains particulate matter or is discolored. Use aseptic technique and radiation shielding when withdrawing and administering Axumin. Calculate the necessary volume to administer based on calibration time and date, using a suitably calibrated instrument. The recommended maximum volume of injection of undiluted Axumin is 5mL. Axumin may be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. After the Axumin injection, administer an intravenous flush of sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP to ensure full delivery of the dose. Dispose of any unused drug in a safe manner in compliance with applicable regulations. 2.3 Patient Preparation Prior to PET Imaging Advise the patient to avoid any significant exercise for at least one day prior to PET imaging. Advise patients not to eat or drink for at least 4 hours (other than sips of water for taking medications) prior to administration of Axumin. Advise patients to void approximately 30 minutes to 60 minutes prior to administration of Axumin and then refrain from voiding until after the scan has been completed 2.4 Image Acquisition Guidelines Position the patient supine with arms above the head. Begin PET scanning 3 minutes to 5 minutes after completion of the Axumin injection. It is recommended that image acquisition should start from mid-thigh and proceed to the base of the skull. Typical total scan time is between 20 minutes to 30 minutes. 2.5 Image Display and Interpretation Localization of prostate cancer recurrence in sites typical for prostate cancer recurrence is based on fluciclovine F 18 uptake in comparison with tissue background. For small lesions (less than 1cm in diameter) focal uptake greater than blood pool should be considered suspicious for prostate cancer recurrence. For larger lesions, uptake equal to or greater than bone marrow is considered suspicious for prostate cancer recurrence. 2.6 Radiation Dosimetry The radiation absorbed doses estimated for adult patients following intravenous injection of Axumin are shown in Table 1 . Values were calculated from human biodistribution data using OLINDA/EXM (Organ Level Internal Dose Assessment/Exponential Modeling) software. The (radiation absorbed) effective dose resulting from the administration of the recommended activity of 370 MBq of Axumin is 8 mSv. For an administered activity of 370 MBq (10 mCi), the highest-magnitude radiation doses are delivered to the pancreas, cardiac wall, and uterine wall: 38 mGy, 19 mGy, and 17 mGy, respectively. If a CT scan is simultaneously performed as part of the PET procedure, exposure to ionizing radiation will increase in an amount dependent on the settings used in the CT acquisition. Table 1: Estimated Radiation Absorbed Doses in Various Organs/Tissues in Adults who Received Axumin Organ/Tissue Mean Absorbed Dose per Unit Administered Activity (microGy/MBq) Adrenal glands 16 Brain 9 Breasts 14 Gallbladder wall 17 Lower large intestine wall 12 Small intestine wall 13 Stomach wall 14 Upper large intestine wall 13 Heart wall 52 Kidneys 14 Liver 33 Lungs 34 Muscle 11 Ovaries 13 Pancreas 102 Red bone marrow 25 Osteogenic cells 23 Skin 8 Spleen 24 Testes 17 Thymus gland 12 Thyroid 10 Urinary bladder wall 25 Uterus 45 Total body 13 Effective dose 22 (microSv/MBq)"],"spl_product_data_elements":["Axumin Fluciclovine F-18 SODIUM CITRATE, UNSPECIFIED FORM HYDROCHLORIC ACID SODIUM HYDROXIDE WATER FLUCICLOVINE F-18 FLUCICLOVINE F-18"],"dosage_forms_and_strengths":["3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Injection: supplied as a clear, colorless solution in a 30 mL or 50 mL multiple-dose vial containing 335 MBq/mL to 8,200 MBq/mL (9 mCi/mL to 221 mCi/mL) fluciclovine F 18 at calibration time and date. Injection: clear, colorless solution in a 30 mL or 50 mL multiple-dose vial containing 335 MBq/mL to 8,200 MBq/mL (9 mCi/mL to 221 mCi/mL) fluciclovine F 18 at calibration time and date ( 3 )."],"use_in_specific_populations":["8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Axumin is not indicated for use in females and there is no information on the risk of adverse development outcomes in pregnant women or animals with the use of fluciclovine F 18. 8.2 Lactation Risk Summary Axumin is not indicated for use in females and there is no information of the presence of fluciclovine F 18 in human milk. 8.3 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients. 8.4 Geriatric Use Of the total number of patients in clinical studies of Axumin, the average age was 66 years with a range of 21 to 90 years. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between older subjects and younger subjects."],"dosage_and_administration_table":["
Table 1: Estimated Radiation Absorbed Doses in Various Organs/Tissues in Adults who Received Axumin
Organ/TissueMean Absorbed Dose per Unit Administered Activity (microGy/MBq)
Adrenal glands16
Brain9
Breasts14
Gallbladder wall17
Lower large intestine wall12
Small intestine wall13
Stomach wall14
Upper large intestine wall13
Heart wall52
Kidneys14
Liver33
Lungs34
Muscle11
Ovaries13
Pancreas102
Red bone marrow25
Osteogenic cells23
Skin8
Spleen24
Testes17
Thymus gland12
Thyroid10
Urinary bladder wall25
Uterus45
Total body13
Effective dose22 (microSv/MBq)
"],"package_label_principal_display_panel":["Principal Display Panel - 30 mL Multiple-Dose Vial Label Sterile Axumin™ Non-pyrogenic 335 MBq/mL to 8,200 MBq/mL (9 mCi/mL to 221 mCi/mL) at End of Synthesis (EOS) Diagnostic - For Intravenous Use Only Expires 10 hours after EOS Batch #: ________________________________ EOS Date: __________ EOS Time: __________ Activity @ EOS: ___________________ mCi Concentration: ___________________ mCi/mL Volume: ___________________ mL Exp. Date: __________ Exp. Time: __________ Principal Display Panel - 30 mL Multiple-Dose Vial Label"],"carcinogenesis_and_mutagenesis_and_impairment_of_fertility":["13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenesis No long term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of fluciclovine. Mutagenesis Fluciclovine was not mutagenic in vitro in reverse mutation assay in bacterial cells and in chromosome aberration test in cultured mammalian cells, and was negative in an in vivo clastogenicity assay in rats after intravenous injection of doses up to 43 mcg/kg. However, fluciclovine F 18 has the potential to be mutagenic because of the F 18 radioisotope. Impairment of Fertility No studies in animals have been performed to evaluate potential impairment of fertility in males or females."]},"tags":[{"label":"Radioactive Diagnostic Agent","category":"class"},{"label":"Small Molecule","category":"modality"},{"label":"V09IX12","category":"atc"},{"label":"Intravenous","category":"route"},{"label":"Injection","category":"form"},{"label":"Active","category":"status"},{"label":"Positron emission tomography","category":"indication"},{"label":"Blue Earth Diagnostics Ltd","category":"company"},{"label":"Approved 2010s","category":"decade"}],"phase":"marketed","safety":{"boxedWarnings":[],"commonSideEffects":[{"effect":"Injection site pain","drugRate":"6.1%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Erythema","drugRate":"6.1%","severity":"common","_validated":true},{"effect":"Dysgeusia","drugRate":"6.1%","severity":"common","_validated":true}],"specialPopulations":{"Lactation":"Axumin is not indicated for use in females and there is no information of the presence of fluciclovine 18 in human milk.","Pregnancy":"Axumin is not indicated for use in females and there is no information on the risk of adverse development outcomes in pregnant women or animals with the use of fluciclovine 18.","Geriatric use":"Of the total number of patients in clinical studies of Axumin, the average age was 66 years with range of 21 to 90 years. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between older subjects and younger subjects.","Paediatric use":"Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients."}},"trials":[],"aliases":[],"company":"Blue Earth Diagnostics Ltd","patents":[{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2035-12-30","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10124079"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2035-12-30","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10716868"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2035-12-30","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10933147"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2035-12-30","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10967077"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2026-11-28","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10010632"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2026-11-28","territory":"US","patentNumber":"10953112"},{"source":"FDA Orange Book via DrugCentral","expires":"2026-11-28","territory":"US","patentNumber":"9387266"}],"pricing":[],"_sources":{"trials":{"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=fluciclovine (18F)","method":"api_direct","source":"ClinicalTrials.gov","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"ctgov","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:03:00.742148+00:00"},"patents":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Orange Book","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_orange_book","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:03:00.742067+00:00"},"regulatory.ca":{"url":"","method":"api_direct","source":"Health Canada DPD","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"health_canada_dpd","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:03:06.245407+00:00"},"publicationCount":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=fluciclovine (18F)","method":"api_direct","source":"PubMed/NCBI","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"pubmed","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:03:06.560096+00:00"},"mechanism.drugClass":{"url":"https://api.fda.gov/drug/label.json","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (EPC)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:02:58.773769+00:00"},"administration.route":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:02:58.773799+00:00"},"safety.boxedWarnings":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label (no boxed warning)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:02:58.773805+00:00"},"crossReferences.chemblId":{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/compound_report_card/CHEMBL254468/","method":"api_direct","source":"ChEMBL (EMBL-EBI)","rawText":"","confidence":1,"sourceType":"chembl","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:03:07.549791+00:00"},"regulatory.fda_application":{"url":"","method":"deterministic","source":"FDA Label","rawText":"NDA208054","confidence":1,"sourceType":"fda_label","retrievedAt":"2026-04-20T01:02:58.773807+00:00"}},"allNames":"axumin","offLabel":[],"synonyms":["fluciclovine F-18","fluciclovine (18F)","GE-148","NMK36","FACBC","axumin"],"timeline":[{"date":"2016-05-27","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"FDA approval (Blue Earth Diagnostics Ltd)"},{"date":"2021-03-23","type":"positive","source":"DrugCentral","milestone":"PMDA approval (Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd.)"}],"approvals":[{"date":"2016-05-27","orphan":false,"company":"BLUE EARTH DIAGNOSTICS LTD","regulator":"FDA"},{"date":"2021-03-23","orphan":false,"company":"Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd.","regulator":"PMDA"}],"brandName":"Axumin","ecosystem":[{"indication":"Positron emission tomography","otherDrugs":[{"name":"AMMONIA N-13","slug":"ammonia-n-13","company":"Feinstein"},{"name":"Florbetapir F-18","slug":"florbetapir-f-18","company":"Avid Radiopharms Inc"},{"name":"Flutemetamol (18F)","slug":"flutemetamol-(18f)","company":"Ge Healthcare"},{"name":"Gallium Ga 68 dotatate","slug":"gallium-ga-68-dotatate","company":"Advanced Accelerator Applications Usa Inc"}],"globalPrevalence":null}],"mechanism":{"novelty":"Follow-on","moaClass":"Positron Emitting Activity","modality":"Small Molecule","drugClass":"Radioactive Diagnostic Agent [EPC]","explanation":"Mechanism of action. Fluciclovine 18 is synthetic amino acid transported across mammalian cell membranes by amino acid transporters, such as LAT-1 and ASCT2, which are upregulated in prostate cancer cells. Fluciclovine 18 is taken up to greater extent in prostate cancer cells compared with surrounding normal tissues.","oneSentence":"Axumin works by binding to specific sites in the body, emitting positrons that create images during PET scans.","technicalDetail":"Axumin is a small molecule radioactive diagnostic agent that utilizes the positron emission tomography (PET) modality. It is a fluciclovine derivative labeled with the radioactive isotope fluorine-18 (18F), allowing for visualization of its distribution and accumulation in the body."},"commercial":{"launchDate":"2016","_launchSource":"DrugCentral (FDA 2016-05-27, BLUE EARTH DIAGNOSTICS LTD)"},"references":[{"id":1,"url":"https://drugcentral.org/drugcard/5153","fields":["approvals","synonyms","ATC","PK","indications","contraindications","DDIs","targets","patents","FAERS"],"source":"DrugCentral"},{"id":2,"url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=fluciclovine%20%2818F%29","fields":["trials"],"source":"ClinicalTrials.gov"},{"id":3,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=fluciclovine (18F)","fields":["publications"],"source":"PubMed/NCBI"}],"_enrichedAt":"2026-03-30T11:29:42.078036","_validation":{"fieldsValidated":0,"lastValidatedAt":"2026-04-20T01:03:10.793883+00:00","fieldsConflicting":0,"overallConfidence":0.95},"biosimilars":[],"competitors":[{"drugName":"iobenguane 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